جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pod number » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of four chickpea cultivars in dryland conditions of Kermanshah province, an experiment in the form of split-plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks in three replications in 2019 at Hamil Agricultural Jihad Center farm Islamabad-e-Gharb city was implemented. Experimental treatments include three levels of foliar application of salicylic acid before flowering (no consumption, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM) as main plots, biofertilizer at four levels (control, Phosphate barvar 2, Pota barvar 2, and Pota barvar 2 + Phosphate barvar 2) and four chickpea cultivars (Adel, Mansour, Azkan, and Goksu) as in sub-plots. The results showed that salicylic acid and biofertilizers and their interactions had a significant effect on grain yield and yield components. Cultivars were significantly different in all traits except the harvest index. The triple interaction of salicylic acid, biofertilizers, and cultivars also affected the number of empty pods, number of bi-seed pods, biological and grain yield, and harvest index. The highest grain yield (2499 kg/ha) belonged to Adel cultivar with 1 mM salicylic acid and combined application of Phosphate barvar 2 + Pota barvar 2 and the lowest grain yield (614.67 kg/ha) belonged to the Goksu cultivar and 0.5 mM salicylic acid and non-application of biofertilizer. The lowest grain yield was 75% lower than the maximum grain yield obtained. Therefore, the use of salicylic acid and seed inoculation with biofertilizers increased yield and yield components.

Drought is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental stresses reducing the yield of agricultural plants worldwide. Drought is also a significant yield-limiting factor in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production. This crop's yield may be reduced by intermittent drought during the vegetative phase, reproductive development drought, or terminal drought at the end of the crop cycle. Drought stress may reduce photosynthesis, CO2 fixation, and chlorophyll content, or it may damage the photosynthetic apparatus. The current research has been conducted in greenhouse as pot experiment for the purpose of evaluating the effect of drought on the yield and its components, as well as to investigate the relationship between physiological traits and seed yield under drought stress. The treatments included four levels of drought stress (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the water requirement) in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Drought stress influences the leaf weight, stem weight, seed number, seed weight, pod weight, root weight, root volume, root length, root surface, and longitudinal density of the root at a probability level of 1%; it was also found to have a significant effect on the number of pods at a probability level of 5%, but no significant effect on the ratio of root weight to stem weight. The highest leaf weight, stem weight, seed number, seed weight, pod weight, root weight, root volume, and root length were observed at 100% and 40% of the water requirement, respectively. The studied characteristics were found to be manifested less strongly as the percentage of water requirements decreased. Under drought stress conditions, seed weight and pod number were found to be reduced by 36% and 58%, respectively, in comparison to relatively severe stresses. Seed number was found to be negatively correlated with root weight and longitudinal density of the root (respectively -0.366 and -0.018) and positively correlated with root surface and root volume in the absence of drought stress (100% and 80% of the water requirement) (respectively 0.619 and 0.527). In contrast, the seed weight was positively associated with root-related traits under drought stress conditions (60% and 40% of the water requirement), with the greatest effects observed for root volume (0.739) and root length (0.657). In addition, a positive correlation was found between the number of seeds and root characteristics such as root weight (0.823), root surface (0.804), and root volume (0.594). In the absence of drought stress, the results of stepwise regression indicate that an increase in pod number, seed number, and leaf weight has a positive effect on yield. under drought stress, there was a significant increase in pod number, seed number, leaf weight, and root weight. Therefore, under conditions of drought stress, root mass is crucial, as it allows the plant to absorb more water. According to the findings of this study, drought stress reduced the yield of chickpeas by decreasing the weight of stems and leaves, the weight and volume of roots, and the number and weight of pods. By decreasing the plant's water demand from 100 to 40%, all of the studied characteristics were diminished with the exception of the root -to -stem ratio. Since the parameters of pod number, seed number, and leaf weight under both stress and non-stress conditions influence plant yield, it is important to measure these traits precisely. The results also demonstrated the significance of root mass under drought stress, because it is indispensable for water absorption.

In order to determine the critical nitrogen concentration of canola leaf and studying the correlation of yield and yield components of this plant with leaf nitrogen concentration, 35 farms were managed in the same way of Varamin plain and in the dominant soil serie (Varamin), were selected during 2016. Leaf samples were pick up from these farms at flowering stage and were prepared for analysis. In harvest season, all 35 fields were harvested and the mean grain yield was determined. The critical nitrogen concentration in dry leaves was determined at 3% by using Kate and Nelson's graphical method, for 90% relative yield. There was a significant correlation between the content of canola leaf nitrogen as independent variable (X) with other traits, including grain yield and yield components as dependent variables (Y) at the 35 studied farms. The results of the studies showed that canola seed yield was affected by leaf nitrogen content. The content of nitrogen in canola leaves was significantly correlated with grain yield. This correlation was followed by a quadratic function with a coefficient of explanation of 0.97. Relative yield of canola seed increased only to 4.36% nitrogen concentration of leaves, and since then, the increase in leaf nitrogen did not affect grain yield.

In order to evaluate the yield components of intercroppedroselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as replacement series, a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, during growing season of 2013-2014. Treatments included planting patterns with 5 levels (sole roselle, 75% roselle+ 25% cowpea, 50% roselle+ 50% cowpea, 25% roselle+ 75% cowpea and sole cowpea). Results showed that planting ratios with cowpea had significant effects on plant height, stem diameter, lateral branch and number of bolls per plant of roselle. The effect of planting ratio with roselle was significant on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight of cowpea. The maximum of plant height (182.75 cm) and lateral branches (84.3) of roselle were achieved in planting ratio of 75% roselle+ 25% cowpea respectively. Also, the highest 1000-seed weight and number of pods per plant were obtained in sole cropping. The maximum LER (1.65) was computed in planting ratio of 75% cowpea+ 25% roselle. This means that seed yield in intercropping improved up to 65% as compared with sole cropping. According to LER obtained, it can be stated that planting ratio of 75% cowpea+ 25% roselle can be significantly increase economic income and agricultural land productivity.

Nowadays, the use of soil-born microorganisms as biological fertilizers is considered to be a natural and most desirable solution used to maintain sustainability of agricultural soil system. Potassium releasing, nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria play role in providing K, N and P to plants. In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers Potabarvar2 and Sinorhizobium meliloti, on physiological properties and yield of Fenugreek, a complete randomized block experiment was conducted with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included biofertilizer Potabarvar2, Sinorhizobium meliloti, inoculation with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ檽, positive control (based on soil analysis) and negative control (no fertilization and inoculation). Physiological and morphological characteristics and concentrations of N, P and K were measured after harvest. The results showed significant effect of Sinorhizobium on morphological characteristics except internode length. Symbiotic relationship of Sinorhizobium with Fenugreek increased the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, however the highest potassium uptake observed with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ檽.

The effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of mung bean cv were studied in a split-plot experiment, based on a randomized complete block design in three replications, which was performed at the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Jiroft in 2010-2011. The main-plots were devoted to sowing date at four levels (June 29, July 6, July 12 and July 20) and the sub-plots were devoted to density at three levels (10, 20 and 30 plants m-2). Analysis of variance revealed that sowing date significantly influenced plant height at the 1% level of probability and the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, grain yield and biomass at the 5% level of probability. The effect of plant density was significant on the number of pods per plant and biomass at the 5 and 1% probability levels, respectively. The interaction of sowing date and plant density was significant only for plant height and biomass yield. The highest grain yield (1001 kg ha-1) was obtained from July 6 and the lowest one (714.3 kg ha-1) from July 20. Although the effect of plant density was not statistically significant on grain yield, the highest grain yield (907.98 kg ha-1) was related to the density of 30 plants m-2. Considering the one-year results, the best sowing date can be regarded as to be July 6 with the density of 10 plants m-2 under the regional conditions of Jiroft.

A field experiment was conducted at research station of Zabol university in 2012. The experiment carried out as split plot on basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main and sub factors included tillage systems (No, reduced, and Conventional tillage) and planting ratios of intercropping (pure culture of roselle, pure culture of green gram, 25% roselle 75% green gram, 50% roselle 50% green gram and 75% roselle 25% green gram), respectively. For roselle, the results showed that the effects of tillage systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, diameter of stem, lateral branch, number of fruit and sepal yield. For green gram the results showed that the effects of tillage systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, number of pods in plant, number of seed in pod and economical yield. Tillage systems had not significant different on land equivalent ratio but comparison of means showed that the maximum and minimum of LER was obtained in conventional and reduce tillage, respectively. The maximum of LER was obtained at 75% green gram plus 25% roselle (1.36). In general, more useful intercropping confirmed than a pure culture of roselle and green gram.

Water use in agricultural production as one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth and development, especially in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions of Iran is of special importance (21). One of the ways of alleviating water scarcity is by enhancing its use efficiency or productivity. Improving water use efficiency in arid and semi-arid areas depends on effective conservation of moisture and efficient use of limited water. Mulching is one of the management practices for increasing water use efficiency (WUE). Straw mulch is commonly used as mulch. Straw mulching has potential for increasing soil water storage (16). Mulches modify the microclimate and growing conditions of crops (16), conserve more water and increase water use efficiency (34). Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume (25) and is an important source of proteins and minerals (28). The majority of red kidney bean production is under drought conditions, and thus yield reductions due to drought are very common (29). This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of wheat straw mulch and water stress on physiological traits, yield components and grain yield of red kidney bean cultivars. A field experiment was conducted in 2012 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran (latitude 38°05_N, longitude 46°17_E, altitude 1360 m above sea level). In order to investigate the effect of mulch on grain yield and yield components of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars at different water stress treatments, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCB design with three replications. The factors were including water stress treatment (I1 and I2, irrigation after 60 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively); mulch application at two levels (M1: (no mulch) and M2: 2 ton ha-1 wheat straw mulch) and red kidney bean cultivars including Akhtar and Naz. The results indicated that the effects of water stress, mulch, cultivar and interaction of water stress × cultivar were significant on nodule number per plant. The results of mean comparison indicated that mulch application increased nodule number per plant by 17%. This result indicates that mulch increased the soil moisture and finally improved the activity of Rhizobium. In water stress treatment the nodule number per root of both cultivars reduced but the reduction in cv. Naz was greater than that of cv. Akhtar. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of water stress, cultivar and water stress  cultivar was significant on leaf stomata density. At water stress treatment (I2) the leaf stomata density increased by 7% but increasing in cv. Akhtar was greater than cv. Naz. One reason for increasing the leaf stomata density at water stress condition could be the reduction in cell size that led to increasing the leaf stomata density. The effects of water stress, mulch, cultivar and water stress  cultivar was significant on pods per plant. The mulch application increased the pods per plant by 13 %. The interaction effect of water stress  cultivar showed that the reduction of pods per plant in cv. Akhtar (27%) was greater than that of cv. Naz (20%). The cv. Naz had an indeterminate growth pattern and was able to compensate the reduction in pods per plant at later growth stages. The effects of water stress, mulch, cultivar and water stress  cultivar was significant on 100-grains weight. The 100-grain weight of red kidney bean increased in mulch application treatment by 6%. The explanation for increasing of 100-grains weight could be attributed to improving the water availability and photosynthesis rate by mulch application. The interaction effect of water stress  cultivar showed that in both water stress treatments the cv. Akhtar had higher 100-grain weight than cv. Naz and the reduction percentage in cv. Naz was greater than that of cv. Akhtar. This result could be related to the longer growth period of cv. Naz than cv. Akhtar. The effects of water stress, mulch, cultivar and the all interaction effects were significant on red kidney bean grain yield. The mulch application increased the grain yield by 18%. The effect of water stress  mulch cultivar indicated that the cv. Akhatr in full irrigation treatment and application of straw mulch had the highest grain yield (3135 kg ha-1). Also the cv. Naz in water stress treatment and application of without mulch application had the lowest grain yield (1340 kg ha-1). The cv. Akhtar had a bush type growth pattern and a lower green cover than cv. Naz, therefore mulch application on the soil surface could increase the available water for red kidney bean. At water limitation conditions by mulch application, the available water, yield components and grain yield of red kidney bean could be increased. Under drought and aridity conditions, field management practices such as selecting high-yielding cultivars and reducing soil evaporation by using of mulch increased the grain yield especially in water limitation condition. Investigating the response of other common bean cultivars to water stress and mulch could be effective for identifying the common bean cultivars with high grain yield at water stress condition with mulch application that is consistent with sustainable agriculture.

In order to evaluate the intercropping of corn (Zea mays L.) and bean cultivars (Phaseolus spp.) an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replicaties at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during growing season of 2010. The experimental treatments consisted of sole cropping of corn، white bean، bush bean، red bean، pinto bean and sword bean and 50:50 ratio of corn and bean types. In this experiment، the corn-bush bean and corn-pinto bean intercropping had the highest seed yield (5734. 4 and 5674. 3 kg/ha-1، respectively) and land equivalent ratio (LER=1. 13 and 1. 21، respectively). Evaluated intercropping indices indicated that red bean (k= 1. 85)، pinto bean (k= 2. 41) and sword bean (k= 2. 80) had the highest crowding coefficient whereas the maximum aggressivity value was belonged to pinto bean intercropped with corn (A= -0. 02). Also، both the red bean and pinto bean (CR=0. 75 and CR=0. 98، respectively) had the maximum competitive ratio. Furthermore، the most corn crowding coefficient (K=1. 15) was belonged to corn and sword bean intercropping and maximum corn aggressivity value was observed in corn intercropped with white bean (A=+0. 60) and bush bean (A=+0. 69). In conclusion، according to competition indices، intercropping of 50% corn + 50 % red bean and pinto bean plants were superior as compared to other combinations. Also، both the red bean and pinto bean (CR=0. 75 and CR=0. 98، respectively) had the maximum competitive ratio. Furthermore، the most corn crowding coefficient (K=1. 15) was belonged to corn and sword bean intercropping and maximum corn aggressivity value was observed in corn intercropped with white bean (A=+0. 60) and bush bean (A=+0. 69). In conclusion، according to competition indices، intercropping of 50% corn + 50 % red bean and pinto bean plants were superior as compared to other combinations.

In canola (Brassica napus L) seed yield (SY) is a function of plant number per square meter (PNSM), pod number per plant (PNP), seed number per pod (SNP) and seed weight (SW). To quantify the role of yield components in determining SY, 12 field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad, during 2000-7. The results showed that in both groups of open pollinate (OP) and hybrid genotypes, SY were not affected by PNSM and SW. With a density of 100 plant per square meter, SY was different from 100 to 4800 kg/ha. Although there were positive and significant relationships between SY and PNP, and between SY and SNP, but when 3 components of PNSM, PNP and SNP were combined in seed number per square meter (SNSM), there was a significant relationship between SY and SNSM. With an each number increase in SNSM, SY of OP and hybrid genotypes increased 0.02 kg/ha, respectively, showing the similar and positive reaction of SY in both groups of genotypes to increase in PNSM. The existence of very strong relationship between SY and SNSM in different genotypes and environmental conditions showed that SNSM was the main components of canola SY, so canola SY can be increased by increasing SNSM.