جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « morphological » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Potato Solanum tuberosum is an economically significant crop with high nutritional value, which annually is adversely affected by fungal diseases, resulting in economic yield losses. In the present study, 25 fungal isolates with similar colony morphology and growth pattern were isolated from 30 potato tuber samples with symptoms of potato black scab (causal agent: Rhizoctonia solani) collected from the Sarab region, East Azarbaijan province. Identification of the fungal strains was carried out using a combination of morphological and molecular data from the ITS-rDNA region and the beta-tubulin gene (tub2). The inferred phylogenies based on the combined dataset of these two gene regions placed the examined strains together with sequence data of the type specimen of Trichocladium solani in the family Chaetomiaceae. The fungal strains cultured on oatmeal agar (OA) media produced simple, aseptate, acromonilioid conidiophores formed laterally on unbranched, transparent hyphae. The morphological characteristics of the examined strains were fully consistent with the description provided for the species T. solani. Pathogenicity assay on potato tubers under laboratory conditions confirmed T. solani  isolates being pathogenic on potato. Trichocladium solani was recently described and reported as a new species causing yellow rot disease on potato tuber rot in Russia. In this study, T. solani is reported for the first time from Iran, and the morphological, pathological, and molecular characteristics of this species are determined. Geographical distribution, host range and economic impact of the the disease remain to be studied.

One of the most important factors of soilless cultivation systems is the cultivation bed. Plants need adequate water and elements to grow and function well. But today, a mixture of cocopeat and perlite is used in some greenhouses, which gives better results and is suitable for the production of tomatoes outside the season. Currently, cocopeat is the main substrate used in most hydroponic systems for tomato production in the country, which is an expensive imported material. It is important to carry out new researches to investigate the effect of stress and the integration of cultivation media to produce as many black cherry tomatoes as possible. The effect of the type of cultivation medium on different plants is different. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of drought stress and the integration of organic and inorganic cultivation medium on the chemical characteristics of several raw materials that can be used as black tomato growing medium.

For this purpose, in order to investigate the possibility of reducing the effects of drought stress by combining cocopeat and perlite, a factorial research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. In this research, two factors of drought stress (Fc100%, Fc50%, Fc25%, Fc12.5%) and different percentages of the cultivation bed (Cocopeat 0% + Perlite 100%, Cocopeat 25% + Perlite 75%, Cocopeat 50% + Perlite 50%, Cocopeat 75% + Perlite 25%, Cocopeat 100% + Perlite 0%) were investigated. The studied traits included the number of fruits, fresh and dry weight of the shoot, root length, relative moisture content of the leaves, the amount of chlorophyll a and b, and total.

Based on the results of the treatment combinations, cocopeat 75-perlite 25 and cocopeat 100- zero perlite had the highest performance, especially under severe stress of dehydration, and the lowest efficiency in the treatment combinations Co0Pe100+FC12.5%, Co25Pe75+FC12.5%, and Co50Pe50+FC12. 5% and Co100Pe0+FC12.5% were obtained. Also, FC100% treatment with the highest amount of total chlorophyll (3.10 mg per gram of fresh tissue) in the statistically superior group and FC12.5% treatment with the lowest amount of total chlorophyll (2.22 mg per gram of fresh tissue) were included in the weakest statistical group. In other words, maintaining soil moisture at the level of agricultural capacity increased the amount of total chlorophyll by 39.63% compared to the decrease in moisture at the level of 12.5% of agricultural capacity.

Based on the results, the substrates containing richer foods provided better results. By adding cocopeat to the substrate, the negative effects of drought stress can be controlled. The reason for this superiority is the amount of nutrients in this substrate due to its ability to store more nutrients and water. The use of perlite in hydroponic culture beds is useful because it has large and small pores that improve the culture bed's ventilation. One of the negative effects of drought stress is the reduction of chlorophyll. As a result, the photosynthesis system of the plant will be damaged, and with the increase in the amount of proline, chlorophyll will decrease because the amounts of chlorophyll and proline have an inverse relationship with each other. Lack of water will cause a decrease in growth, leaf surface, wet and dry weight, destruction of cell membranes, destruction and reduction of proteins and enzymes, accumulation of amino acids, reduction of growth enhancers, damage to pigments and plastids, and reduction of root growth.

Fusarium rot disease is one of the most important fungal diseases of saffron corms worldwide, which can lead to a decrease in product yield and the quality of daughter corms produced. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify agents responsible for Fusarium corm rot in saffron, as well as to assess their pathogenicity. In order to determine the Fusarium species from saffron corms with rotting symptoms were sampled from the different fields in provinces of Hamadan, Golestan, Kerman, Kurdistan, Semnan, Kermanshah, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan, and South Khorasan. After isolation and purification, fungal isolates were identified and confirmed based on morphological characteristics and species-specific primers. Also, the pathogenicity of the isolates was artificially tested in the greenhouse on saffron corms according to Koch’s principles. The results indicated that approximately 38.6% of the saffron corms were infected with fusarium rot disease in the 1 to 5% range. 33 isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics belonging to F. oxysporum (26 isolates, 78.8%) and F. solani sensu lato (7 isolates, 21.2%). The pathogenicity tests revealed that all Fusarium isolates were pathogenic, displaying varying levels of disease index.The result of the host range test of F. oxysporum on different plants revealed that all isolates caused wilting and yellowing of aerial organs, necrosis and rotting of underground organs on Gladiolus (Gladiolus communis L.), Irises (Iris germanica L.) and Crocus (Crocus vernus L.) and was called as F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. This is the first report on identification of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli from saffron fields in Malayer, Bijar, Kangavar, Parsabad, Marand, Natanz, Najafabad and f F. solani sensu lato from saffron fields in Azadshahr, Shirvan, Esfarayen, Kashmar, Najafabad, Boshruyeh on saffron corms. The findings of this research provide new insights into the health status of saffron corm against fusarium rot disease, which can be used for the revision of the national standard for saffron corms and determining suitable areas for certified corm production of saffron.

Flood is one of the most important threats to human society, which has increased in recent decades with the increase in population and climate change. Therefore, studying the features of the basins, which are related to the level of flooding, can help in the correct management of this riskWatersheds are different in morphological characteristics, so they have different hydrological reactions in the same climatic and environmental conditions. The stability of the morphometric characteristics of the sub-basins has made them used in flood studies. So that the investigation of the morphometric factors of the basins can be of great help to the management and prioritization of flood sub-basins.In this research, an attempt has been made to introduce and prioritize flood-prone sub-basin using morphometric data in the environment of the geographic information system in the north of Birjand Plain, using the maximum entropy method and VIKOR decision-making model.

Location of Birjand plain This plain is located in longitude 58 degrees 45 minutes to 59 degrees 30 seconds and latitude 32 degrees 30 seconds to 33 degrees. The area of Birjand Plain watershed is 3155 square kilometers, of which 1045 square kilometers are plains (33%) and the rest are highlands.In this research, morphometric factors (13 factors), entropy method and VIKOR decision making method were used to prioritize 22 watershed sub-basins in the north of Birjand Plain. Since the morphological factors of the aquifer basin have different effects on the processes of runoff formation, there is a need to determine the effects of the parameters, which Shannon's entropy method is used in this research. In the following, using the VIKOR method, sub-areas are prioritized.

Morphometric factors are important in identifying and determining flood risk areas. The effect of morphometric factors on flooding is not the same, so it is necessary to determine the importance of each parameter. Shannon's entropy method was used to determine the impact of different morphometric factors (14 parameters) on flooding in the northern Birjand plain watershed (Table 2, row 2). The results showed that the index of the Vf parameter with a relative importance of 0.51 had the greatest impact on flooding and prioritization, which is consistent with the results of Shirani and Chavoshi (2017), Rahmati et al. (2014) and Amiri et all (2017) does not match, and it is consistent with the results of Beheshti Javid et al. (2017) that different areas are different in terms of flooding and are influenced by morphometric factors and land cover. The indicators of channel maintenance and meandering index of the river had the least impact on the flooding of the sub-basins of the studied area.In prioritizing the flooding of sub-basins, all factors are not the same in terms of influence, so some factors have a positive effect and some have a negative effect on flooding, for example, the more the amount of drainage density increases, the more it has a positive effect and causes an increase in flooding. It is possible that if the parameter of the channel maintenance index is lower, the flooding will be more. This attitude and point of view has not been seen in many studies, but in this research, the nature of the parameters was determined based on the opinions of experts and previous studies. In this study, the increase of basin asymmetry indices, tissue ratio index, channel maintenance index, and valley width to height ratio index have a negative effect, that is, with their increase, there is less flooding, and other factors have a positive effect, that is, with their increase, flooding and runoff production also increases, which is consistent with the research of Esmaili et al (2016).

Watershed projects are one of the most important strategies for flood control. The implementation of watershed projects for flood control requires the determination of flood producing areas and their prioritization. Considering the lack of sufficient hydrometric stations at the level of the sub-basins and the lack of recorded statistics and information about floods in the country's watersheds, it is practically impossible to infer the severity of sub-basin floods from the available data alone. Therefore, it is appropriate to use methods such as morphometric factors that require less hydrometric and quantitative data. There are various methods for determining the amount of runoff and prioritizing sub-basins in terms of flooding, and most of these methods are based on graphical methods and the use of empirical formulas, statistical analysis of flood data, and basin separation. In this research, 14 morphometric parameters were used to prioritize floods in the north of Birjand Plain, because the morphometric characteristics of each watershed sub-basin is like its fingerprint, and it is possible to prioritize sub-basins for flood control based on that. In this research, subareas 9, 22, and 14 were prioritized 1 to 3, respectively, based on morphometric criteria.

In the situation where Iran is severely suffering from the lack of freshwater resources and the water resources crisis is a serious issue, paying attention to non-conventional water sources is an unavoidable necessity, in which case environmental tensions will occur. Especially salinity becomes important. To investigate the effects of salinity stress in German chamomile with the use of different culture media, factorial research was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, two factors of salinity stress (Sa) (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and different percentages of culture medium (perlite 100%, cocopit 25%+perlite 75%, cocopit 50%+perlite 50%, cocopit 75%+perlite 25%, and cocopit 100) %) was investigated. The investigated morphological and physiological traits included fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, stem diameter, amount of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll. The results showed that all investigated traits were subjected to salinity stress and showed a significantly decrease compared to the control. The culture medium containing 75% cocopeat and 25% perlite increased the fresh weight of roots by 22.11% compared to the culture medium containing 25% cocopeat and 75% perlite. Also, the control treatment had a 96.08% increase in root fresh weight compared to salt stress with a concentration of 150 mM. Regarding the amount of total chlorophyll, the results showed that Co50Pe50+Sa0, and Co75Pe25+Sa0 treatments were the most (3.93 and 4.01 mg per gram of fresh tissue, respectively) and Co0Pe100+Sa150, Co25Pe75+Sa150, Co50Pe50+Sa150 treatments. Co100Pe0+Sa150 had the lowest (respectively 2.01, 2.02, 2.06, and 2.19 mg per gram of fresh tissue). In general, it can be said that the German chamomile plant in the culture medium containing 75% cocopeat + 25% perlite can withstand severe salt stress and have acceptable growth.

In order to investigate the effect of planting date on agronomic and physiolocal characteristics of maize hybrids in different groups in Jiroft region of Kerman province, an experiment as a split plot in the randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Jiroft in the crop year 2017-2018 was conducted. Experimental factors were included planting date as the main factor at three levels of July 27, August 3 and August 10 and different hybrids as a secondary factor at 10 levels of early, late and medium maturing hybrids (701, 703, 705, 706, 707, 201, 260, 400, 370 and 704 as controls). There was a significant difference between the studied hybrids in terms of agronomic and physiological characteristics. The highest number of rows per ear was obtained in hybrid 706 and the highest number of seeds per row was obtained in hybrid 707. Delaying in planting was associated by of increasing stem diameter and biological yield and decreasing of plant height, ear length, number of rows per ear, seed yield, harvest index, GDD to physiological maturity and spad. By Delaing in planting, seed protein percent and proline accumulation increased. The most seed yield was obtained on July 17 in hybrid 260 (18.24 t.ha-1), August 3 in hybrid 210 (17.46 t.ha-1) and August 10 in hybrids 370 and 201 (17.4 and 17.28 t.ha-1). It seems that the delayed planting date due to exposure to unfavorable temperatures during tillering, pollination and granulation, as well as the reduction of the growing period was decreased yield and yield components.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop that is cultivated worldwide because of its high-quality oil and be rich in linoleic acid. The present study is a review of the effects of salinity on morphological and physiological traits, resistance mechanisms, breeding, and agronomic methods to deal with salinity tolerance in sunflower. Sunflower is classified as semi-tolerant species. The negative effects of salt stress on sunflower include browning of root tips, reduction of cotyledons and root proliferation, leaf surface, accumulation of dry matter, yield, and seed oil content. Salt stress also leads to decrease in CO2 absorption, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic capacity in sunflower. The resistance reactions to salinity stress in sunflower include: modulating the expression of oubain-sensitive ATPases through calcium, delaying the degradation of membrane proteins of oil bodies, increase serotonin and melatonin, increase the expression of nitric oxide, increase S-nitrosylation of cytosolic proteins, increased content of lipid peroxide, activity of glutathione peroxidase, and the abundance of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells around the secretory channels . Among the important breeding approaches to cope salinity stress in sunflower are the identification of HT089, HT175, HT185, HT215, HT216, and HT227 salinity resistance genes, the identification of H. paradoxus as the most salinity resistant species, the production of HA429 and HA430 lines tolerant to salinity, the transfer of the TaNHX2 gene from wheat to sunflower that improved its salinity tolerance and the identification of genes involved in salinity stress in sunflower by next generation sequencing technology. The results of this extensive study will be important in achieving a comprehensive plan for sustainable improvement of yield and quality of sunflower oil under salt stress conditions.

Tulip (Tulipa spp.) belongs to the Liliaceae family, a bulbous and ornamental plant that grows wild in different parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to find out the habitat characteristics and behavior of tulips in the ecosystem of Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province for two consecutive years. In order to determine the frequency and density, a random-systematic method was used. Climatic characteristics, soil, phenology, morphological traits and method of reproduction were studied. The results showed that tulips grow in Ark and Gorong habitats with an average annual rainfall of 175 mm and an average annual temperature of 14.2° C. T. lehmanniana and T. biflora were observed in the plain region and T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in the mountainous region of the habitat. According to the results, the frequency and density of tulips in the plain region were 39% and 1120 plants per hectare, respectively. Twenty seven percent belonged to T. biflora and 73% to T. lehmanniana. Frequency and density of T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in mountainous area was 15% and 1451 plants per hectare. Phenological study showed that the time of onset of tulip growth in different years is affected by rainfall and enters the dormancy period with increasing temperature from mid to late May. Bulblets were not observed around the main bulb, and the seeds germinated after moist chilling. Therefore, tulip propagation in the habitat is most likely via seed.

Chamomile medicinal plant (Anthemis) is widely used in pharmaceutical, food and health industries. Due to the great importance and variety in this genus, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study to investigate its germplasms, with the aim of obtaining desirable genotypes and using them in breeding programs. In order to investigate the diversity of the chamomile genus in terms of morphological and phenological characteristics, an experiment was conducted in Damavand city on 14 populations of 5 species, based of a completely randomized block design with three replications. The studied traits included: plant height, number of flowers, weight of 100 flowers, leaf length and width, dry yield, canopy area, percentage and yield of essential oil, flowering time, harvest time and cumulative temperature during flowering and harvest. Based on the results of analysis of variance, in terms of all traits, there was a significant difference between the studied populations at the probability level of 1%. The yield of essential oil showed a positive and significant correlation with the traits of number of flowers, leaf length and width, canopy area and dry yield. In principal component analysis, the first and second components were introduced as morphological and phenological components, respectively. In cluster analysis, A. altissima and A. pseudocotula were in class 1, A. triumfettii and A. tinctoria were in class 2, and A. haussknechtii was in class 3. A. altissima species can be used as an important species in the pharmaceutical industry due to its high essential oil content.

Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Rapeseed with the scientific name of Brassica napus L. is ranked third in the world in terms of grain production after soybean and in terms of oil production after soybean and oil palm. Plants are always exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, both biological and non-biological, that strongly affect their growth and production. Cold stress and frost are one of the environmental factors that affect crop production and other important agronomic traits in many plant species. Frost in the early stages of germination causes the destruction of the whole plant. The amount of frost damage depends on many important factors such as the duration and severity of frost stress, different stages of plant growth period and the amount of air humidity. Rapeseed is sensitive to frost stress and shows a yield reduction of up to 70%.Identifying cultivars that tolerate low temperatures can help researchers improve new cultivars and increase the flexibility of choosing the right planting date for farmers. Various studies have been performed to evaluate canola genotypes against cold stress in terms of morphological or physiological traits, but few studies have been conducted to study the combined traits. This study was designed to identify frost stress resistant genotypes, evaluate the effects of frost stress on yield and yield components as well as physiological traits to identify and modify the traits affected by the stress.

In this experiment, 24 autumn Rapeseed genotypes were obtained from the oilseeds section of Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. Selected genotypes included a number of promising lines and free pollen and rapeseed hybrid cultivars, including: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, L62, Nima, KH4, Talayeh, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101, L1008, L83, L120, Natali and Hydromel. Experiment with two different planting dates as normal sowing on 10/6/1397 and delayed sowing on 6/25/1397 in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397-98 crop year It was implemented in the agricultural lands of Tikmeh Dash city of East Azerbaijan province. Morphological traits including number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, yield per hectare and physiological traits including leaf chlorophill, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage percentage and superoxide dismutase were measured.

The effects of frost stress were significant for three traits: number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and yield at 1% probability level, and this indicates that delay in planting all cultivars tested caused a decrease in yield and its components. The mean squares of genotypes were significant for two traits: number of seeds per pod and yield at 1% probability level. Mean stress squares were significant in terms of chlorophill b, proline, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase at the level of 1% probability. There was also a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of the above traits as well as chlorophill a and total chlorophill at the level of one percent probability. The results of comparing the mean of genotypes together for stress-free and frost stress conditions showed that KS7 line with 1699.9 kg ha-1 had the highest average yield and the lowest was related to L62 line with 107 kg ha-1. According to this study, the decrease in yield is due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant as components of grain yield. Both under stress and non-stress conditions, the total yield showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. In non-stress conditions, no correlation was observed between yield and physiological traits, while in frost stress conditions, there was a positive and significant correlation between yield with proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, so this can be Introduced traits as positive traits for selecting frost-resistant cultivars. Based on the results of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified for each of the conditions without stress and frost stress, which in the non-stress state was 77.52% of the total variance and in the frost stress state was 81.06% of the total variance.

According to the results of the correlation between the studied traits, it was found that in non-stress conditions, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod can be used to improve grain yield. In terms of frost stress, in addition to the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase had the greatest contribution in justifying the diversity of studied genotypes. Due to the low heritability of the yield, it is usually difficult to improve. As a result, other aspects of frost stress resistance, such as physiological parameters, should be considered. In general, physiological traits provide more complete information and are a good alternative to functional traits.

The morphological and geomorphological characteristics of rivers are constantly changing due to their continuous nature. In this research, the geomorphology of a part of Karun River in relation to the changes leading to meandering has been studied using satellite data and with a "descriptive-analytical" methodology. For this purpose, first the cell values of different bands of TM images (related to 1991) and ETM (related to 2002 and 2010) were weighted using fuzzy hierarchical analysis method to detect the bands showing the most changes compared to other bands. Then, from the weighted bands, the main components of the corresponding bands TM 1991 and ETM 2010 (as the beginning and end years of the studied period) were extracted and finally, by defining the fuzzy membership of the changes, the regions with the highest amount and intensity of changes in five The floor is provided. The results show that bands 7 and 5 show the most weight changes (river area) among the other bands for the images of 1991, 2002 and 2010, respectively. On the other hand, the fuzzy membership function of the changes showed that the maximum changes with intensity of zero to 20%, with values of 149 square kilometers including 48.3% and also the minimum changes with intensity of 80 to 100% with values of 8.2 square kilometers including 2.6% of the total study area. Therefore, from the study area of Karun, an area of eight square kilometers (about 3% of the total area evaluated) has experienced the intensity of changes above eighty percent and about 20% of the area with an intensity factor of fifty percent or more, prone to meandering or about to.

The morphological, yield, and phytochemical characteristics of Solidago virgaurea L. were studied at the full flowering stage in two habitats of Pol Sefid and Sang Deh in Mazandaran province in 2019. The traits including plant height, plant diameter, inflorescence length, number of stems, length and leaf width, length and ray floret width, tubular floret length, flower diameter, receptacle diameter, stem diameter, fresh and plant dry weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total phenols (by Folin-Ciocalteu method), flavonoids (by aluminum chloride method), and leiocarposide (by HPLC) contents were measured. The results showed that the highest amounts of inflorescence length (40 cm), flower diameter (21.1 mm), plant dry weight (9.44 g plant-1), flower dry weight (6.06 g plant-1), flower+leaf dry weight (7.22 g plant-1), and stem dry weight (2.22 g plant-1) were obtained in the population "Pol Sefid". A positive and significant correlation was observed between the plant dry weight and traits including the plant height, number of stems, stem diameter, flower diameter, plant fresh weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total flavonoids. The content of total phenols (26.95 mg Gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoids (8.82 mg Rutin/g DW), and leiocarposide (2.08 mg/g DW) was higher in the population "Sang Deh" than "Pol Sefid".

In order to assess the response of ajowan to drought stress that induced by PEG 6000 on germination and growth stages, two separate experiments that in each useed completely randomized design with three replications were done. In first experiment, the response of germination of ajowan seeds was investigated to different levels of drought stress include osmotic potential of zero (control), - 1.5, -2, -2.5 and -3bar that prepared by PEG6000. The second experiment was same first, but in this experiment, morphological and physiological characters of ajowan in different level of drought stress were evaluated. Results of Anova at our data showed that drought stress has significant effect (p≤0/01) on germination characters such as germination percentage, germination rate, height of plumule, length of radicle, dry weight of radicle and plumule. Mean comparison of treatments showed, with increase in drought stress, all the above characters have been reduced. Morphological traits such as leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and shoot dry weight ratio to root decreased under drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid foliar application onsome morphological traits of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salt stress conditions,an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Islamic Azad University, Yadgar-e-ImamKhomeini (RA) Shahre Rey Branch. The experiment was done as factorial based oncompletely randomized design with four repetitions, the experimental factors include:salinity stress in four levels: 0, 25, 60 and 95 mM, salicylic acid foliar spraying in twolevels non-use (control) and 0.7 mM consumption and spraying of jasmonic acid wasconsidered in two levels: no consumption (control) and 100 µM. The results of varianceanalysis showed that the simple effects of salinity stress, application of salicylic acid andjasmonic acid were significant on all investigated traits, and among these traits, rootlength, number of leaves and root dry weight were influenced by the triple interactioneffects of experimental factor. The simple mean comparison results indicated that undersalt stress conditions with 95 mM sodium chloride, the lowest plant height (41.93 cm),root length (9.79 cm), number of leaves (4.62) , the leaf area of a single plant (140.73),the fresh weight of aerial parts (12.93 grams), the dry weight of aerial parts (2.46 g) androot dry weight (1.42 g) were obtained. The highest amount of shoot dry weight )7.42 g(observed in non salinity stress and spraying with 100 µM jasmonic acid and themaximum amount of root dry weight )3.03 g( were gained in non salinity stress, using 0.7mM of salicylic acid and 100 μM of jasmonic acid conditions. Therefore, it can be statedthat the use of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid as anti-stress agents improved all themorphological characteristics of the artichoke medicinal plant.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and salicylic acid application on morphological and physiological characteristic of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized block design with four water deficit stress levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 30% FC) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) in three replications was performed in greenhouse condition. Water deficit stress decreased plant, leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, carotenoids content and essential oil yield, while these traits increased by application of SA. Total phenol content was increased by water deficit stress and SA application. The highest level of plant (18.2g), leaf (6.6g), and stem (8g) dry weight were observed in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA. Essential oil yield was decreased by water deficit stress and the highest level of this character was obtained in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA application. According to the obtained results, Z. clinopodioides needs to irrigate at field capacity along with  0.5 mM SA in order to reach to the highest growth and chemical yields.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sulfur on morphological traits of promising L17 line of canola at Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center-Baye Kola Research Station based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 1397-1398. In this research, the different traits such as plant height, number of pods in main shoot, total number of pods, number of seed in pod, combinatory height, pod height, oil content, protein content, oil yield and protein yield were measured. The obtained results from analysis of variance showed that the effect of all sulfur treatments on the traits studied were significant at level of 1%. The resultant outcomes of mean comparison exhibited that the sulfur treatments of 200 and 300 kg/ha had the highest effect on the above mentioned traits. In addition, the correlation results indicated that seed yield had the most and positive correlation with 1000 weight seed (0.831), total pod (0.672) and number of pod in main shoot (0.649), respectively. Thus, it is possible to use these traits as selection criteria for further crops improvement of promising L17 line of canola.

Background and Objectives:

 Iran owns a good resources of apple genotypes which are mostly located in north of Iran beside Caspian sea. These genotypes have different phenotype. As initial step some of these samples were collected and different traits were measured and ranked. To look at rate of anthocyanin and Phytochemical and physical and chemical traits this experiment was designed and performed. Variation in size and skin and pulp color and phytochemical traits this experiment was designed. Differences in different characters can lead breeders for using the genotype within a breeding program. The presence of genetic diversity leads to more adaptation of Plants to different environments and selects superior genotypes. Since diversity in neoplasm is important in breeding programs. This study was conducted to evaluate different apple varieties using morphological and phytochemical characteristics using multivariate statistical methods. For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apple in three replications.

Materials and Methods :

The fruits were collected from Kamal Shahr Horticulture station of Karaj, affiliated to the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. A total of 11 traits including weight, volume, density, firmness, acidity, total soluble solids and other characteristics were evaluated. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (9.1) software and Duncan's test were calculated for the mean comparisons.

Results :

Analysis of variance showed that there is a meaningful difference between genotypes for all studied traits. According to the results, fruit weight varied from 161.9 grams in Fuji cultivar to 4.25 gr for Gol-ghermez cultivar. Acidity varied from 0.88% for Gol-sefid to 0.16% for Shahrood 10 genotype. The percentage of TSS varied from 19.5% for Red delicious cultivar to 11.5% for GH2 genotype and Golab-Kohanz cultivars. The highest positive correlation (0.95) was observed between fruit weight and Fruit volume. Based on the results of PCA, the cultivars were divided into three distinct groups, which were similar to cluster analysis results.

Discussions :

The results revealed native Iranian apple varieties and genotypes are rich in genetic diversity and can play an important role in future apple breeding programs. The results revealed native Iranian apple varieties and genotypes are rich in genetic diversity and can play an important role in future apple breeding programs.The results revealed native Iranian apple varieties and genotypes are rich in genetic diversity and can play an important role in future apple breeding programs.

In the past decades, chemical fertilizers are used by farmers have numerous environmental impacts, including various types of water and soil contamination, and cause many problems to human health and other organisms. Sustainable agricultural policy and sustainable agricultural development have prompted experts to make greater use of soil organisms to meet the plant's nutritional needs, and that is why the production of biofertilizers began. Biological imbalances in the field of sustainable agriculture can be attributed to the fungi of myoderma and its species. According to various studies, it seems that this microorganism having high ability to compete for food and space, and the establishment of spores in the environment and in particular soil around the roots of most crops and non-farm and can induce plant resistance not only reduces pathogen agents Vermicompost is a microbiologically rich, nutrient-rich, organic modifier that is produced by the interaction between earthworms and microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter. This type of organic fertilizer contains the waste of certain species of earthworms as a result of alteration, conversion, and relative organic residues as they pass through the digestive tract of these animals. Research has shown that vermicompost has a positive effect on growth, crop development, and crop yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of vermicompost and different concentrations of Trichoderma Bi isolate on different properties of celery.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Trichoderma and vermicompost as a biofertilizer promoting growth in research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with an average daily temperature of 15-27 °C and relative humidity of 40-70%. The present study was a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot experiment under no-tillage conditions in the greenhouse. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of Trichoderma harizianum isolate Bi: zero percent (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% volume of 50 liters of water consumed. The second factor also included four vermicompost treatments: zero percent (control), 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent pot volume. Celery seeds were sown in transplant trays. The transplants were ready for transfer to the main litter after 10 weeks. The pots used were of plastic-type with a span diameter of 20 cm and a height of 25 cm. The plant media consisted of a mixture of 20% cocoon and 80% perlite, the roots of which were easily separable. After full harvest of plants at the commercial size, when a complete set of petiole sets was created (40 days after transplanting) morphological traits including the fresh and dry weight of roots and stems, a number of leaves, stem diameter, stem and root lengths were evaluated. The dry and dry weight of plant root was measured using a digital marking scale and with an accuracy of 0.01 g. Dry weight was determined after placing the specimens in the oven at 72 ° C for 48 hours. Also, the stem diameter was measured using a caliper machine with 0.01 mm accuracy. Root and shoot lengths were measured separately in the laboratory by a ruler in cm. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were read at 663 nm, 653 nm and 470 nm for absorption by spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using JMP8 software and ANOVA was performed using the LSD test at 5% probability level. Charts were drawn using Excel 2013 software.
The results of this study showed a positive and optimal effect of combined vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi. The highest shoot dry weight (49.23 g), leaf number (46), stem diameter (15 mm) and chlorophyll and carotenoid were observed in the effect of vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi compared to the control treatment. The main stem length (77.20 cm) was affected by the fungus with a 10% concentration at the highest rate compared to other treatments. Also, 50% vermicompost treatment had the highest root length (36.66 cm). The highest chlorophyll a was observed at 75% vermicompost interaction at 15% fungi concentration (10.02 mg / g fresh leaf weight). Application of vermicompost in the culture medium and application of Trichoderma fungus extract resulted in improved growth and yield. As can be seen in the results, the best treatment was 15% and 75% vermicompost, respectively. They can be used to improve plant growth and function. Many researchers believe that mainly isolates of Trichoderma produce biochemical stimuli to stimulate plant growth or reduce the inhibitory effects of certain compounds, biological and chemical toxins. According to available reports, the application of vermicompost with 30% volume in ornamental Lilium increased leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant and plant height. So, fresh and dry weights of bean stem under vermicompost application significantly increased compared to the control treatment, which is in line with the results of this study. However, the researchers believe that the wet and dry weight gain of the plant body if used with vermicompost is probably due to the high amount of humic acids in this biofertilizer.
Based on the results of this study and other studies on vermicompost as an enriched fertilizer with numerous growth enzymes and hormones, as well as Trichoderma, it can be concluded that the use of bio-fertilizers plays an important role in the production of high-quality products. Also, the effect we find depends on the concentration used, but in the end, even their application at the lowest concentration compared to the control treatment increased growth and morphological characteristics of the plant. Overall, the results of this study showed that, in the case of the studied species, the combination of vermicompost and Trichoderma had a significant advantage over their separate application, and considering the superiority results of most traits at the time of application of these two together. Therefore, a combination of Trichoderma and vermicompost based on the results (concurrent use of 15% fungus extract and 75% vermicompost) is recommended to improve plant growth and yield.