جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "gladiolus" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Bulb mites of genus Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae) have been identified as pest of many crops in storage, greenhouse, and field. The most important hosts are species of family Liliaceae (e.g. Allium spp.) Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin) (Astigmata: Acaridae) is one of the most important pest of gladiolus corms in Mahallat. The mites infest bulbs and corms by penetrating through the basal plate or outer skin layers. Bulb mites may establish in the inner layers, which makes control extremely difficult. Feeding wounds created by bulb mites provide entry sites for soil-borne fungal pathogens such as pythium, rhizoctonia and fusarium. Despite their economic importance and broad distribution, the control of R. echinopus remains in a state of confusion and needs a thorough evaluation. In addition, the field biology and ecology of this mite is not well studied, and methods for sampling, monitoring and assessment are limited. Management of bulb mites is complicated because of their short generation time, high reproductive potential, broad food niche, interactions with other pests and pathogens, and unique adaptations for dispersal. Historically, these pests have been controlled by synthetic acaricides and insecticides, which are now limited due to their resistance. Alternative control strategies, including cultural and biological control, have shown limited success, but need to be further developed and implemented. We evaluated the capacity of the soil-dwelling predatory mite, Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer (Canestrini) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae), as well as disinfestations of corms to control attacking bulbs mite. The experiment was performed in 24 treatments and 3 replicates in randomized complete block design. Each plot was separated with plastic and its soil was sterilized by solarization. In addition, 30 gladiolus corms were cultivated in each plot. Disinfestations treatments (corms were soaked in poison solution for 25 minute) include: 1, 2 & 3- abamectin (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 ml/lit); 4, 5 & 6- ethion (1, 1.5, 2 ml/lit); 7, 8 & 9- fenazaquin (0.5, 1, 1.5 ml/lit); 10, 11 & 12- hot water (45°C for 25, 50 and 75 min); 13, 14 & 15- release of predator mite H. (Gaeolaelaps) aculeifer 10, 20 and 30 predator for every 100 Gladiolus bulb (previously infested with bulb mites); 16, 17 & 18- release of 100, 250 and 500 predator mites in square meter 15 days after planting; 19, 20 & 21- tap water as control treatments (30°C for 25, 50 and 75 min); 22- hot water (45°C for 25 min) and release 10 predator for every 100 gladiolus bulb; 23- hot water (45°C for 25 min) and release of 100 predator mites per square meter; 24- hot water (45°C for 25 min) and release 10 predator for every 100 gladiolus bulb and release of 100 predator mites per square meter 15 day after planting. Significant differences were found among treatments and with control (α= 0.5). In all cases, the population of predatory mites increased as long as bulb mite densities were not too low. Experiments in the greenhouse showed that in the absence of predatory mite, populations of the bulb mite, R. echinopus, on gladiolus corms increased, whereas population growth of bulb mite was slowed down as the predatory mite were released. The highest infestation severity was observed in treatments 19, 20 and 21 (control), while the lowest percentage of corms infestation were recorded in treatments 24, 23 and 22. The highest frequency of corms was produced in treatment 24, also the highest inflorescence length was found in treatments 13 and 24. The height length mean of gladiolus stem was observed in treatments 24, 23 and 13, respectively. The flowers in treatments 7, 14, 17 and 23 lived the greatest. The fastest germination rate was recorded in corms in treatments 24, 23, 22, 14, 15, 13 and 10, respectively. But the number of buds was statistically located in the same group and their differences were not significant. Based on the results and with respect to the gladiolus features, biological and integrated pest control methods could be recommended for reducing R. echinopus infestation.

Gladiolus is one of the bulbous cut flower with a variation in color, shape and size. Spike length, number of florets per spike, plant height and flowering time are the parameters that determine the quality of this flower. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and humic acid (0, 250 and 500 ppm) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. cv. White prosperty. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with two factors; gibberellic acid and humic acid, with 3 replications. Results showed that application of gibberellic acid at all used concentrations significantly increased plant height, inflorescence length and number of florets per inflorescence, compared to the control as well as reduced the time of flowering. Also, gibberellic acid at 50 ppm increased the number of cormlet per plant, and at 100 and 150 ppm enhanced the number of leaves, corm weight and chlorophyll index. Humic acid had no significant effect on flowering time, while significantly increased plant height, inflorescence length, number of cormlet per plant and cormlet weight at both used concentrations and number of leaves, number of florets per inflorescence and leaf chlorophyll index at 500 ppm compared to control.Finally, application of 100 ppm gibberellic acid and 500 ppm humic acid are suggested to improve growth and inflorescence quality in Gladiolus cv. White prosperty, respectively.

This study was performed to determine the best plant density and planting methods in two varieties of gladiolus White (White Prosperity) and pink (Rose Supreme). The experiment was conducted in Split-Split Plot design with three replications based on Randomized Complete Block design. The results showed that qualitative and quantitative indices in gladiolus cultivars (White Prosperity and Rose Supreme) were the same in different plant density and planting methodsIn other words, the highest plant height, spike length and diameter of floret was recorded in basin method and density of 40 plants per square meter in White Prosperity and Rose Supreme cultivars. The highest number of floret per plant and the plant fresh weight (gr) was observed in the basin method and density of 70 plants per square meter in White Prosperity and Rose Supreme cultivars. In conclusion, the method of planting basin was the best method for increasing quality and quantity indices of gladiolus plants.

In order to study the effect of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on the characteristics of Gladiolus hybrida cv. White friendship, an experiment was carried out as a factorial plot in a complete randomized block design with 3 replications, in research field of Department of Horticulture at Ramin Agriculture and Natural resources (Kuzestan) in 2013-2014 and various concentrations of Nitrogen (N), Gibberellin (GA) and Benzyladenine (BA) were applied. The results showed that interaction of N, GA and BA significantly affected on the stem diameter, stem length, florescence length, first floret diameter and first and second floret length but the effects on the floret number, second floret diameter and leaf number were not significant. Maximum stem diameter, stem length and first floret diameter was obtained in treatment with 200 kg ha-1 N, 100 mg l-1 GA and 250 mg l-1 BA. Maximum length of florescence was observed in treatment with 500 mg l-1 GA with 250 mg l-1 BA. The treatments N and BA significantly affected on the flower weight. The maximum flower weight was related to interaction of 200 kg ha-1 N and 250 mg l-1BA. Resulted in the highest flower diameter 500 mg l-1 GA and 250 mg l-1 BA. Interaction of 200 kg ha-1 N with of 500 mg l-1 GA and 250 mg l-1 BA increased the first and second floret length significantly compare to control and other treatmant. The results showed that the interaction of N, Ga and BA was effective on the reproductive characteristics of Gladiolus. Rate and time of application could be recommended plant growth regulators different weather conditions I are need to do more researches.

This experiment was done to investigate effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.)essential oils on gladiolus. Gladiolus is one of the most important ornamental plants whose production is threatened by Fusarium corm rot. Essential oils of Thyme and Eucalyptus are recommended as alternative for chemical fungicides for corms disinfection, but there is not considerable investigation about potential effects of these essential oils on growth and flowering of gladiolus in the greenhouse or field conditions. For this purpose, gladiolus corms were soaked at three concentrations of essential oils of Thyme (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) and Eucalyptus (2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm), and distilled water (control) for 14 hours before planting. The results showed that Thyme treatment at 1000 ppm increased the number of leaf and floret, root length, corm and cormlet production, and accelerated flowering. Other treatments delayed the sprouting and flowering time and significantly decreased sprouting percentage, height and number of leaves, root length, and chlorophyll content. Eucalyptus essential oil at concentrations more than 2000 ppm had negative effects ongladiolus, so that corm sprouting and flowering were inhibited at 6000 ppm and 4000 pp, respectively. Peroxidase enzyme activity increased after treatment with both essential oils but with a different trend. The activity of this enzyme in corms treated with thyme remained at a high level during the growth period; however, in corms treated with eucalyptus it was decreased significantly.

Gladiolus belongs to the family Iridiaceae. It is commercially cultivated in all parts of the world. This plant is mainly affected by wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht Fr f .sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyd. and Hans. It results in death of plant and rotting of corms. Fusarium disease of gladiolus is commonly known as yellows, wilt or corm rot. The wilt disease of gladiolus is known to occur in almost all gladiolus growing areas. Wilt disease is one of limiting factors of cultivation and development of gladiolus in Jiroft, Kerman, Iran. Different fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli, F. moniliforme, F. sporotrichiella, F. hetrosporium and Penicillium gladioli, P. rubrum have been reported as causal agents of gladiolus wilt, root and corm rot disease in many countries. The disease symptoms, including yellowing of leaves, weakness of plant, flower imperfect, root and corm rot, browning of infected root and corm, wilting and finally death of infected plants which observed in infected samples. No research has been carried out in Jiroft, therefore, this research aims to study and identify the causal agent of wilt disease on gladiolus.
During survey, characteristic symptoms of wilt disease were recorded and also samples were collected for isolation of pathogens that infect on Gladiolus. The infected corms showing typical symptoms of wilt disease were used for the isolation of pathogen. The standard tissue isolation procedure was followed to isolate the pathogen. To identify the causal agent of gladiolus wilt, infected tissues from symptomatic plants were first surface disinfestations, dehydrated and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar Medium and incubated at 25± 2oc. Isolated fungi identified using morphological and microscopic characters. To pathogenicity test, corms were inoculated using the dip method in conidial suspension and then planted in pots containing sterilized soil. Inoculated plants were checked for disease symptoms. Distilled water used for inoculation of plants as a control. Observations were made regularly for the appearance and development of symptoms. After symptom development, re-isolation was done from the artificially infected corms.
The disease symptoms, including yellowing of leaves, weakness of plant, flower imperfect, root and corm rot, browning of infected root and corm, wilting and finally death of infected plants observed in infected samples. The type of disease symptoms was similar to others which have been reported before. A fungus with white aerial mycelium and little dense colony recovered from infected cultured samples. The produced micro conidia were single, sometimes two cells, oval to ellipsoid in shape, in diameter 3.75-5 * 8-10 micrometer which formed on single and short phialides. Macroconodia were mostly 3-4 celled, in diameter 3-5 * 18-35 micrometer and formed on spordochia. Chlamidospores were spherical to round shape, mostly single, sometimes in the short chain and formed intercalary and terminal. 10 to 14 days after inoculation the symptoms of the disease were seen as yellowing, plant weakness, and wilt. Based on morphological and pathogenicity test, the isolated fungus identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli and confirmed by the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Infantino and Rumine (1993) reported that the F. oxysporum f .sp. gladioli infected other members of the Iridiaceae family. Other Fusarium species associated with the corms of gladiolus are Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc., Fusarium subglutinans (Woolenweb and Reinking) Fusarium heterosporum. Nees ex Fr and Fusarium sporotichoides Sherb. ( Georgieva and Peikova, 1976). This is the first report of Fusarium wilt of Gladiolus on three different cultivar (White, pink and red) in Jiroft, located in the south part of Kerman, Iran. Few resistant cultivars are available in the world. It found that Australian fair and Monsoer were tolerant to F. oxysporum. f .sp. gladioli.
based on this research project, the causal agents of gladiolus wilt disease in Jiroft is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Disease incidence was different on three gladiolus cultivars which cultivated in this area. Field observation showed, the white cultivar was more tolerant in comparing to red and pink gladiolus cultivars. In gladiolus wilt disease control managements, more emphasis should be focused on disease resistance. The more resistant cultivars should be tested for resistance to several Fos isolates.

During 2008-2009، a total of 154 gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) corms were collected from the distribution centers in Karaj (Iran). After cultivation، fresh leaf samples of all germinated corms were tested by DAS-ELISA، which revealed the infection of 74. 02% of plants with Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Following biological purification of an isolate، designated as BYMV-GPK، its host range was determined. The molecular mass of BYMV-GPK coat protein was estimated as 34 KDa by SDS-PAGE، which was confirmed by western blot analysis. DAS-ELISA and tissue print immunoassay (TPIA) techniques showed similar sensitivity in detection of BYMV in leaf tissue of infected gladiolus plants، but none of them was able to detect BYMV in corm tissue of the same infected plants. Two fragments of GPK genome، corresponding to HC-Pro and 3´ end regions with 600 and 1100 bp in length، respectively، were amplified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of HC-Pro and genomic 3´ end region showed that BYMV isolates clustered into separate groups according to their host origin and GPK isolate was closely related to a trifolium and other gladiolus isolates.

Storage conditions influence quality of gladious corms thereby affecting quality of flowers. In the present study, the effects of pre-storage curing and different temperature conditions on morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of corms and flowers of two cultivars were studied. Application of pre-storage curing plus one or two month cold treatment at 5°C accelerated morphological, anatomical and physiological changes in corms. These corms had less starch and more soluble sugars at the end of storage period comparing to the corms stored at the other conditions. These changes in corms with two months cold treatment at 5°C were significant. The corms stored during whole storage period at 13 and 5°C showed high level of starch and low level of soluble sugars. The observations of both cultivars followed the same trend.

The increasing of planting density of bulbous flowers is one of the most important step for more production of ornamental plants. One of the possible methods for increasing density, is cultivation of bulb plants in multiple rows pattern. In this research, the effect of one, two, and three row planting design bed were investigated on flowering and quality of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida cv.Oscar) cut flower in climatic condition of Mollasani in Khuzestan province, located in south west of Iran on 1388 through 1389.. The treatments were the cultivation of corms in on row of 30 × 20 cm (control) and two and three-bed row (20 cm on row, 30 cm between main row and/or pattern with distance of 15, 20 and 25 cm between subordinate row). The results showed that cultivation of corm in three-row bed pattern with distance of 25 cm between subordinate row and/or cultivation of two-bed and three-bed row in distance between subordinate rows of 15 and 20 cm causes significant decreases on weight of cut flower, stem diameter and height of spike. Height of cut flower was not significantly different only in treatment of two-bed row with distance of 25 cm between subordinate rows when compared to control. The number of cormels were significantly decreased In treatment of three-bed cultivation pattern with distance of 25 cm between subordinate rows, as compared to control. The number of floret, only, in cultivation pattern of two-bed and three-bed row with distance of 15 cm between rows had significantly decreased when compared to control treatment. These treatments had no significant effect on diameter of cut flower, height of spike, diameter, width and weight of corms. The results indicated that the cultivation of gladiolus in pattern of multiple rows is possible but the decrease of distance between rows, reduce the quality of cut flower. It strongly suggested that more researches require to accomplish on various distances on subordinate rows.

In this experiment, the effects of storage temperature and pulsing treatment of ethanol on quality and postharvest storage life of Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. ‘Ruse Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’ were studied. Effects of treatments on vase life, flower diameter, opening flower percentage, rate of flower opening, fresh weight, water absorption and apparent quality of cut flowers were investigated. The results showed that vase life of cut flowers of both cultivars increased at 2 and 4˚C compared to 25˚C. Flowers of both cultivars treated by 2% and 4% of ethanol, stored in 2, 4 and 25˚C showed significant increase in vase life, flower diameter and number of florets. The best apparent quality observed in flowers stored at 4˚C. The quality of flowers stored at 2˚C decreased due to chilling injury but improved with application of 2% of ethanol.

To evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals and different mulches on some traits of gladiolus cv. Rose Superme، an experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicutions in 2007-2010 growing seasons at Varamin Agricultural Research Center، Varamin، Iran. Experimental factors included: three levels of irrigation intervals; 7، 10 and 15 days and five mulches; no mulch، white plastic، wheat straw، pine dry leaves and black plastic. Plant height، spike length، floret number، flower diameter، corm diameter، corm and cormels weight were measured and recorded. Results showed that irrigation interval × mulch interaction effect was hightly significant (P < 0. 01) on floret number، corm and cormels weight، and cormel number. Growing season also significantly (P<0. 01) affected all traits except corm diameter. In conclusion، irrigation at 10 days interval with black plastic mulch can improve quantity and quality of gladiolus production.

In this research the effects of planting dates and plant density on physiological indices of gladiolus were investigated. The experiment consisted of two planting dates (15 October and 15 November) and three plant densities (120, 100, 80 plants / m2) with two treatments and 4 replication. The objective of the work was to find out the appropriate planting time and plant density for the growth of gladiolus. Results indicate that early planting (15 October) and the highest plant density (120 plants / m2) increased leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) due to the increase in the number of plants per m2. But vase life and quality of cut flowers decreased in high plant density (120 plants / m2), due to competition between the plants for nutrition and absorbing the water. In conclusion, with increasing of plant density, the growth and vase life of gladiolus cut flower is decreased.

In this research the effects of planting dates and plant density on physiological indices of gladiolus were investigated. The experiment consisted of two planting dates (15 October and 15 November) and three plant densities (120, 100, 80 plants / m2) with two treatments and 4 replication. The objective of the work was to find out the appropriate planting time and plant density for the growth of gladiolus. Results indicate that early planting (15 October) and the highest plant density (120 plants / m2) increased leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) due to the increase in the number of plants per m2. But vase life and quality of cut flowers decreased in high plant density (120 plants / m2), due to competition between the plants for nutrition and absorbing the water. In conclusion, with increasing of plant density, the growth and vase life of gladiolus cut flower is decreased.

In this research, cut flowers of Gladiolus ‘Wing Sensation’ were treated continuously withdifferent concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg l-1) in order to study and increase vase life of flowers. With increasing salicylic acid concentration, the vase life also increased and the greatest delay of flower senescence was obtained with 150 mg l-1 salicylic acid. Although at first, fresh weight and water uptake in treated flowers increased but later gradually decreased. When flowers were reaching to senescence stage, membrane stability index (MSI) decreased and lipid peroxidationincreased. The higher activities of Peroxidase occurred in this stage but it was more in control cut flowers than treated flowers. The most MSI with lower lipid peroxidation rate was obtained in 150 mg l-1 salicylic acid treatment. In addition, salicylic acid as an antioxidant, with keeping membrane stability, delayed senescence process of cut gladiolus flowers.