جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کلسیم » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

The Zagros forests vegetation area with an area of more than 5 million hectares and providing more than 40% of the country's water are ecologically very important and the forest covers 256000 hectares of Kurdistan province (8.8% of the province) and in recent years, Oak decline and decay have increase in these forests. Oak decline in the Zagros forests has started in the last two decades and has caused serious damage to the forests of this vegetation area and study of the effective and aggravating factors of Oak decline provides valuable information to natural resource managers. The factors of slope aspect and physical and chemical soil parameters can has an effect on the aggravation oak decline in this forest. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the physical and chemical soil parameters in around healthy and dieback trees under the influence of slope and dieback in Marivan forests (in Kurdistan province).

Deteriorated (Garan) and control (Dolah Naw) stands were selected in the northern and southern slopes aspect. In the Garan habitat (Oak decline) on the northern slope, five healthy trees and five dieback trees were selected (10 trees in total), on the other hand, in this habitat on the southern slope, 10 more trees were selected (five healthy trees and five trees with dieback). In Dolah Naw habitat (control habitat), five healthy trees were selected in each aspect (in total, 10 trees in the control habitat). In total, 30 healthy and dieback trees were selected and numbered (20 healthy trees in the control and dieback trees and 10 trees in the dieback stands). Then, in the vicinity of the trunk of each tree (in the shaded part of the crown), a soil sample was taken at a depth of 0-20 cm (Horizon A) and the samples were transported to the laboratory in plastic bags. Physical and chemical characteristics (moisture percentage, acidity, soil electrical conductivity, absorbable phosphorus, absorbable potassium, nitrogen percentage, organic carbon percentage, lime, calcium and magnesium percentage) were measured for each soil sample. The two-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the effect of each factor and the interaction effect of the investigated factors on the physical and chemical parameters of the soil and data analysis was done in SPSS 20 software.

The one-way analysis of variance test showed that there was a significant difference between the parameters of pH, electrical conductivity, percentage of organic carbon, potassium, nitrogen, moisture, lime, magnesium and calcium among the soil samples of healthy and dieback trees in the northern and southern slopes. The results of the analysis of variance test confirmed the interaction effect of kind of stands × slope aspect for electrical conductivity and calcium and for slope aspect × tree health in the parameter was lime percentage. Other findings showed that the highest average parameters of electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, nitrogen, and moisture were respectively 2.654 (d s m-1), 1.10 (mg/kg), and 869.5 (mg/kg). ), 4.03%, 0.35% and 12.4% were observed in the soil adjacent to the control trees in the northern slope and for magnesium, calcium and CaCO3 parameters of healthy trees in the southern slope with the values ​​of 21 (meq/100), 42.2 (meq/100) and 13.60% was significantly more than other treatments. On the other hand, in the soil sample adjacent to the trees located in the stands affected by dieback, the average physical-chemical parameters were lower than the control stand (Doleh Naw) and this shows the importance of the physical-chemical parameters of the soil in reducing or increasing the resistance of trees to tree dieback. The findings of the research showed that the highest average macro elements (available phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen) in the soil adjacent to healthy trees in the northern slope and for calcium and magnesium, the highest amount of these elements were observed and confirmed in the soil adjacent to the trees in the southern slope and in the total amount Macro elements were more in the soil of the trees of control (north and south domain); Therefore, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (especially macro elements) have an effect on the resistance of oak trees to dieback and other environmental stresses, and the lack of macro elements causes the trees to be weak against the phenomenon of oak dieback.

In general, in the soil adjacent to the dieback trees, the poverty of nutrients and macro elements and lower values ​​of the studied parameters were observed. In general, in the trees affected by Oak decline, the poverty of nutrients and macro elements was observed, and the lower values ​​of the parameters were observed in the soil adjacent to the trees affected by Oak decline. Based on the results, for the optimal management of dieback stands and trees, increase protection measures (control of livestock grazing through grazing and reduction of traditional exploitations), increase restoration programs and forest development in the stands affected by dieback (increase seeding and enrichment operations). In degraded stands and planting with native species in dieback stands) and implementation of health cuts (withered and dieback branches and stems) were suggested.

The purpose of this research was to identify and select superior walnut genotypes based on pomological characteristics, oil percentage and calcium content of walnut kernels in different walnut growing areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. In this research, 14 top walnut genotypes in different regions of the province were evaluated. The results showed that different genotypes have significant differences in terms of pomological traits. Among the 14 evaluated genotypes, the highest average walnut fruit is related to Kowkhdan 1 and Delirej1 genotypes with an average of 76.76 and 73.39 g respectively, the highest nut weight is in Kowkhdan 1 genotypes and Setangan 1 and 2 were obtained with an average of 30.26, 28.17 and 27.13 g, respectively. The highest kernel weight was observed in Kowkhdan 1 genotype at the rate of 13.58 g compared to other genotypes. Kowkhdan 1 genotype showed the highest length and diameter of kernel by 36.04 and 36.12 mm, respectively, compared to other genotypes. The kernel % varied from 48.61 to 34.45% in different genotypes. Kowkhdan 1, Delirej 1, Vezag 2, Shahniz, and Kowkhdan 2 genotypes have the highest kernel %, 48.61, 48.45, 47, 45.44, and 45.41 %, respectively, compared to other genotypes. The highest oil % was 63.69% in Vezg 1 genotype and the lowest % oil was 36.71% in Delirej 2 genotype. The ratio of phosphorus to calcium is an important indicator in the quality of walnut kernels. This ratio varied from 0.263 to 0.064, and among the evaluated genotypes, the highest and lowest P/Ca of kernels was observed in Setengan 1 and 2, Shahniz 1 and Delirej 2 genotypes, respectively. Therefore, among the evaluated genotypes, in terms of pomological and nutritional value characteristics, Kowkhdan 1, Setengan 1, 2, Sisakhatt 2 and Vezg 1 genotypes were selected as the best genotypes and these genotypes were recommended in breeding programs.

Capsicum annuum L. is an annual fruit vegetable of the family Solanaceae, native to Mexico and South America, and has always had a special place in the diets of various communities. Excessive accumulation of nitrate and nitrite is one of the criteria for reducing the quality of vegetables. In this study, the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of humic acid and Origanum majorana extract on nitrate, nitrite, and some quantitative, qualitative, and biochemical traits of two greenhouse-grown bell pepper cultivars (Paramo and Taranto) was investigated. The treatments were the control, humic acid (0.2, 0.6, and 1 gl-l), and marjoram extract (3 and 6%). All treatments were sprayed on plants for 12 consecutive weeks. In this study, traits such as fruit nitrate and nitrite content, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, TSS, fruit potassium and calcium content, total yield, anthocyanin content, and weight loss percentage after harvest were measured. The results showed that the Taranto cultivar treated with the humic acid (0.6 gl-l) had better and more desirable nitrate and nitrite levels (52.2 and 3.2 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control and other treatments. Moreover, the Taranto cultivar treated with the humic acid (0.6 gl-l) showed better results in terms of the fruit length and the number of fruits per plant. The Paramo cultivar treated with the humic acid (0.6 gl-l) had better TSS. Comparing the individual effect of cultivar on the traits showed that the Taranto cultivar had better potential than Paramo in most traits. Results indicated that humic acid 0.6 gl-1 had lower and more desirable nitrate and nitrite compared control and other treatments.

In order to investigate the effect of silica and calcium content and harvest dates on yield and yield components of rapeseed as a factorial split in a randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental farms in Aftab region of Tehran province in two cropping years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 were implemented. Experimental factors include harvest date in three levels one week after the start of yellowing of pods, two weeks after the beginning of yellowing of pods and time of complete yellowing of pods, silica in three levels of zero (control), 3 and 6% of the source was sodium and calcium silicate at three levels of 2, 4 and 6% of the source of calcium sulfate. The results showed that the effect of year on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and anthocyanin was significant and the second year had the highest amount of these traits. It was observed that the best grain yield of 2477.02 kg / ha and harvest index of 24.83% was related to harvest one week after the start of yellowing of pods and with delay in harvest, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanins increased. According to the results, silica foliar application with 32.81% increase in plant height, 11.8% number of pods per plant, 31.48% number of seeds per pod, 17.2% weight per thousand seeds, 24.31% grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index and reduction of anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage were associated. The most positive effect on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components was obtained in 6% silica spray. With increasing calcium concentration, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage decreased, the maximum positive effect on these traits in foliar application 6% calcium was observed. The results showed that silica and calcium had an additive effect on yield and yield components and the best grain yield was obtained by consuming 6% silica with 6% calcium and harvesting one week after the start of yellowing of pods.

Vitamin D3 is one of the important vitamins in calcium metabolism, which increases the active transport of calcium and phosphorus in the intestinal epithelium. However, the mechanism by which vitamin D3 increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus is not fully understood. The active form of vitamin D3 or 1,25-hydroxycalciferol is transported to the nucleus of the intestinal cells. In the presence of 1, 25-hydroxycalciferol, a specific RNA is secreted from the cell nucleus, which is translated into a specific protein by the ribosomes, thereby increasing the uptake of calcium and phosphorus. The primary role of 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in vertebrates in regulating calcium homeostasis is the direct action of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the gut, kidneys and bones by inhibiting the production of parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glades. Vitamin C prevents stress by preventing the release of corticosteroid hormones, which can be effective for bird function, egg production and reducing mortality. In the liver, vitamin D3 is converted into 25-hydroxycalciferol, which is later converted into calciferol hydroxylase (activated by vitamin C) in the kidneys by the enzyme 25-hydroxy molecule. This metabolite increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal wall and renal tubules. The aim of this experiment is therefore the effect of vitamin D3 and vitamin C on performance, egg quality and hatchability in broilers breeder hen at the end of the production period.

A total of 240 broiler breeder hens and 24 cockers (Ross 308) were distributed in a 2×2 factorial arrangement including two levels of vitamin D (3500 & 5500 IU) and two levels of vitamin C (0 & 150 mg/kg) with 6 replicate pens of 10 hens and one cock each. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks (from the age of 49 to 61 weeks), and during the trial, the performance traits production and hatchability were recorded. Every 28 days 4 eggs were evaluated for internal and external quality.

The results of the study showed that the main effect of vitamin D3 had a significant impact on egg weight, with higher concentrations resulting in a reduction in egg weight. However, there was no significant effect on other performance parameters. The main effect of higher concentrations of vitamin D3 was an increase in the number of hatching eggs, shell percentage, shell thickness, specific gravity of the eggs, a decrease in the percentage of egg breakage. However, this effect was not significant for other parameters. Increasing the level of 1,25 hydroxycalciferol significantly increased plasma calcium levels, which led to increased renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity, envelope secretion, reduced oocyte rupture, resulting in increased hatch fertility. The main effect of vitamin C significantly increased production percentage and reduced feed conversion and feed consumption per egg. However, there was no significant effect on other parameters. Addition of vitamin C significantly increased external characteristics of the eggs, including shell proportion, shell thickness, shell ash and phosphorus, number of hatching eggs, but reduced the number of broken eggs. However, there was no significant effect on internal parameters, except for yolk color. The use of vitamin C activates the enzyme 25-hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylase to produce 1,25 hydroxycalciferol, which increases calcium absorption from the intestinal wall and reduces the number of ruptured eggs. Regarding the interaction of different levels of vitamin D3 and vitamin C, the results showed that higher levels of vitamin D3 and vitamin C increased production percentage, egg mass, number of hatching eggs, shell thickness, phosphorus and FCR. Intake in the egg removed significantly increased, but the number of broken eggs decreased.

In general, according to the results of the present experiment, it can be concluded that the use of vitamin C in an amount of 150 mg / kg with 5500 IU of vitamin D3 can increase the production percentage, increase the mass of eggs and improve the feed conversion ratio. It can also increase shell thickness and the number of chickens produced weekly and over the period, decrease the number of broken eggs, increase the number of hatching eggs, reduce feed intake per egg and feed intake per chicken at the end of the broiler breeder production period.

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an important dicotyledonous medicinal plants that used in many developed countries of the world. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of male and female plants of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.). A factorial experiment was conducted using salinity stress treatments at four levels (0, 50, 75, 100 mM) and plant sex in two levels (male and female genotypes) based on a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse condition. The results showed that the salinity stress by plant sex interaction effects were significant for plant yield components, total phenol, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, proline and carbohydrate (P<0.01). Increasing the salinity level significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves, plant fresh and dry weights in both sexes. But, the root weight, root length, and number of flowers increased in female plants up to 75 mM salinity. Also, increasing salinity level significantly increased secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid, proline, and soluble carbohydrates in both males and female plants. However, by increasing salinity level, the amount of antioxidants increased in the females and decreased in the male plants than that for control, respectively. The sodium to potassium ratio (N/K) was considered as an index of salinity tolerance. The highest N/K ratios were observed at 75 and 100 mM salinity levels in shoot and root of the female plants, respectively. The results indicated that cannabis female plants can tolerate salinity up to 75 mM salinity level, and the female biomass was increased, but above the 75 mM level, the female plants were more sensitive than that for male plants in terms of salinity.

Lily is known as the third main bulbous flower in the world that used for cut flowers and pots. Bulblet as a staple procedure is known for propagation of this plant. Due to the high performance of in vitro bulblets regeneration, the use of this method can reduce the costs production of this plant and also reduction of water and soil pollution due to minimizing the field area for ex vitro propagation. The size of lily bulblets produced in vitro is smaller than ex vitro propagated bulblets. For this purpose, several concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and calcium were used to investigate their role on lily bulblet growth under in vitro condition.
 
In this experiment, ‘Santander’ cultivar was used for bulblet growth of lily. For this purpose, the effect of five strength (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3) of macro elements (phosphorus, potassium and calcium) based on MS medium on bulblet regeneration percentage, bulblet number, bulblet fresh weight, scale explant fresh weight, and fresh weight of leaf and root was surveyed.
 
The results of the experiment clearly showed the effect of all three elements on the growth of bulblet, so that the limitation of any of the elements (0 strength) caused serious disorders in all explants.  With increasing the concentration of the studied elements, the bulblet regeneration percentage increased significantly. The maximum in vitro bulblet regeneration percentage (95.3 %) was found in explants grown on medium supplemented with double-strength of phosphorous. All three macroelementsnotably phosphorus played a major role on lily bulblets growth. According to results, application of double-strength of phosphorus caused the highest number of bulblet compared to test with 11.6. A considerable decrement in the fresh weight of leaves (16 g) and roots (10 g) was observed in the absence of calcium in the culture medium.
 
In general, phosphorus and calcium play a vital role in the regeneration of lily bulblets in vitro, so that on the one hand, double-strength of phosphorus had the highest amount of bulblet regeneration and fresh weight of the bulblets and on the other hand, shortage of calcium had the lowest amount in all parameters. So it is recommended to increase the concentrations of above mentioned macroelementsfor obtaining bigger bulblets.

In order to investigate the fruit puffiness status and the effect of calcium nitrate spray on quality and puffiness of Satsuma mandarin fruit, two separate experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the puffing rate of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu 'Sugiyama') fruit in different orchards in the eastern region of Mazandaran was compared. In the second experiment, the effect of calcium nitrate application as foliar spray on reduction of fruit puffines was examined. The experiment was performed in a commercial orchard, with sour orange rootstock, based on a randomized complete block design, with six treatments and four replications. Treatments included: T1. Control (no Calcium nitrate spray); T2. Calcium nitrate spray in late May; T3. Calcium nitrate spray in mid- June; T4. Calcium nitrate spray in early July; T5. Calcium nitrate spray in late May and mid- June; T6. Calcium nitrate spray in late May, mid- June and early July. The results of the first experiment showed that the percentage of puffed fruits in the orchards of different regions varied from 27 to 46%, and the number of puffed fruits increased significantly from the early of November. The results obtained from the second experiment indicated that calcium nitrate spray in T5 (late May and mid- June) and T6 (late May, mid- June and early July) treatments had a significant effect on puffiness, so that the number of puffy fruits reduced by about 20% compared to the control, but this anomaly did not completely prevented. Also, calcium nitrate spray had a significant effect on Ca concentration in fruits. The highest concentration of Ca in whole fruit, fruit peel and inner skin (albedo) occurred in T5 and T6 treatments. Therefore, calcium nitrate spray is recommended at least 2 times (late May and mid- June) up to a maximum of 3 times (late May, mid- June and early July) in Satsuma mandarin Orchards.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) from the family Punicaceae, is an important and exportable fruit crop in Iran. At present, Iran is the leading producer of this fruit followed by India, Turkey and Spain. As the main area under pomegranate cultivation in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid adjacent to desert regions. Low irrigation water quality, lime induced Fe chlorosis, soil salinity, nutrient imbalance and soil-borne diseases are the most limiting factors in this areas. Currently about 760 genotypes and cultivars of pomegranate have been identified, collected and growth in Pomegranate Research Institute in Yazd province, central Iran. In rich collection, it is likely that some genotypes are tolerant to adverse environmental conditions but neglected due to their low quality fruits. These genotypes could be evaluated and used as potential rootstocks. ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ is one of the most important pomegranate cultivar that is planted in parts of western south of Iran to gather ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’ cultivar. Fruits in ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ cultivar are big with dark red color arils. In the last decades, there has been a tremendous towards using grafted/budded plants in fruit orchards. Moreover, the available reports indicate that rootstock could affect the tolerance of scion to soil borne diseases, lime-induced Fe-deficiency chlorosis and salinity stress that they can control with grafting on tolerance rootstocks. There are inadequate formations on the effects of rootstock on scion of pomegranate. The aim of the study was effects of three rootstocks; ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’, ‘Gorj-e-Shahvar’ and ‘Post Ghermaz-e-Aliaghai’ on nutrient concentration of two pomegranate cultivars; ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ and ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’; as scion.

order to investigate the interaction of rootstock and scion on nutrient uptake in two pomegranate cultivars ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’and ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’, research was performed in the form of a factorial experiment in complete randomized blocks design with scion factors at two levels (‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’and ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’) and the rootstock on four levels (‘Post Ghermaz-e-Aliaghai’, ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’, ‘Gorj-e-Shahvar’and without graft) with five repetitions. Omega grafting method was used to production grafting plants. One year grafting plants were planted on farm with 2.0 m apart within rows and 4.0 m apart between rows. Non grafting cuttings of scions that rooted same time with rootstocks were planted in farm as control. In the first summer leaf samples were collected to determine macro and micro elements. 

The results showed that the interaction of rootstock and scion is effective on the uptake of elements. The concentration of elements in the scion varied depending on the type of graft combination. The highest levels of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium of leaves were observed in the grafting plants of ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ scion on ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’ rootstock, ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’ scion on ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’ rootstock, and ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ scion on ‘Gorj-e-Shahvar’ rootstock, respectively. Also, the highest amounts of iron (75 mg/g dry weight), manganese (65 mg/g dry weight), and copper (25 mg/g dry weight) were obtained from the grafting plants of ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ scion on ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’ rootstock, ‘Khafr-e-Jahroom’ scion on ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’ rootstock and, in both scions on ‘Gorj-e-Shahvar’ rootstock compared to non-grafted plants.  

The results of this research have shown that the amount of nutrients in the leaves of grafted pomegranate cultivars is not only influenced by the rootstock, but also by the genetics of the scion. The concentration of mineral elements in the scion is mainly related to the characteristics of the root system of rootstock, including the lateral and vertical expansion of the root, which increases the absorption of water and minerals. Due to the weaker root system, the ‘Post Ghermaz-e-Aliaghai’ has a lower concentration of mineral elements in the cultivars grafted on this rootstock. According to the results of the present study, the reason for the higher nutritional elements in plants grafted with the rootstocks of ‘Gorj-e-Dadashi’ and ‘Gorj-e-Shahvar’ can be attributed to the greater growth power of these roots  and their extensive root system. He attributed that wider research is recommended in this field.

Using clonal rootstocks in modern temperate fruit orchards has expanded in recent years. Root system plays an important role in uptake of nutrients particularly under drought-stress conditions. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the uptake and utilization efficiency of macronutrients in two commercial pear rootstocks (Dargazi seedling and Pyrodwarf clonal rootstocks) under drought stress conditions during 2019-21 in greenhouse and laboratories of department of horticultural science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. The irrigation treatments were: control (100% FC), mild drought stress (60% FC), and severe drought stress (30% FC). The results showed that drought stress had different effects on the growth characteristics, uptake of nutrients in leaves and roots as well as traits related to nitrogen utilization efficiency of both pear rootstocks. In addition, decrease in nitrate reductase activity led to reduction in nitrate and ammonium content in the leaves of both rootstocks. The Pyrodwarf clonal rootstock under mild stress conditions had the highest root calcium content, total nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen utilization efficiency which reflected in its better performance as compared to the Dargazi seedling rootstock. In contrast, the higher root: shoot ratio, root volume, root ammonium content, leaf calcium content, leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen efficiency ratio and nitrogen utilization efficiency in Dargazi seedling rootstock contributed to its better response to drought stress, particularly in severe stress conditions. These better responses could be attributed to differences in root systems in the two pear rootstocks which should be considered for selecting suitable rootstocks for establishment and management of pear orchards under drought stress conditions.

AbstractThrips tabaci, is one of the most important pests of onions, which due to its high fertility rate and high growth rate, quickly becomes resistant to pesticides, Therefore, integrated pest management and cultural methods is the best way to control this pest and prevent the emergence of resistant populations. This research was aimed to use nutrient elements and irrigation intervals in reduction of population and damage of onion thrips and was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in completely randomized design. Treatments including irrigation intervals (4, 8 and 12 days) and nutrients (silicon, potassium, calcium and no fertilizer) were applied at four-leaf stage of onion, Zargan cultivar. The results revealed that the use of different fertilizers and irrigation intervals had a significant effect on the population and the amount of damage of onion thrips. The lowest mean number of T. tabaci was observed in the silica fertilizer treatment (13.37) and the highest mean number was observed in control plants (without fertilizer) with an average of 40.68 thrips per plant. Also, the highest damage to the leaf surface was observed in the 12- day irrigation interval (with an average of 42.7%) and the lowest damage was observed in the 4-day irrigation interval and silica fertilizer treatment with an average of 27.5%. According to our results, managing the irrigation intervals and types of nutrients, especially silica and calcium, which strengthen plant tissues, can reduce the onion thrips population and its damage.

Today, seed priming is widely used to improve seed germination in a wide range of plant species. As a result of seed pre-treatment, several molecular and biochemical changes occur, including increased macromolecule synthesis, enzyme activity and formation of different metabolites. Enzymatic and metabolic activities, synthesis of proteins in quantitative and qualitative terms, and respiratory activities and, the formation of ATP for the synthesis of macromolecules, membranes, and materials required for the cell wall are increased during and after seed preparation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed priming using some hormonal and nutritional treatments as well as the type of culture medium on germination characteristics and quality of Karun tomato seedlings.

Two separate experiments were performed in two laboratory and pot stages in a completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the treatment used included seed priming at six levels (distilled water, 0.2 mM salicylic acid, 0.2 mM putrescine, 1.5% humic acid, 0.03% zinc sulfate, and 0.2 mM potassium nitrate). In the second experiment, the treatments used included the culture media type at six levels (coco peat, perlite, peat moss, 50% cocopeat + 50% perlite, 50% coco peat + 50% peat moss and 50% perlite + 50% peat-moss).

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of seed priming on seed germination percentage and root length was significant. The highest germination percentage was obtained six days after cultivation in salicylic acid treatment and was equal to 97.1%. The highest shoot dry weight in peat moss treatment was 1.7 g and the lowest shoot dry weight in perlite treatment was 0.3 g. The use of peat moss treatment in comparison with coco peat increased seedling length by 31.3%.

Application of 0.2 mM salicylic acid, putrescine and humic acid improved seed germination compared with zinc sulfate and potassium nitrate. Also, application of peat moss and combined peat moss treatments in comparison with coco peat and perlite, increased the dry weight of roots and shoots of the plant as well as increasing the absorption of various elements.

Effect of different levels of calcium (0.3 and 0.6%), phytase (0 and 1500 FTU/kg), and citric acid (0 and 1%) in diets containing 0.15% of non-phytate phosphorus, on growth performance, carcass traits, and bone chemical properties were investigated using 882 10-day-old male broilers from 11 to 40 days of age in 2×2×2 factorial arrangements based on a completely randomized design including 9 treatments (positive control and eight diets without any inorganic phosphorus) and 7 replications. The supplementation of phytase increased average daily gain and gain to feed ratio, but the effect of phytase was more apparent in broiler chickens received diets containing 0.6% calcium at 25 to 40 days of age (P< 0.01). Reducing dietary calcium levels decreased average daily gain (11 to 24 days) and gain to feed ratio (11 to 24 and 25 to 42 days). Also, the inclusion of citric acid in diets containing 0.3% calcium had a negative effect on these traits (P< 0.01). The combination of phytase and citric acid in diets containing 0.6% Ca increased the feed efficiency compared to the 0.3% diet (P< 0.01). Phytase supplementation increased toe ash and bone sodium percentage and decreased bone calcium and phosphorus concentration (P< 0.01). Bone phosphorus decreased by reducing dietary calcium levels and phytase supplementation (P < 0.01). The relative heart and pancreas weight decreased with phytase supplementation (P< 0.05). Reducing dietary calcium levels increased the relative liver and pancreas weight and decreased abdominal fat and heart percentage (P< 0.05). According to the results, the combination of phytase and citric acid in diets containing 0.6% calcium was more effective in improving growth performance of broilers fed diets containing low non-phytate phosphorus.

Downer cow syndrome refers to cows that become recumbent and fail to rise; this is a major concern in dairy farms worldwide. The syndrome occurs mainly in the early postparturient period and is caused by several diseases. The most common cause of downer cow syndrome is hypocalcemia (milk fever). This study evaluated the serum concentration of macrominerals(Ca, P) in downer dairy cows that they had treated for milk fever. Blood samples were collected from 30 Holstein downer cows that could not rise 15-18 hours after recumbency and after first treatments. Serum concentration of macrominerals (Ca, P) were determined. In this study the 11 downer cows were hypocalcemic with hypophosphatemic. In the 17 downer cows calcium concentration was below 8mg/dl and in the 21 downer cows phosphorus concentration was below 5.5mg/dl. The serum phosphorus concentratio above 6.5 mg/dl observed in the 7 downer cows that the 6 cows had hyperphosphatemia with hypocalcemia. In this study, hypercalcemia was not in any cases but the 23.3% downer cows had hyperphosphatemia

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a like-cereal plant with high nutritional value and tolerant of abiotic stresses. Quinoa has recently been recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad for cultivation in saline areas with limited water supply, but there are not many studies on the growth characteristics and nutritional needs of this plant in the country. Nanotechnology has made possiblity to use nutrients and reduces the cost of environmental protection. Salinity stress is one of the most important limitations of crop growth in arid and semiarid regions. Due to the importance of salinity stress, nano- fertilizer and quinoa plant, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of spraying different nano-fertilizers on leaf and seed nutrient concentrations and some physiological traits in quinoa under salinity stress.

This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research farm of Urmia University in the pot during 2017. The first factor was salinity stress (Lake Urmia water was used) at three levels (0, 16 and 32 dS /m) and the second factor was nano-fertilizers at five levels (calcium, silica, zinc, potassium and control (no foliar application). To determine the amount of potassium and sodium, first standard solutions of each of these elements were prepared and the concentration of the elements was read by the flame-photometer (Clinical pfp7 model) by flame diffusion method, first the standards and then the main samples. Measurements of calcium and zinc were also read by atomic absorption spectrometer (model AA-6300). Statistical analysis of data using SAS software Ver. 9.1 and MATATC were performed and the means were compared by LSD test at the level of 5%.

Results showed that salinity stress of 32 and 16 dS/m compared to control traits leaf calcium (56 and 53%), seed calcium (52 and 48), chlorophyll a (32 and 14%) and chlorophyll b (28, 12%) decreased respectively; but the amount of seed zinc content (45 and 36%), carotenoids (30 and 18%), proline (33 and 15%), soluble sugars (24 and 8%), seed sodium (20 and 19%) and leaf sodium (56 and 48%), increased respectively. Foliar application of nanofertilizers in comparison with the control increased the amount of seed calcium, seed zinc, chlorophyll a and b and proline content. The highest amount on leaf zinc (67.66 mg/kg) were obtained from the treatment without salinity and spraying with zinc nanofertilizer. Also, the highest amounts of seed potassium (1.95%) and leaf potassium (3.86%) were obtained under salinity stress of 16 dS/m and foliar application of calcium and potassium, respectively.

The findings of this study indicated that different levels of salinity stress caused negative effects on all traits affecting quinoa growth. The highest reduction in traits was observed in salinity stress of 32 dS/m. Spraying with nano-fertilizer via enhancing chlorophyll and proline content, seed zinc and calcium led to increase total dry weight and seed yield of quinoa. Therefore, to improve the yield of quinoa especially in salinity stress conditions, spraying of nano-fertilizers is suggested.

In recent years, adequate intake of vitamin D has become an important issue that has been the cause of the strong development of bone disease worldwide (Pearce & Cheetham, 2010; Clarke & Page, 2012). Bone softness is a progressive disease in childhood that results in bones softening and bending under body weight (Wharton & Bishop, 2003). Extensive studies have shown that high dietary calcium intake is associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis, hypertension, colon cancer, and renal stones (Singh & Muthukumarappan, 2008). The absorption of calcium in the blood takes the form of calcium ions from the intestinal wall. Increased calcium absorption is due to vitamin D, which is why calcium supplements usually contain vitamin D, so if you consume sources that contain these two substances, the calcium in them will be better absorbed. If there is a substance in the food called oxalate, its calcium absorption is reduced. The regulation of calcium levels in the body is caused by hormones secreted by the thyroid gland (Lau et al., 2000). Vitamin D3 is required to regulate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet and placement of bone in it. Inadequate calcium intake can also lead to bone softness in children and bone pain, muscle weakness and osteoporosis in adults. The daily requirement for vitamin D3 per adult is 10 micrograms or up to 2000 units per day. This is even higher in childhood and aging (Braegger et al., 2013; Glerup, 2000). Enriching popular foods among children and adolescents, such as snacks and confectionary products, can be a good solution to this problem. Vitamins are one of the most important micronutrients that are vital to human health and are essential for survival in the body. Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential to the metabolism of nutrients, vital to the body, and to the growth and development of health (Dennehy and Tsouronis, 2010). Adding one or more micronutrients to the staple diet is said to be one of the most effective strategies to prevent micronutrient deficiency (Jafarpour and Mazandarani, 2013).

For pastel production, 6 g of gelatin was first dissolved in bloom 260 in distilled water (twice the weight of gelatin) using a magnetic stirrer at 60 ° C in 12 g of water. Simultaneously, sugar syrup (boiling liquid glucose (35 g), sugar (35 g) in 20 ml of water and bubbling to 77-78) was prepared and after lowering the temperature, the gelatin solution was added and the resulting mixture was added to the water bath. Heat (70 °C) (Abbasi et al., 2011) and to reach pH 3± 0.25, citric acid (1.5 g), cherry color (0.03 g) and cherry essential oil (07 (0) g) was added with vitamin D3 (100, IU 100, 70, 40 g) and calcium (1000, 750, 500 g, 100 g / 100 g) and mixed gently to prevent air bubbles from entering . Calcium-free and vitamin D3 samples were used as controls. It should be noted that the calcium consumed was calcium carbonate and the vitamin D3 used in this study was powdered and water soluble. After mixing, the gelatin-sugar solution was poured into the mold with 40 × 5 3 3 mm dimensions and placed in the oven at 37 ° C for 24 hours at room temperature for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The mold came out (Demars & Ziegler, 2001). Chemical tests (amount of brix, acidity and ash) and tissue properties (hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness) were evaluated on the first day, and tests of calcium and vitamin D3 stability and sensory properties (color, taste and odor, texture and acceptance overall) were evaluated at the first day of production, 30 and 60 days. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the data with 10 treatments and 3 replications, one-way ANOVA was used and for comparing the mean of data, Duncan's test was used at 95% confidence level and the two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the interaction of factors It turned out Minitab 16 software was used to analyze the statistical data and Excel software was used for drawing graphs.

The results showed that the type of treatment (different percentages of calcium and vitamin D3) had a significant effect on chemical properties (brix, acidity and ash content), tissue properties (hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness), calcium and vitamin D3 stability and sensory properties Color, taste and smell, texture and overall acceptance) was positive (p<0.05) while maintenance time had no significant effect (p>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between control treatment and other treatments (p<0.05). Increasing the amount of calcium, the amount of brix, ash, acidity, tissue properties (hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness), calcium stability and sensory properties of the posterior tissue increased (p<0.05), while there was a significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). The amount of bricks in the present study was higher than the minimum standard of 2682 (80%) in all treatments. The amount of ash obtained in all treatments was lower than the maximum value of 2682 (0.5%) in all treatments. It should be noted that the amount of acidity in the present study was lower than the maximum value of 2682 (2.5%) in all treatments. As the amount of calcium increased due to the increase in calcium, tissue density increased and eventually resulted in increased chewing ability of pastel (Rezaee et al., 2011). There was no significant difference in vitamin D3 between treatments (p>0.05). With the increase in calcium content, the sensory properties of color decreased and there was a significant difference between treatments, while there was no significant difference between the samples with increasing vitamin D3 levels. With the increase of vitamin D3, vitamin D3 increased in Gummy candy, while there was no significant difference between treatments with increasing calcium. By increasing the amount of calcium and vitamin D3, the taste and odor scores and overall acceptance decreased. Treatments 10 (containing 100 mg/100 mg of calcium and 100IU/100mg of vitamin D3) were identified as superior treatments for acidity, ash, brix, vitamin D3 and calcium stability and sensory evaluation (overall acceptance).

According to the results of this study calcium in 1000 mg / 100g and vitamin D in 100 mg IU / 100mg can be used in pastill formulation without adverse effect on sensory properties (general acceptance).

Drought stress is the most important factor in crop yield reduction. It is important to know how to cope with drought. This experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of organic growth stimulator (Hamoon green) on yield and some physiological indices of safflower under drought stress, during 2017-2018 in university of Zabol (Chahnime) as a split plot, based on RCBD with three replications. Experimental treatments include drought factor based on plant growth stages at three levels (complete irrigation throughout the growing season, irrigation up to terminal bud forms, and irrigation up to completed flowering) and spraying factor of organic growth stimulator at 4 levels (pure water), the foliar application has been Hamoon green 1 liter in 10 liters + calcium, Hamoon green 1 liter in 20 liters + calcium and Hamoon green 1 liter in 30 liters+ calcium. Results show that drought has reduced the height, 1000-seed weight, and oil percentage, by 44.41%, 31.24%, and 17.10%, respectively. Spraying hamoon green 1 liter in 10 liters+ calcium leads to an increase of 18.03%, 13.90%, and 13.74% for the above traits, compared to the control. The highest grain yield (1882.55 kg.ha-1), chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids (3.49, 0.94, 4.44, and 7.37 mg.gr-1 fw, respectively), selenium content (5.18 mg.kg-1 fw) and seed calcium content (2.91%) are obtained from hamoon green 1 liter in 10 liter + calcium and complete irrigation treatment. In general, it seems that by spraying 1 liter per 10 liters+ calcium, a good performance can be achieved.

In order to study the effects of calcium and light duration on growth and quality of lettuce, this experiment was conducted as split plot based on the randomized complete design with three replications, in research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020. The main plot consisted of light treatments at two levels included natural light duration (an average 7000-8000 lux) and natural light in addition four hourse complementary light (600 lux) and the subplot was consisted of three levels of calcium lactate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g L-1(, calcium chlorid (3, 6 and 9 g L-1) and distilled water as a control. The results showed that increasing light duration significantly increased leaves number, plant fresh weight, total chlorophyll, phenols and flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. Application of calcium chlorid (6 and 9 g L-1) and calcium lactate (1.5 g L-1 ( increased plant fresh weight (10.3, 10.5 and 11.6 g) and Ca concentration of internal leaves (12.8, 12.9 and 12.2%) lettuce, and inhibiet tip burn disorder in lettuce lives. The highest tip burn leaf number (3.5) was observed in plants whitout Ca teated under complementary ligh treatment. Also the highest amount of plant fresh weight, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity was obtained by using calcium lactate 1.5 and calcium chloride 3 and 6 g L-1 with increasing light duration. According to the results, application of calcium lactate 1.5 g L-1 and calcium chlorid 6 and 9 g L-1 with increasing light duration can be preposed to improve growth and quality of lettuce.

Iron and zinc deficiencies are common in most limy soils of Iran. In order to study the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations of apple cultivar Gala an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Horticulture Research Station, University College of Agriculutre & Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The first factor was foliar application of zinc as zinc sulfate at three levels (0, 10 and 100 mg per liter) and the second factor was foliar application of iron as iron chelate at three levels (0, 100 and 1000 mg per liter). Results showed that the foliar application of iron and zinc had a significant effect on yield and leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations and increased the nutrient content of leaves and fruits. According to these results using iron increased yield, weight, iron, zinc and potassium content of leaves and the amount of iron, zinc, potassium, calcium and phosphorus of fruits also increased. Also zinc increased yield, TSS, zinc content of the leaves and the iron and zinc content of fruits. According to the results, the effect of treatments used on the leaves and fruits nitrogen content was not significant. This study showed foliar application of iron and zinc increased yield, quality and leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations of apple cv. Gala.