جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « دانه » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

The Peganum hamala L. medicinal plant belongs to the Nitrariaceae family and is a native species of the Peganum genus in Iran. P. hamala possesses a wide range of unique biological and medicinal properties due to its valuable secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and volatile oil compounds. Despite the widespread distribution of P. hamala in northern Iran, limited studies were conducted on this plant species adapted to arid and semi-arid ecological conditions. Therefore, in this regard, one of the goals of this research is to evaluate the ecological impact and the effect of fixed latitude and different geographical longitudes of the growing place along with the rhizosphere on some structural and yield traits of P. hamala under nine altitude gradients located in Mazandaran.

To investigate the effect of ecological factors on the structural traits (wet and dry weight of vegetative organs, fresh and dry weight of root, dry matter percentage of vegetative organs, dry matter percentage of root, arch, plant height, plant canopy area, diameter and length of root, and maximum length of stem and crown) and yield traits (fruit diameter, fruit yield, fruit weight, seed weight, average number of seeds, number of fruits, and percentage of seeds in the fruit) of P. hamala, samples of whole plants in the seeding stage were collected from nine different altitude gradients in regions of Khatirkoh (700 and 1000 m), Chahardangeh (1300, 1500, 1700, and 1900 m), and Gadook (2100, 2300, and 2500 m), with three replications along with the substrate soil in a completely random design.

Based on the results of the analysis, yield traits show a positive correlation with atmospheric Based on the analysis, yield traits are positively correlated with atmospheric factors. Furthermore, among the structural traits, stem vegetative traits are positively correlated with precipitation, evaporation, and radiation at the probability level of 5%. They also have a negative correlation with relative humidity at 1%. The increase in height above sea level causes an increase in humidity and a decrease in temperature in the Gadook and Khatirkoh areas. In contrast, it causes decreased humidity and temperature in the Chahardangeh area. Also, crop yield decreases with increasing altitude in all three regions. The maximum yield of the product is observed at 2100 m and 1500 m altitudes. The increase is due to increased silty materials, moisture, EC, and pH. The altitude slope shows a positive correlation with grain yield at 1%. In each region, as height above sea level increases, the root length and diameter increase and decrease, respectively. Stem and root vegetative traits show a negative correlation with seed traits. Also, canopy level with plant height and maximum plant stem arch were positively correlated with plant yield at the 1% probability level. In general, based on the results, by increasing the height gradient from sea level, decreasing the temperature, and increasing the humidity and nutrients of the soil, there is a decrease in vegetative growth and an increase in crop yield. According to the performance feature regression model, as elevation increased, the amount of sand and clay, organic matter, and evaporation increased. This led to an increase in yield with a 60% determination factor. According to the regression model used, the effect of soil factors is higher than weather and climate. Therefore, climate factors change for this plant at a fixed latitude.

According to the results of examining the structural and yield traits of the collected P. hamala ecotypes, yield traits increase with the increase in altitude gradient, the amount of sand and clay, organic substances, evaporation, and decrease in temperature. On the other hand, vegetative traits decrease. Therefore, the Gadook region population is introduced as the superior ecotype with maximum yield traits among these studied regions in Mazandaran province.

This study was performed by split-split plots using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best method of rice cultivation in two years (2018 and 2019). Three planting methods (planting drying, planting seedlings, planting direct or common), 16 different levels of auxin and salicylic acid hormones in the form of seed priming and different leaf spray treatments with 1 and 2 liters per hectare and different spraying times in the tillering stages and the appearance of panicle on different rice genotypes were investigated. Results The combined analysis results showed that in addition to the interaction effect of planting method in hormone traits, there is a significant difference in the level of probability of one percent. grain yield and yield components along with all vegetative and reproductive traits (Panicle weight, 1000-grain weight, grain and floret in the panicle) that can increase grain yield through current photosynthesis or remobilization had their highest value in the transplanting method due to the creation of optimal growth conditions for stress relief. Among the combined hormonal priming treatments of seeds with both growth hormones auxin and salicylic acid, the highest amount of grain yield and yield components was observed due to the complementarity of the two growth hormones in regulating biochemical and morphological reactions of the plant. Time-consuming effects are much more compatible, and we were in the priming method because of creating resistance and accelerating growth.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of main elements and micronutrients on morpho-physiological and yield traits of rice plants with the aim of increasing yield and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, experiments in the cropping years 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in the research farms of Nowshahr city (Mazandaran) was implemented.

The experiment was performed as a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 ‎replications. Experimental treatments include four levels of fertilizer (control, ‎macronutrients (N, P, K), micronutrients (N, Fe, Mn, Zn), and macro + micro (N, P, K, Mg, Mn, ‎Fe, Cu) as foliar application in tillering, stalking and pregnancy stages), and rice cultivars ‎‎(Fajr, Amrollahi, Hashemi). The measured traits included flag leaf length and width, flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soluble carbohydrate, and grain protein.

The results showed that experimental treatments had a significant effect on all traits. The data analysis of variance results showed that experimental treatments had a significant effect on all traits. In addition, foliar application of fertilizers at different levels compared to the control had a significant effect. The highest grain yield (567.7 g/m2), biological yield (1400 g/m2), carbohydrate (44.48 mg/g dry weight), and grain protein (11.40%) were obtained in Fajr cultivar and d2 fertilizer treatment.

The results of this experiment showed that the method of foliar application of nutrients, in addition to reducing fertilizer losses, improves plant traits due to rapid leaf absorption.

Wheat is the first cereal and the most important crop in the world, and due to the increasing population growth, its production is expected to increase every year. Meanwhile, Iran is considered to have a Mediterranean climate and is part of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world due to its geographical location. Under the Mediterranean climate, grain filling of wheat and other cereal usually occurs when the average temperature of the environment increases and the amount of available moisture is reduced, which would disrupt the photosynthesis and reduce the production of photoassimilates during the current photosynthesis process. However, at the same time, the demand for photosynthetic materials for grain filling and also demand for respiration of the live biomass of plant increases, and current photosynthesis does not respond to them. Therefore, the carbon needed to fill the growing grains is provided from other carbon-based sources, such as the remobilization of stored carbohydrates in the stem internodes before anthesis stage. Therefore, studying the factors affecting the transfer of photoassimilates from different parts of the plant, can provide us with a solution that can be used more effectively to reduce the damage to drought stress and the optimal yield of wheat.

An experiment Was carried out Study of heat stress on rice cultivars grain milling quality of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice cultivars to different higher temperature regimes, main plot was assigned to three sowing dates from 5 May with 20 days' intervals and cultivars; Hoveizeh, Hamar (heat tolerance) Ghermez Anbori, Champa (heat sensitive) and Danial (relatively heat tolerant) were randomized in sub-plots. The results of combined analyses showed that was a significant different in planting date by variety interaction in all of trades. On the other hand, the related temperature condition, varieties had different reaction. The highest of grain elongation obtained in Ghermez Anbori, Danial and third sowing date. The elongation ratio was higher in third; second sowing date and Ghermez Anbori. The heat tolerant cultivars had highest Gel consistency (Gc) and Amylose content (Ac). The highest Gelatinization temperature (Gt) obtained in third sowing date.

This study aims to identify relationships as well as the positive and negative influence of the related traits to the sugar of organs and different periods of growth, ion, biochemistry, enzyme and hormone as the independent variable with the grain yield as the dependent variable. Twelve genotypes were carried out in the random complete blocks’ design with three replications that were consistent with the climate conditions of Khuzestan. They can impact significantly on the grain yield changes in the sugar of the vegetative, reproductive organs at the stage of physiological maturity of the flag leaf and root, in the pollination stage, in the nitrogen ions, in the biochemical traits of the Malondialdehyde, protein, starch and proline attributes and between the abscisic acid enzyme and hormone, Catalase and Guaiacol. The sugar in the flag leaf had the highest percentage of significant change in the level of 1% with the yield grain at the physiological maturity stage, nitrogen, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and abscisic acid, with negative, positive, negative and negative relation, respectively. The obtained results can be the major and important target for genetic modification of the rice varieties to increase the grain yield of the plant as an economic and strategic product.

Sesame is an oilseed plant that is resistant to drought. But it is sensitive to water stress at seedling stage and during flowering to seed filling. Irrigation and drought stresses increase and decreases the amount of oil, resprctively. Environmental stresses have reverse effects on the amount of oil and protein. In addition, high soil moisture causes root rot disease and low moisture causes phyllody disease. To increase the yield and oil, the enhancment of soil fertility, planting bred cultivar and adequate supply of moisture are necessary through irrigation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals in different phonological stages on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and water productivity of sesame.

This research was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station for two years (2013-2014). Treatments included I0 (irrigation interval based on farmer 's custom, twice weeks interval), I1, I2 and I3 irrigation after 90, 130 and 170 evaporation from class A pan, respectively, I4 (130 mm to flowering and afterward 90 mm), I5 (170 mm to flowering and afterward 90 mm) and I6 (170 mm to flowering and afterward 130 mm). During experiment: branches number and capsules number per plant, 1000- seed weight, first capsule height, plant height at harvesting time, seed oil percentage, seed yield, seed oil yield, water productivity of sesame seed and seed oil, root rot and phyllody diseases were recorded. Varince analysis were done by MSTATC statistical software and meanes were compared using Duncan,s Multiple Range Test.

The highest number of branches per plant (10.31), number of capsules per plant (154.50), 1000- seed weight (3.78 g), seed yield (1381.50 kg ha-1), oil amount (55.11%), were recorded in I1 treatment, so that the highest seed oil yield (795.55 kg ha-1) belong to this treatment. The differences of oil yield among I1 treatment and I4 and I5 treatments were not significant. Maximum seed water productivity (0.233 kgm-3) and seed oil water productivity (0.125 kgm-3) were observed in I3 treatment. However the difference among this treatment and I0, I5 and I6 treatments was not significant. The lowest infection severity to root rot disease (7.22 %) was recorded fot I5 treatment. The highest infection severity to root rot disease (20.63 %) was observed in I1 treatment while the lowest infection severity to phyllody disease was recorded in I1, I2 and I6 treatments.

The highest seed yield, 1000- seed weight and seed oil percentage were obtained in I1, I4 and I5 treatments. The differences of these characters among I1, I4 and I5 and other treatments were not significant (except I0 treatment). The highest seed oil yield were recorded for I1 and I5 treatments. The most seed water productivity and seed oil water productivity and the lowest water consumption belong to I5 treatment. Irrigation frequencies in I5 treatment were lower than I1 and I4 treatments. According to the results, I5 treatment has the lowest water consumption and the effect of this treatment on seed yield and gross income of seasame was similar to I1 treatment. Therefore I5 treatment is recommended for proper irrigation of sesame in Behbahan region.

Drought occurrence is one of the most important reasons for reduced yield in crops. At least in arid and semi-arid areas an efficient approach to tackle this problem is to identify and grow tolerant genotypes with the help of drought tolerance indices. The main objective of this research was to study the effects of drought on the performance of six genotypes of lentil in order to evaluate some of the drought tolerance and sensitivity indices, including stress tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean arithmetic (MP), geometric productivity of productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HAM), yield stability index(YSI) and stress tolerance index (STI) in two conditions of drought stress (Non-irrigation) and normal conditions (irrigation). The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications and six genotypes in Research Farm of Payame Noor University Center of Asadabad, Hamedan-Iran in 2017. Data obtained from growing genotypes under normal and drought conditions were used to calculate drought tolerance indices. There was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of response to late drought, most of the studied indices were able to discriminate susceptible and tolerant genotypes. Based on the examined indices, Bile Savar and Gachsaran genotypes were recognized as tolerant genotypes. The distribution of genotypes in the biplot space revealed a genetic variation between them in relation to drought stress and based on this, Bile Savar and Ghachsaran genotypes were recognized as drought tolerant and high yielding. Also, according to the results of the main components analysis, the first and second components described 100 percent of variation among the genotypes for the examined drought tolerance indices.

The aim of this study was to quantify the dry matter production in different organs in safflower. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with four replicates in Research Farm of Vali-e-Asr University in 2012. Factors were included sowing dates (4 April, 25 April and 16 May) and cultivars (411, Sina, Local Isfahan and Sofeh). Results showed that linear exponential model best described the trend of dry matter production versus days after planting. Maximum dry matter accumulation was obtained in the first planting date and decreased with a delay in planting. With delay in planting, maximum stem dry mater accumulation and time to maximum stem growth rate were decreased. In the first and second planting dates, stem dry matter was high for local Isfahan cultivar. While there was no a significant difference among cultivars in the third planting date. The trend of grain dry mater accumulation was described the best with logistical models. Grain dry matter accumulation had high in the first and second planting date and then strongly reduced in the third planting date. In the first and second planting dates, maximum grain dry matter had not significantly different among different cultivars. In the second planting date minimum grain dry mater accumulation was obtained from 411 cultivars.

Background and objectivesRice can be irrigated like wheat and corn as an aerobic plant (1). There is a negative relation between the grain yield and quality, has various indexes in the world like Iran where the rice with long and separate seeds is preferred (2). The important factors of reducing the rice quality are increasing immature seeds, cracks on the surface, narrow and thin seeds (3). With regard to water crisis, it’s essential to increase knowledge level and awareness about water tension loss effects on qualitative and quantitative traits of seeds. This study aims at realization of this purpose and reducing the negative effects of water tension.
Materials and methodsAn experiment was carried out to study of irrigation regimes on rice genotypes grain milling quality (Total rice recovery, degree of milling, but hull, brane, head rice, broken rice, grain width, grain length, grain length after cook and grain yield) of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blokes comlete bloks design with three replications in two cropping seasons (2014 and 2015) at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice genotypes to four different irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and 12 genotypes were randomized in sub-plots. The variance and correlation analysis were carried out by using the SAS and SPSS software after ensuring the normality of the data and the mean of the data was compared to a through the Tuke test.
Results and discussionThe results of combined analysis of variances showed that the apart from the percentage bran and grain width that represents of them the sum was a significant different in irrigation regimes by genotypes interaction in all of trades. On the other hand, the related irrigation regimes, genotypes had different reaction. Such that past of the grain width and length decreased with increasing stress, because of adaptability genotypes and more favorable moisture, the highest of grain yield, total milled rice recovery, degree of milling, and head rice were in second irrigation regimes. But hull, bran and broken rice percentage had the lowest amount. Whereas there were a significantly positive and negative correlation between these traits and grain yield.
ConclusionTotally, the results of present study showed that traits of seed quality and quantity in the second irrigation regime has the most suitable reactions in terms of reducing crust and bran as well as increasing desirable traits like efficiency conversion degree and rice. And also, they showed the role of irrigation management with regard to genotype diversity. These results indicated that the seed yield and desirable trait in the thirds irrigation with five-day irrigation have no significant relation with flooding irrigation. It can be used as a suitable method and approach to increase irrigation efficiency of aerobic rice genotypes.

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are among heavy metals which enter water, soil, plants and ultimately the human and animals food chain from variouse resources and can cause serious damages. Several methods has been suggested for remediation of contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is a promising technology for this purpose. Harvesting and maximum extraction of contaminants from soil environment is the purpose of phytoremediation. Use of chelates, is one of the effective approaches for increasing the bioavailability of heavy metals. Therefore, In this study, the effects of Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent on increased absorption of Pb and Cd by Canola (Okapi) were studied. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse as a factorial and completely randomized design with three replication. Factors included of : 1- EDTA Application in two levels (0 and 2.7 mmolkg-1 soil), 2- Pb at three levels ( 0, 150 and 500 mgkg-1 soil) and 3- Cd in three levels (0, 3 and 10 mgkg-1 soil). Consequently, a non- contaminated soil was selected and contaminated with different amounts of Pb and Cd. Then, canola seeds were planted and after harvest, Pb and Cd concentration in plants (grain and straw) and soil was measured. The results showed that EDTA Application was able to increase Pb and Cd solubility in soil solution, resulting in increased absorption of Pb in straw (25.6 times) and grain (11.2 times) and Cd in straw (12 %). Also studying the Pb and Cd concentration in canola showed that in canola straw in contaminated treatments, Cd concentration (7.35-23.1 mgkg-1) in both levels of EDTA and Pb concentration (106.47-275.48 mgkg-1) only in treatment with EDTA were observed in toxicity limit.

Information on the concentration and accumulation of phosphorus (P) in the plant dry matter (DM) and the coefficients of its allocation to different plant parts can help improve the P nutrition of crops and increase the efficiency of P fertilizers. In order to investigate the effect of inoculation with Streptomyces sp. bacteria and fertilizer P rate (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P ha) on the P and DM accumulation and partitioning in wheat (cultivar Morvarid) and barley (cultivar Sahara), a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences during 2014-2015 growing season. The amount of soil available P was 5.8 mg kg-1. Results showed that the effects of fertilizer P rate on DM accumulation, the P concentration and accumulation in all plant parts was significant (P = 0.01), statistically. Inoculation also influenced the DM accumulation in all parts except seeds, and P accumulation in all of them except the stem, but its effect on the P concentration in different parts of plant with the exception of leaf and root was not significant. As a result, it can be deduced that the rate of fertilizer phosphorus through both DM accumulation and P concentration, and inoculation only via DM accumulation affects the P accumulation. Also, the findings of this study showed a very high stability of allocation coefficients of DM and P to different parts of plant compared to DM and P accumulation and P concentration. P concentrations in the whole plant and grain in control (without P fertilizer) were 2.29 and 3.86 g P kg-1, and in the treatment of 80 kg P ha-1 were 3.89 and 6.00 g P kg-1. Also, the amount of accumulated P in a grain was 2.18 and 2.68 mg and in whole plant (shoot root) was 4.88 and 5.15 mg in wheat and barley, respectively. By increasing the rate of P fertilizer, accumulated phosphorus in all parts of the plant was increased linearly with different slopes, and reached to 6.98 and 9.08 at grain and 14.48 and 14.75 mg at whole plant of wheat and barley, respectively, when 80 kg P ha-1 was applied. The results showed a 197 and 186 percent increase in P uptake in wheat and barley, respectively, in the treatment of 80 kg P ha-1 compared to control. In both crops, at all levels of P fertilizer, the plant organs based on the amount of P accumulates were as seed > stem > leaf> root.

Soil contamination with heavy metals would accumulate these elements in plant tissues and decrease qualitaty and quantity of agricultural producs and thus endanger human and animal healths. Previous crop residues and rates of fertilizers applications (especially phosphorus fertilizer) are the most important effective factors on accumulation of cadmium in crop tissues. Another influential factor affecting soil shrinkage is crop rotation which induces the solubility of cadmium. This research was aimed to assess the effects of conventional cropping system on cadmium concentrations in wheat at its different growth stages by using a split plot in time experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications in the 2014-2015 growing season in Shavoor Agricultural Research Station (Khuzestan province). Main plot consisted of cropping system (rice-wheat, fallow-wheat) and sub plot of growth stages at three levels (tillering, flowering and ripening). Different wheat seed cadmium concentrations due to two cropping systems were different significantly at 1% probability level. Cadmium concentration in the seeds at rice-wheat cropping system (0.31 mg.kg-1) was higher than fallow-wheat system (0.27 mg.kg-1) which is higher than World Health Organization standards. Result of analysis of variance showed that the effect of cropping systems and different growth stages of wheat on root and stem cadmium concentrations were significant at 1% probability level. Rice-wheat cropping system resulted in higher cadmium concentration in root (1.09 mg.kg-1) and stem (0.73 mg.kg-1) compared to that of the fallow-wheat cropping system. Accumulation of cadmium in stem or root at different growth stages of wheat were not significant but it was totally additive, because range of variation of cadmium concentration from planting to harvest was low.

In order to study the effect of zinc sulfate and iron sulfate under drought stress on yield and kaempferol in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), a field experiment was conducted at Bu-Ali Sina university in 2012 growing season. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Drought stress in three irrigation levels at 60 (Control), 90 (mild stress) and 120 (severe stress) mm from evaporation pan class A were assigned to main plot and four foliar application (Fe, Zn, Fe Zn and control) treatment were randomized in sub-plots. Results showed that drought stress in 90 and 120 mm caused reduction about 70.52 and 111.51 Kg/h in seed yield, 1280.71 and 1811.96 Kg/h in biological yield, 121.03 and 293.54 Kg/h in leaf yield compared to the control, respectively. Drought stress also increased kaempferol percentage in 90 and 120 mm irrigation regime about 38 % copmpared to 60 mm irrigation regim. Foliar spray of zinc and iron had no significant effect on the percentage of leaf kaempferol. The number of lateral baranch and SPAD number in 90 mm irrigation regime and foliar application of Zn Fe increased about 9.4 compared to the control. Foliar application of zinc sulfate increased root yield and biological yield about 70.43 and 314.5 Kg/h, respectively. The number of lateral branch and biological yield in 120 mm irrigation regime and application of zinc and iron at the same time increased about 529 Kg/h. Foliar application of Zinc sulfate also increased root yield about 37.5 Kg/h compared to the control.

IntroductionIran with mean annual precipitation of 240 mm is categorized in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. High evapotranspiration and limitation of water resources are important environmental parameters that caused reduction of the plants yield in Iran. Also nitrogen deficiency affects the partitioning of assimilates among vegetative and reproductive organs and can influence the growth and yield of the plants. Therefore, given the importance and different roles of water and nitrogen in vital processes of the plants, the objective of the present research was to study the effect of irrigation interval and N fertilizer application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of millet in Birjand, Iran.
Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as split-plots based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, at Agricultural Research Center of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University in 2009. The main plots included irrigation interval at three levels (7, 14 and 21 days) and the sub-plots were N fertilizer application at five levels (control or 0 kg N. ha-1, 50 kg N. ha-1, 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application, 100 kg N. ha-1 and 100 kg N. ha-1 foliar application kg N. ha-1). The texture of the soil in research farm was loam with the pH of 8, electrical conductivity of 4.49 mmhos cm-1 whose organic carbon, total N, P, and K content was 0.32%, 0.08%, 16.4 ppm and 501 ppm at the depth of 0-30 cm, respectively. In the end, all data were analyzed by MSTAT-C statistical software and means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level.
Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance indicated that the effect of irrigation interval on plant height, panicle number per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and biological yield were significant. Also, plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2 and seed yield were significantly affected by nitrogen levels. Interaction of irrigation interval and N fertilizer only significantly affected1000-seed weight. Means comparison indicated that the increase in irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days decreased plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and biological yield, 36.8, 33.6, 32.9, 18.5, 44.4 and 40.1 percent respectively. Also, 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application treatment increased plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2 and seed yield, 20.4, 21.9, 47.8 and 52.3 percent, respectively as comparison with non-nitrogen application treatment. It is seems that water deficit stress, due to its effect on photosynthesis, respiration, ionic absorption, nutrients and hormones metabolism processes reduced the growth of stem and leaf cells and decreased leaf area and led to a decrease in flowering and grain filling period which finally caused reduction of yield and yield components. Probably, the decrease in leaf area is a response to stress for adapting water deficit conditions and survival through decreasing transpiring area of the plant. Moreover, with the increase in N application, plant photosynthesizing area and assimilate production increased and therefore seed yield increased.
ConclusionsIn total, the results of the current study indicated that water and nitrogen deficiency significantly decreased millet economical yield mainly by decreasing panicle number per m2. Finally, results of research showed that treatment of 7 days irrigation interval and 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application recommended for the cultivation of millet in Birjand region for production maximum of millet seed.

Beneficial free-living rhizobacteria, which have been shown to improve plant health or increase yield, are usually referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic fungus, has been under researches for more than a century. Inoculation of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may be effective in improving crop production under drought conditions. Improved productivity of AM plants was attributed to enhanced uptake of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus, zinc and copper. In addition, other factors associated with AM colonization may influence plant resistance to drought. Therefore the main of this study was to effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi on yield, yield components and its associated in two dryland wheat cultivars.

An experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University and Sarableh Agricultural and Research, Recources Center during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer sources treatment including of 1- without application of phosphorious chemical fertilizer, 2- 50 kg/ha P, 3- p. putida, 4- G.mosseae, 5- p.putida + G.mosseae, 6- p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P, 7- p.putida + 25 kg/ha P and 8- G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P. At full maturity, Seed nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe and Cu were recorded using a sample plants from the middle ridges of each plot. The data were analyzed statistically by SAS program and the data means were compared by LSD test.

Results indicated that interaction effect between cultivar ×fertilizer sources had significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe in seed wheat. Using of bio-fertilizer had positive and significant effect total studied traits in two dryland wheat under dry land condition. The highest zinc element in seed was obtained from Saji cultivar and using p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least of it was Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased to 49.7% in the zinc element in the seed. The highest amount of manganese in seed was from Saji cultivar in the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least manganese obtained from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased 53.3% in the manganese element in the seed. The highest iron element in the seed belonged to Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which caused an increase 97.2% in iron element in grain. The highest magnesium content in the seed was obtained from Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased 39.1% in the magnesium element in the seed. The highest nitrogen content in the seed was from Sagi cultivar in the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest nitrogen content indicated in Keras Sabalan cultivar in the control treatment, which caused an increase of 21.5% in nitrogen in grain. The highest P content in the seeds was from Saji cultivar and the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least P content was cultivar Keras Sabalan in control treatment, which increased 66.1% in phosphorus in grain. The highest element of potassium in seed was obtained Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least Pseudomonas potassium indicated in Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which caused an increase 64.8% of potassium content was in the seed. There was significant different between cultivars to response of Using of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, so that Sji cultivars had the best response to mycorrhizal fungi.

In this study indicated that GM and PSB had positive affect on seed quality and seed nutrients had the better status in presence of inoculationwithGM and PSB. Application of GM and PSB with fertilizer levels significantly increased the macro and micro elements uptake thad was recorded from Saji Cultivar × GM + 25 kg/ha P. The decrease in available N, P, K, and Fe, Mn, Mg, Ze status of seed was recorded in control where no fertilizer (control treatment). The increased uptake of the nutrients was due to added supply of nutrient and well developed root system resulting in better absorption of water and nutrient. According to the results, the use of GM and PSB cause root development and provide conditions for the absorption of nutrients. In this study, GM and PSB through the development of mechanisms such as root growth have increased the absorption of nutrients and the development of photosynthetic surfaces and the plant produced materials for the development of their organs. Finally, the nutrients in the seeds increased.

To investigate the effect of weed interference on the yield and yield components of rice an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Amol and Mahmoudabad cities in Mazandaran. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments to control weeds were of two types. The first treatment consistsed of controling weeds 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds interfered with plant during rest of growing season. A whole season weed control was used as check. The second type treatment at weed interference until 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds were controlled during rest of growing season. A whole season interference treatment was used as a weed infested check. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference for grain yield in either weed free or weed infested treatments between two places. Weed control and interference (except panicle number and biological yield) significantly affected grain yield, grain numbers per panicle and 1000 grain weight. The highest grain yield (3010.83 kg.ha-1) belonged to weed control during whole growing season and lowest grain yield (2075 kg.ha-1) was obtained from weed infested check. Weed infested check resulted in lower grain yield (by 8.31%), panicle number (by 8.33%) and grains number per panicle (by 10.26%) as compared to the control. The critical period of weed control, based on the amount of 5 and 10 percent of yield losses, were fitted by Gompertz and Logestic regression to weed infested weed free treatments, respectively. The results showed that the critical period of weed control in Mahmoudabad region occurred during the days of 22 to 59 and 27 to 36 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated to be 32 days after transplanting.Thecritical period for Amol region occurred during days of 15 to 54 and 20 to 37 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated for day 25 after transplanting. In conclusion, the critical period of weed control seems to begin earlier in Amol than in Mahmoudabad and it also had a longer range.

IntroductionBean (Vicia faba L.) has the great old history of crop cultivation to date would be pushed back to a fairly long day plant, resistant to frost and cool season crop and up to 5 degrees Celsius tolerated. Bean prefers wet and cold conditions. Excessive heat may cause fetal growth problems, loss and reduce the number of seeds per pod bean flowers to the growth of plant and fruit set on low temperature and high humidity environments. Early planting allows more during plant growth and increased performance. Moreover, it is necessary to achieve maximum performance in the bean are balanced in the distribution of nutrients and the roots of the plant. Some studies have shown that many cereal plants can make use of phosphorus in the soil inaccessible. Phosphate makes the plant resistant to lodging, early maturity, higher quality, accelerating plant emergence to the initiation of flowering and pollination, and thus increases the yield.
Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of planting date and phosphorus nutrition on growth and performance of faba bean, a field experiment was done in Research Field of Agricultural University and Natural Resources of Ramin, Khuzestan, during 2013-2014. Experiment was done as split plots based on the completely randomized blocks design with four replications. Experimented factors were, five planting dates (2 October,17 October,1 November 16 November, and 1 December) as main plots and phosphorous oxide fertilizer (P2O5) with the amount of (zero, 50, 100,150 kilogram per hectare) from triple superphosphate resource as sub plot.
Results and DiscussionThe Experiment results showed that planting date and phosphorus fertilizer and their interactions had a significant effect on morphological traits (include bush height, pod height from the ground, leaf area index, and number of sub branch). The comparison showed that the highest grain yield obtained in sowing date of 1 November (average production of 2752 kg per hectare) and the lowest yield obtained in planting Persian dates of 1 December (average production of 1903 kg per hectare) and 2 October (mean produced 1943 kg ha-1), respectively. The results of study of more than 100 kg P ha also had no significant effect on performance. The delay in planting bean reduces its performance. But through the power of P can be compensated to some extent the decline in performance so that delayed planting dates (10 December and 25 November) at the level of 100 kg per hectare yield than no fertilizer, respectively, about 55 and 60% increased.
ConclusionGenerally, in the process of growth, with a delay in sowing and increase the average temperature during the growing season and heat stress, all traits such as leaf area index, plant height, number of branches and the height of the first pod reduced. The cold start test at the beginning of the growing season, time to go green rose plant, but with the onset of heat at the end of the growing season and due to its effect on plant growth, all stages of growth were reduced. The results of study of more than 100 kg P ha also had no significant effect on performance. In total, the largest decline in the yield on the culture of 10 December occurred mainly due to reduced plant growth during the growing season as a result of dealing with the heat in the end of the growing season. The best results were obtained from the use of 100 kg per hectare phosphorus. The delay in planting bean reduces its performance. But through the power of P can be compensated to some extent the decline in performance so that delayed planting dates (10 December and 25 November) at the level of 100 kg per hectare yield than no fertilizer, respectively, about 55 and 60% increased.

Drought is one of the most limiting factors on plant production and both the grain yield and yield components of medicinal plants are influenced by it. Today, factors stated as being capable of improving stress resistance are included in the research requirements and organic methods are given the priority. In order to achieve these aims, the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and humic acid on the yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought stress conditions were evaluated.
An experiment was carried out during 2013 in the Northeast of Qom region, as a split factorial based on complete randomized blocks design in 3 replications. Irrigation interval on 3 levels (irrigation after 40, 70 and 100 mm evaporated water from a class A evaporation pan) as the main factor, humic acid at 2 levels (non-application and application) and PGPR using methods on 4 levels (non-application and application by seed inoculation, irrigation water and seed inoculation irrigation water) as factorial were considered as subfactors. Humic acid and PGPR applications in irrigation water were undertaken twice at the 4- and 12-leaf formation stages. The humic acid consumption volume was 3 liters per hectare for each irrigation treatment. The PGPR sources applied were Azotobacter (Azotobacter crococcum) and Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense).
The results demonstrated that drought stress had a significant decreasing effect on all experimented traits; however, PGPR and humic acid had a positive effect on evaluated characteristics in both stress and non-stress conditions (irrigation after 40 mm). According to the findings, with the exception PGPR × humic acid, all double and triple interaction effects were significant on seed and biological yield of basil. In this case, the highest seed yield (2336.67 kg ha-1) and biological yield (6867.01 kg ha-1) were observed in the 40 mm irrigation, humic acid and PGPR (seed inoculation irrigation water) treatment. The triple interaction effect of experimented factors was meaningful on 1000 seed weight. In this case, the highest amounts of the aforementioned traits (2.09 g) belonged to the integrated use of PGPR sources and humic acid in the optimal irrigation method (irrigation at 40 mm evaporation) and resulted in a 26.31 percent increase compared to the control treatment. Based on the research findings, drought stress improved the shoot essential oil content of basil; however, application of anti-stress agents by providing most of the plant requirements under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress conditions eventually made and stored higher essence content.
The drought stress created by increasing irrigation intervals, reduced significantly all yield and yield components of basil. Overall, the PGPR and humic acid application decreased adverse effects of water deficit stress, although the role of PGPR was greater than that of humic acid. The effect of experimental factors on the shoot essential oil percentage was in contrast and, under these circumstances, the role of drought stress in the consequential changes in essence content was greater than the total impact of the stimulating factors, namely PGPR and humic acid.

To evaluate the morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of soybean genotypes, an experiment in randomized complete block design with 3 replications were conducted in Parsabade Moghan in 2011-12. Genotypes were evaluated in this experiment Apollo, Zane, L.17, Williams, INA, Hsus-H116, Spry, Ks4895, Stress land, Rend, L.77-2061, Omaha, L.75-6141, Darby, NE3399, L.93-3312 and L.83-570. Plant height, distance between the first split, number of branches, number of pods, pod weight, seed weight, number of seed, thousand seed weight, grain yield, protein content and yield were evaluated. The results showed had significant differences in plant height, number of branches, pods and seeds per plant, pod weight, 1000 seed weight, grain and protein yield. Among genotypes, Darby had the highest number of branches per plant 6.55, number of pods per plant 119.89, weight of pods per plant 17.19 g, 1000 seed weight 29.49 g, number of seeds per plant 246.06, grain yield 72.5 kg ha-1 and protein yield 3316 kg ha-1. The highest protein percentage (50.75) were observed at L.75-6141 and maximum distance from the first branching (15.70 cm) per Ks4895 genotype. The Williams and Zane 16 genotypes also were has highest average plant height (103.33 cm) and seed weight (166.57 g). Cluster analysis of soybean genotypes classified into three groups, Group I, II and III, were in their place, 8, 5 and 4 respectively genotypes, in this between, second group (including Darby, Williams, Hsus-H116, Apollo, L.93-3312 genotypes) had a mean yield and quality traits than the other two groups.