جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "saline" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Salinity is an important environmental stressor that affects plant growth. In saline soils, plants are subjected to some toxic ions and water shortages. Crop residues are considered major organic agricultural wastes that can be useful for the soil and the plants. Organic matter has positive effects on the soil's physical and chemical properties. Converting agricultural wastes to Biochar is an appropriate way to achieve a valuable amendment. Biochar is a carbon-rich decomposition-resistant product obtained by heating biomass in an oxygen-free chamber, being used for carbon sequestration by applying large amounts of carbon.Moreover, as a highly stable residue in the soil, it has been proven to store atmospheric carbon for hundreds to millions of years. According to different studies' findings, the application of Biochar can increase the soil's water-holding capacity, microbial activity, and nutrient availability. However, its effect on soil properties depends on its source and the extent of its application.  As the dependency of Biochar's effects on saline soils' properties in such soils has been under-researched, this study attempted to investigate the effect of palm-tree residues' Biochar on the physical and chemical properties of saline soils.

the required Biochar was prepared from palm trees' residues at 500°C under limited oxygen conditions. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Biochar was mixed at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% rates with saline soils and incubated with humidity at field capacity for 90 days. Then, the samples were air-dried, and some physicochemical characteristics of the soil were determined. Moreover, the comparison of the means was performed using Duncan's test at a confidence level of 95%.

The results showed that applying the Biochar obtained from palm trees to the soil significantly increased the soil's chemical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium while decreased the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and the sodium/potassium ratio. Moreover, while adding Biochar to the soil increased the porosity by 10% and reduced the bulk density by 4%, treatments did not significantly affect pH, available phosphorus, field capacity, and the soil's particle density. Furthermore, adding 2%, Biochar increased calcium concentration in soil by 2.08 times compared to that of the control treatment. It was also found that the changes in the soil's magnesium calcium were similar and that using more Biochar increased magnesium concentration by 2.88 times compared to what was observed in the control treatment (more than the control treatment). Therefore, the study's findings indicated that the available potassium concentration in soil increased significantly following the application of different biochar levels. It was also found that compared to the control treatment, the amount of potassium increased about 12.33 and 18.79 times, respectively, with an increase of bio-dates in 1.5 and 2% treatments. Moreover, the highest increase in sodium was related to applying a 2% biochar date, which was 49.35% more than that of the control treatment. Finally, using 2% biochar reduced the sodium adsorption ratio by 7.6%.

This study showed that palm trees' Biochar improved some saline soil parameters such as SAR, organic matter, and nutrients. Increased EC is due to increased sodium as a destructive factor and other cations such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium as helpful plant nutrients. On the other hand, the sodium to potassium ratio was decreased. Moreover, it was suggested that the potassium was increased more than sodium, and that was why the index was improved. According to the study's findings, Biochar increased porosity due to its high specific surface area.Moreover, using 2% biochar treatment increased the saline soil's organic carbon by approximately three times. Due to the Biochar's low specific gravity, it can be expected that the soil's density is decreased by applying Biochar in soil. However, the increase in Biochar did not significantly affect the soil's particle density, which is probably due to the low weight of biochar particles versus the high weight of the soil's minerals and the amount of Biochar applied. It seems that applying Biochar as an amendment can improve the saline soil's properties and that the size of biochar particles may have different effects on changing the soil's properties, which can be investigated in future researches.

Introduction:

 Increasing demand for an international classification system as a unique communication tool in soil science has caused development of different systems.  Like many other countries, Soil Taxonomy and WRB are the most popular soil classification systems in Iran. Genetic and morphologic soil properties are used for soil classification in both systems. However, correlation of the two systems and efforts to harmonize them have been a major concern among soil scientists. Comparing Soil Taxonomy and WRB in gypsiferous and calcareous soils of central Iran, Sarmast et al. (13) reported that WRB using various qualifiers is more effective than Soil Taxonomy. Since no study on soils of Iranshahr and Dalghan Regions located in Sistan and Baloochestan Province has performed and/or no reported data is available, the present research was performed to: 1) study morphological, physical, and chemical soil properties in the area, 2) classify soils based on Soil Taxonomy (2014) and WRB (2015) systems, 3) compare the two systems for soil description in Iranshahr and Dalghan regions as a part of Sistan and Baloochestan Province, central Iran.

The study area starts from Iranshahr (590 m asl) in the center of the province and extends to Dalghan (390 m asl) in west. Alluvial fan, pediment, playa, and hill were among different landforms identified using field studies, topography maps (1:50000), and Google Earth image observations. To cover the maximum soil variations in the area, 10 representative pedons were selected, described, and sampled.

Calcic, gypsic, anhydritic, argillic, natric, and salic horizons identified after field work and laboratory analysis. Results of the study showed that addition of Yermic Torrifluvent, Yermic Torriorthent, Calcic Gypsiargid, Gypsic Natrsalid, Natric Gypsisalid, Anhydritic Gypsisalid, Anhydritic Calcisalid subgroups to Soil Taxonomy system from one hand, and addition of anhydrite and aquic (for Solonchak reference soil group) qualifiers to WRB system from the other hand, causes a higher correlation and more harmonization between the two classification systems. Meanwhile, the minimum percentage of calcium carbonate equivalent necessary for calcic horizon identification in coarse textured soils including gravel in Soil Taxonomy is also suggested to be added to WRB system. Besides, requirements of salic horizon in WRB system is recommended to be added to Soil Taxonomy. At the same time, soil names in WRB system provide more information and data about soil properties and characteristics in young soils (such as yermic qualifier showing desert pavement) compared to Soil Taxonomy. Soil Taxonomy is not able to properly classify saline soils of arid regions down to subgroup level which is a weak point for this system. That is why newly added Gypsic Natrsalids is suggested for soils with natric, gypsic, and salic horizons in the upper 100 cm of the soil. On the other hand, the requirements of salic horizon in WRB system (the minimum EC content of 15 dS/m and the EC multiplied by the horizon thickness of more and/or equal to 450) are also suggested for Soil Taxonomy.

Results of the study for both saline and sodic soils show more capability of WRB system compared to Soil Taxonomy to classify soils. From soil management point of view, natric horizon causes more negative effects compared to salic horizon because Na disperses the soil particles and destroys soil structure and sodic soils need more practices to be improved compared to saline soils. Results for gypsiferous soils also show more capability of WRB system compared to Soil Taxonomy because gypsum content which is important for gypsiferous soils management is properly concerned in WRB system. However, lack of anhydritic horizon in WRB seems to be a weak point for this classification system. That is why it is suggested to be added to WRB (13). Since Soil Taxonomy does not use independent abbreviations for anhydritic horizon compared to gypsic horizon, the Ba and Baa abbreviations are also suggested for Soil Taxonomy to be added.

Dust phenomenon is one of the important climatic and environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The aim of this study is to determine the mineralogical and physicochemical properties of some soil samples in Iraq and dust particles in Ilam province in order to find out the origin of dust. Dust samples were collected from Ilam, Mehran and Dehloran cities. In addition, some surface soil samples were collected from different parts of Iraq as the source of dust. Physico-chemical and mineralogical analysis of dust and soil samples was fulfilled. The results revealed that the highest percentage of particles forming Iraqi dust and dust in Ilam province are sand and silt and clay was the least. Electrical conductivity in all samples was more than 4 dS/m in both samples meaning as saline classes and pH of the samples was similar in dust of Ilam and Iraqi soils, and showed the neutral to alkaline range. The lime content of all samples was more than 25%. Different regions had low organic carbon percentage, the highest rate was in the Iraqi margin (1.18%), and the lowest was in Najaf (0.16%). The SAR of most Iraqi soils was more than 13 and showed severe alkalinity in dust particles, SAR is also relatively high. Mineralogical results showed that dominant minerals in Iraqi soils and dust of Ilam province are calcite, gypsum, quartz and palygorskite. The results of XRD studies in clay samples of Iraqi soil and Ilam province dust indicated the presence of minerals such as kaolinite, chlorite, ilite and smectite. Overally, the results of physical, chemical, and mineralogical analysis indicated that desert regions in Iraq are the sources of dust production in Ilam, and that dust storms can lead to salinity and alkalinity of the surface soil in Ilam province.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and nitrate: ammonium ratios on yield and oil percentage of Thyme daenensis in saline and non-saline conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 30 treatments and three replicates in perlite and sand medium. Nitrogen at three levels (5, 10 and 15 mM), nitrate: ammonium ratio at five levels (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) and salinity at two levels (0 and 50 mM sodium chloride) were applied. Results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, percentage and yield of crop oil were obtained at 15 mM nitrogen and 75:25 nitrates: ammonium ratio in the non-saline conditions. In the saline condition the fresh and dry weight, percentage and yield of crop oil were reduced in all treatments and the highest yield was obtained in 15 mM nitrogen and 50:50 nitrates: ammonium ratio. Generally, it was concluded that the ratio of 75:25 nitrate: ammonium in non-saline condition and the ratio of 50:50 nitrate: ammonium in saline condition were the optimum ratios at 15 mM nitrogen level for obtaining the highest yield and oil percentages.

Over the last few years, due to the depletion of Lake Urmia located in the northwest of Iran, the proportion of surrounding saline agricultural lands increased at a fast pace. Digital mapping of regional soils affected by salt is essential when monitoring the dynamics of soil salts and planning land development and reclamation schemes. The soil hydraulic and mechanical parameters are very important factors that affect water and chemical transport in soil pores. In the salt-affected soils, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is very low due to the high contents of sodium and weak aggregate stability. Penetration resistance (PR) indicates soil mechanical strength to penetration of a cone or flat penetrometer; it is important in seedling, root growth and tillage operations. Generally, PR values exceed 2.5 MPa, while root elongation is significantly restricted. The analysis of spatial variability of Ks and PR is essential to implement a site-specific soil management especially in the salt-affected lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two different bare and agricultural land uses on the spatial variability of Ks and PR in the salt-affected soils around Lake Urmia.   This study was conducted in the agricultural and bare lands of Shend Abad region located at the 15 km of Shabestar city, northwest of Iran (45° 36ʹ 34ʺ to 45° 36ʹ 38ʺ E and 38° 6ʹ 37ʺ to 38° 7ʹ 42ʺ N). Totally, 100 geo-referenced samples were taken from 0-10 cm soil depth with 100×100 m intervals (80 ha) in agricultural (n=49) and bare (n=51) land uses. Sand, silt, clay, organic carbon (OC), mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC), were measured in the collected soil samples. The EC and SAR were measured in 1:2.5 (soil: distilled water) extract. Ks was measured using constant or falling head method. Bulk density (BD) and field water content (FWC) were measured in the undisturbed soil samples taken by steal cylinders with 5 cm diameter and height. Total porosity calculated from BD and particle density (PD). PR was directly measured at the field using a cone penetrometer. The best fit semivariograms model (Gaussian, spherical and exponential) was chosen by considering the minimum residual sum of square (RSS) and maximum coefficient of determination (R2). Ordinary Kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation methods were used to analyze the spatial variability of Ks and PR. Spatial distribution maps of soil variables were provided by Arc GIS software. The accuracy of OK and IDW methods in estimating Ks and PR was evaluated by mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) criteria.The CCC indicates the degree to which pairs of the measured and estimated parameter value fall on the 45° line through the origin.     According to coefficient of variation (CV) from the study area, the most variable soil indicator was Ks (CV=155.6%), whereas the least variable was PD (CV= 3.05%) both in bare land use. The Lognormal distribution was found for Ks data in the studied region. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r values) indicated that there are significant correlations between Ks and OC (r=0.36), sand (r=0.60), SAR (r=-0.35), EC (r=-0.22), BD (r=-0.52), TP (r= 0.31), silt (r=-0.60), and clay (r=-0.43). Also, significant correlations were obtained between PR and FWC (r=-0.32), BD (r=0.21), and TP (r=-0.21). The spatial dependency classes of soil variables were determined according to the ratio of nugget variance to sill expressed in percentages: If the ratio was >25% and <75%, the variable was considered moderately spatially dependent; if the ratio was >75%, variable was considered weakly spatially dependent; and if the ratio was <25%, the variable was considered strongly spatially dependent. The strong spatial dependences with the effective ranges of 2443m were found for Ks. The PR and PD variables had the least (335 m) and the highest (2844 m) effective range, respectively. The range of influence indicates the limit distance at which a sample point has influence over another points, that is, the maximum distance for correlation between two sampling point. The models of fitted semivariograms were spherical for Ks and exponential for PR. According to RMSE and CCC criteria, there was not found significant difference between Ks estimates by OK and IDW interpolation methods. The high CCC and low RMSE values for OK compared with IDW indicated the more precision and accuracy of OK in estimating PR in the studied area. Generally, the spatial maps showed that from agricultural to bare land use by nearing to Lake Urmia, the BD and PR increased and consequently TP and Ks decreased. The results showed that Ks negatively related to the SAR, EC, BD, silt and clay and positively related to the OC, sand, MWD and TP in the study area. Also, PR negatively related to the FWC and TP and positively related to the BD and silt. The spatial dependency was found strong for Ks. The PR revealed the smallest effective range (335 m) among the studied variables. As a suggestion, for subsequent study, soil sampling distance could be taken as 335 m instead of 100 m in order to save time and minimize cost.

In this research, the Drainmod-S model, which is specific for regions with shallow and saline water table, was used for water table changes and salt determination of salt concentration in paddy fields. This research was performed as a physical model (lysimeter) in meteorological research center of college of agriculture and natural resources, university of Tehran in 2017. The complete randomized design consists of two main treatments with fresh and shallow water table (FSG), as the control treatment, and in the presence of saline and shallow water table (SSG(, respectively. After evaluating the model for water table, the amount of MBE, RMSE, NRMSE, d and R2 for FSG treatment were obtained 0.18 cm, 7.48 cm, 23.41%, 0.86 and 0.63, respectively and for FSG treatment were obtained 0.69 cm, 7.25 cm, 21.06%, 0.83 and 0.53, respectively. These results showed a good simulation of the model and a relative correlation between measured and estimated data. Also, the parameters of MBE, RMSE, NRMSE, d and R2 were calculated to evaluate the efficient of model for estimating the salt concentration changes in three different areas of the soil. The average of these parameters at different soil depths for FSG treatment was 0.02 dS/m, 0.1 dS/m, 4/61%, 0.9 and 0.87, respectively. The above parameters in SSG treatment were calculated as 0.07 dS/m, 0.24 dS/m, 2.78%, 0.94 and 0.89, respectively. At the end, the model was simulated for the real paddy fields (Miankale lands in Behshahr region). In general, the comparison of measured and estimated water table and soil salinity showed that the Drainmod-S model is able to use as a general guide for prediction and simulation of water table and soil salinity changes.

Salinity is an important factor in limiting production in many countries. Today with using grafting methodinvegetable production could overcome problem of soil and irrigation water salinity resulted in production of high quality crops. In this study, water melon (cv. Charleston Gray) was grafted onto rootstocks including; Shintozwa, Buttle gourd, pepo, Bitter cucumber, Indigenous masses of Kermanshah and Hamedan watermelon with using hole insertion grafting method and grown under greenhouse and farm conditions in Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University in 2016. Grafted and un-grafted (control) plants were studied for some vegetative and biochemical traits after exposing to 0, 30 and 60 mM Na Cl. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the three levels of salinity treatment at the 5% probability level for leaf carotenoids. In this research, some of the vegetative traits such as length of main branch (220 cm), fresh weight of shoot (420 g) and root fresh weight (30 g) in plants that grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock in all three saline treatments were higher than non-grafted plant that were 102 cm, 225 and 10 g respectively. The highest (28467 kg ha-1) and lowest (10496 kg ha-1) total yield of fruit were related to the watermelon grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock and control plants respectively. Also, Shintozwa, Buttle gourd, Kermanshah and Hamedan watermelon rootstocks were a statistical group in terms of total yield. Thus, Shintozwa rootstock could be a suitable rootstock for water melon Charleston Gray cultivar under saline conditions.

Salinity and sodicity are the most important land degradation problems particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the depletion of Urmia Lake located in the northwest of Iran during recent years, the proportion of surrounding saline agricultural lands increased at a past pace. In the salt-affected soils, aggregate stability is weak due to the high contents of sodium. The analysis of spatial variability of mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is necessary to implement a site-specific soil management especially in the salt-affected soils. The main object of this study was evaluating the effects of different land uses (bare and agriculture) on the spatial variability of MWD and SAR in the salt-affected soils around Urmia Lake. This study was conducted in the agricultural and bare lands of Shend Abad region located at the 15 km of Shabestar city, northwest of Iran (45° 36ʹ 34ʺ E and 38° 6ʹ 37ʺ N). Totally, 100 georeferenced
samples were taken from 0-10 cm soil depth with 100×100 m intervals (80 ha) in agricultural (n=49) and bare (n=51) land uses. Sand, silt, clay, organic carbon (OC), CaCO3, pHe, MWD, SAR and electrical
conductivity (EC), were measured in the collected soil samples. Thewet sieving method was used to determine MWD of wet aggregates. The sieves were: 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.106mm. The EC and SAR were measured in 1:2.5 (soil: distilled water) extra. The SAR was calculated from concentrations of Na+ and Ca+ + Mg+. The best fitsemivariogram model (Gaussian, spherical and exponential) was chosen by considering the minimum residual sum of square (RSS) and maximum determination coefficient (R2). Ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation methods were used to analyze spatial variability of MWD and SAR. Spatial distribution maps of soil variables were provided by Arc GIS software. The accuracy of OK and IDW methods in estimating MWD and SAR was evaluated by mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) criteria.The CCC indicates the degree to which pairs of the measured and estimated parameter value fall on the 45° line through the origin. According to the results of coefficient of variation (CV) from the study area, the most variable (CV=113.05%) soil indicator was SAR (bare land use), whereas the least variable (CV= 3.52%)
was pHe (agricultural land use). The Pearson correlation coefficients (r value) indicated that there are significant (P <0.01) correlations between MWD with OC (r=0.58), sand (r=0.60), SAR (r=-0.57), EC (r=-0.56), CaCO3 (r=-0.38) and clay (r=-0.48). Also, negative correlations (P <0.01) were observed between SAR with sand (r=- 0.61), OC (r=-0.38) but positive correlations (P <0.01) were found between SAR with EC (r=0.61), pHe (r=0.56), CaCO3 (r=0.40) and Clay (r=0.62). The spatial dependency classes of soil variables were determined according to the ratio of nugget variance to sill expressed in percentages: If the ratio was >25% and <75%, the variable was considered moderately spatially dependent; if the ratio was >75%, variable was considered weakly spatially dependent; and if the ratio was <25%, the variable was considered strongly spatially dependent. The strong and moderate spatial dependences with the effective ranges of 1903 and 1614m were found for SAR and MWD,
respectively. The OC and EC variables had the least (660m) and the highest (1987m) effective range, respectively. The range of influence indicates the limit distance at which a sample point has influence over another points, that is, the maximum distance for correlation between two sampling point. The models of fitted semivariograms were Gaussian for both MWD and SAR. The best prediction according to CCC criterion was obtained by OK for SAR (0.382) and IDW (^2) for MWD (0.325). The spatial maps showed that from agricultural to bare land use by nearing to Urmia Lake, the MWD decreased by decreasing OC and increasing EC and SAR. Results showed that MWD negatively related to the SAR and EC and positively related to the OC and sand in the study area. The SAR correlated positively with EC and Clay and negatively with sand andOC. The spatial dependency was found strong for SAR and the moderate for MWD. The soil OC showed the smallest effective range (660m) among the studied variables. As a suggestion, for subsequent study, soil sampling distance could be taken as 660m in order to save time and minimize cost.

The use of shallow groundwater as a source of irrigation water can be used in different plains located in southern, northern, western and north western parts of country during most crops planting period. In this investigation Lysimetric experiments were conducted to determine the contribution made by groundwater to the overall water requirements of (Stevia Rebaudiana B.). The plants were grown in 36 columns, each having a diameter of 0.40 m and packed with silty clay soil. The three replicate randomized complete block factorial experiments were carried out using different treatment combinations. Nine treatments were applied by maintaining groundwater, with an EC of 1, 2, 6 and 10 dS/m, at three different water table levels (0.7, 0.9 and 1.20 m) with supplementary surface irrigation. The supplementary irrigation requirement for each treatment was applied by adding water (EC of 1 dS/m). The average percentage contribution from groundwater for the different treatments (1, 2, 6 and 10 dS/m) and water table depths (0.7, 0.9 and 1.2 meter) as (66.5, 57.7, 45.3) and (61.5, 52.7, 42.1) and (59.9, 49.4, 41.0) and (59.0, 46.6, 40.1) percent of the average annual (Stevia Rebaudiana B.) water requirement respectively. The overall results showed that the shallow ground water with quality less than 2 dS/m can be used to compensate a most part of the annual plant water requirement.

Land salinization is a major and destructive problem in the agricultural sector, which must be controlled by proper scientific management. The first step in this way is to identify and map the saline areas. Over the past few decades, the use of geostatistics and remote sensing techniques has been developed to map the soil salinity and monitor its changes. The purpose of this study was to compare the capability of different geostatistics methods to prepare soil surface salinity maps in a part of the Meyami plain, Semnan province. To do this, 225 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm of soil from the intersection of regular grid lines of 600 * 600 meters using GPS. EC, pH and clay of soil samples were measured. The results showed that the Kriging method with an average absolute error of 2.29 was more accurate than other interpolation methods and, vice versa, the Spline Thin plate method with an average absolute error of 4.38 had the lowest accuracy. According to the map prepared, the highest, lowest and mean salinity in the Meyami plain were recorded to be 15.69 ds/m, 2.12 ds/m, and, 5.24 ds/m, respectively.

Since the agriculture field is the main water consumer, using techniques in order to increasing water use efficiency is necessary. Another method to counter water crisis is using unconventional water in agriculture. The goal of this study was to Effect of irrigation with conjunctive Caspian seawater and fresh water onyield and yield components of Parsley(Petroselinum crispum Mill) in greenhouse condition,the research was done based in completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2015. The treatments included four levels (mixture of sea water tap water, alternate, half alternate and tap water), respectively. The results inducted that the effect of different irrigation regimes on root fresh and dry weight, root length, shoot length and shoot dry weight were highly significant (P

Due to the insufficient suitable agricultural land and the large extent of saline-sodic soil across the world, the reclamation of the salt affected soils is necessary. Studies indicate that the addition of biochars to the soils improves their qualities, increases crop yield, and reduces salinity stresses. In the present study, the effects of adding various biochars on some chemical characteristics, including the concentration of soluble cations and anions of saline-sodic soil with clay-loam texture, which was taken from the Kafoun region in Mazandaran province, were investigated. Several kinds of simple and acidic biochars were produced from agricultural residues (rice straw) and wood factory waste (dicer) at 300 ° C and added to saline-sodic soil in three levels 0, (2.5, and 5%). The results showed that the rice straw biochar reduced the soil pH more than the biochar obtained from dicer. It was also understood that dicer biochar reduced the amount of soil EC, SAR, soluble sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride. However, the rice straw biochar, acidic rice straw biochar, and acidic dicer biochar increased the amounts of those criteria and elements. Ultimately, it can be concluded that only the dicer biochar should be added to saline- sodic soil, in the absence of leaching and drainage.

The effect of different salinity levels (15, 35, 50 ppt) and Freshwater on biochemical parameters and intestinal tissue of Lates calcarifer was surveyed for 30 days. This experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 different treatments Freshwater and salinity levels (15, 35, 50 ppt) and treated with 3 replicates and 15 fishes (initial weight 32gr) were used for each repetition. In this study some blood biochemical parameters (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Osmolality) was measured at the end of the experiment. The analysis results of blood biochemical parameters showed no significant differences between the treatments (P>0.05). This study also covers intestine histology of Lates calcarifer in 4 treatments was investigated and the results showed that the digestive system has normal villi and enterocyte and there was no significant difference in the location of the cell nucleus in the various histological slides. The images from different treatments were observed no histological lesions. The structure of mucous layers, muscular, serous and intestinal mucosa cells was normal and did not show significant differences. No significant difference in the results show that this fish is a species resistant to salinity environments hyperhaline tolerated.

This experiment was laid out in order to study on effect of irrigation saline water on biochemical characteristics of mutant cotton lines in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Iran at 2014-2015, by using of split plot arrangement based on complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were three irrigation water [4 (as control), 8 and 12 dS m-1] at main plots and three cotton genotypes (LM1673, LM1303 and Shayan) in sub plots. Results showed that the effect of irrigation using saline water on all traits was significant except reducing and non-reducing sugars. Effect of cultivar was significant on starch content and interaction between irrigation using saline water and cultivars was significant on soluble and non-reducing sugars, starch content and carotenoids. Irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water, soluble protein and soluble sugars increased as 50% and prolin content increased as 45% rather than control treatment. Proxidase (POX) enzyme activity in irrigation by 8 dS m-1 saline water treatment increased as 50% rather than irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water treatment. By increasing of irrigation water salinity, decreased chlorophyll content (40% rather than 8 dS m-1 saline water) and increased relief pigments such as carotenoids (50%) and anthocyanin (23%). In many traits, because of non-significant different amomg genotypes and with regards to high tolerance characteristics of Shayan genotype to salinity can be concluded that LM-1303 and LM-1673 had high tolerance to salinity same to Shayan genotype. With regard to higher soluble sugar, non-reducing sugar and carotenoids in LM-1303 genotype, can be concluded that this genotype had better physiological status under salinity compare to Shayan genotype.

Using of flood to supply plant water requirement for its growing and decreasing of flood damages is possible by many different methods. By using of water spreading systems, seasonal flood in susceptible land will be spread with different effects on groundwater, plant cover and soil on these lands. In order to measure the effect of water spreading system on changes of vegetation, soil salinity and organic carbon in Miankooh floodwater spreading area, 40 random plots of 2 sq. meter were taken in floodwater spreading area and 20 points were selected outside the floodwater spreading(control areas) and vegetation were changes measured. Meanwhile, to investigate soil salinity and organic carbon changes, 8 profiles were taken from four depths ranges including 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-60 cm in the area affected by flood and sediment and some points were selected in outside floodwater spreading(control areas). The statistical results indicated that floodwater spreading have significant effects on vegetation cover and salinity reduction (in depth=0 to 10cm) while no significant effect on soil organic carbon. Generally floodwater spreading from one hand can reduce soil salinity and consequently increase amount of plant cover in arid and semi-arid regions but on the other hand, high volume of flood and deposition of sediments, reduce the efficiency of water spreading over the time.

Soil micromorphology is a branch of soil science which studies undisturbed soil samples using microscopic methods and the image analysis technique can promote speed, accuracy and ability of micromorphic studies. Soil pores due to their effect on the most of processes and properties of soils and also on interaction between soil, water and plant, have spacial importance. In this study, soil pores type and total porosity of saline-sodic soils were studied using micromorphic and Image Analysis techniques in a transect composed of eight soil profiles in the west of Urmia Lake. According to microscopic observations, pore types in these soils were vughs, channels and planar voids but Voids size and frequency in different horizons of each profile and all eight profiles were different. Average values of vughs, channels and planar voids in each thin section were about 45- 50%, 35-45% and 5-25%, respectively. Comparison between thin section description and Image Analysis showed that frequency and the range of size of pores in Image Analysis technique was greater than that of thin section description. The differences of measured total porosity between Image Analysis and thin section description in profiles 1 to 4 were 10.7, 7.83, 6.7 and 9 percent respectively. The reason of this difference is that, in thin section description technique, some of voids are too small, so they cannot be seen and are not measurable, whereas, in Image Analysis technique the measurement of size and frequency of voids were based on the number of pixels and this leads to greater values in Image analysis technique.

The salinity of water and soil is called white death in many countries, because of its importance. Generally, the quantity of leaching water, energy consumption and time usage of soil remediation procedure are important factors which affect suitable method of soil reclamation. Electrokinetic (EK) is a physical method for salt extraction such as chemical, Organic and inorganic compounds. In this study, the horizontal placement of electrodes along with leaching procedure was used in Electrokinetic remediation of a saline-alkaline soil. For this purpose, two aluminum and reticular electrodes was placed above and under the soil column as anode and cathode, respectively. The soil columns heights were 10, 20, 30 and 45 cm. Then leaching water (30 mm) every day and totally Equivalent to Four times pore water was entered to soil and properties of drain water was measured. Although, leaching procedure without applying electrokinetic technique was done as control treatment. The results showed that Electrical Conductivity (EC) of drain water and current rate was changed sinusoidal in EK. Although, PH and temperature of drain water was changed between 6.8 to 9 and 23 to 35 centigrade, respectively. Leaching of cations increased in EK technique significantly (p

Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic water, such as saline water. The aim of the present study is to propose an effective way of how to use saline water for irrigation of forage sorghum in order to save more freshwater in Sistan region To do this, an experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications in experiment field of Zabol University within 2013 spring. Treatments included: control treatment (100 % freshwater), treated with two-thirds of salty, one-half of salty, one-third of salty, 90% salty and 100% salty water. The investigated cropping indices were dry weight of stem, leaf and aerial organs of plant, plant height and leaf area index. The results indicated that one-third treatment was not significantly (p