جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "seedling establishment" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Seed priming is the simplest and the best method to increase seed germination speed.

To address this, in a study aimed at the effect of priming of different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars on various germination characteristics, in the form of a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan province in 2022. Treatments including priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. control (no fertilizer application), and different barley cultivars including Jolgeh, Bahman, Azaran, Abidar, Ghaflan, and Sahand.

The results indicated a significant effect of seed priming on the evaluated characteristics compared to the control treatment. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.117 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (85.08 Unit/ml) were obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, which were 72 and 33% more than control treatments, respectively. The highest seedling vigor index was related to the seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer (26.55), which was significantly higher than the control treatment (22.84) and other treatments. Also, the germination percentage of seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer was significantly higher (3.5%) than the control.

Considering that seed priming is a cost-effective and easy method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, seedling growth, and the quality and strength of barley seeds.

This project was carried out to study and classify the lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes during germination and seedling establishment, in Greenhouse and in two stages. First stage was carried out with 43 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity and 3 replications in factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design in a combination of non-saline and saline soil in the 1, 2-1, 1-1 and 1-2 weight ratios (respectively non-saline soil and saline soil). Second stage was carried out with 3 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity of NaCl (0, 60, 120, 180 mM) and 3 replications in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. In this project, some morphological characteristics as well as the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and proline were evaluated. Analysis of the results showed that as the salinity increased, morphological traits in most genotypes were significantly damaged. For clustering genotypes in the first experiment, cluster analysis and principal component analysis was carried out and genotypes were classified in four different groups. 4 genotypes for second experiment were selected according to the results of cluster analysis. Results showed that there was high diversity in lentil genotypes in response to salt stress, and we can use this diversity in cultivars breeding programs.

Knowledge of weed biology helps to optimize weed management strategies and avoid unnecessary weed control input by for example accurate prediction of emergence timing of the weeds. According to the available references, 200 species of dodder have been reported in the world of which 18 species are in Iran. Among the 18 reported species in Iran, Cuscuta campestris and Cuscuta monogyna cause the greatest damage to crops and horticultural products in Iran. Cuscuta monogyna (Vahl), a member of the Cuscutaceae family, is a non-specific aboveground holoparasite, and as such is totally dependent on its host plant for assimilates, nutrients and water supply. Eastern dodder is one of the important dodder species that parasite fruit trees and ornamental shrubs. Each eastern dodder plant produces greater than 3000 seeds of which low percentage germinate in the first year. In the field, dodder started to germinate in March or April when daily average soil temperatures reached 10°C, and maximum germination was observed in May or June when daily average soil temperatures reached 20°C. After germination, seedlings of Cuscuta spp. Undergo a non-parasitic phase of growth, dependent on seed reserves, for 2–3 weeks. To improve management systems for specific weed species, it is critical to have good information on seed dormancy, persistence, production, seasonal germination, seedling emergence, and variations among populations. The objective of the present study was to effect of temperature and salinity on two eastern dodder (Cuscuta monogyna Vahl) ecotypes seed germination characteristics.

In order to study the effect of salinity and temperatures on seed germination chrachteristics of two eastern dodder ecotypes experiments were conducted based on factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research Laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Faculty of Agriculture during 2015 and 2016. Treatments include salinity stress in 8 levels (0 (Control), -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1 and -1.2 Mpa) and temperature at 8 levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40oC). After 14 days, seeds in treatment solutions were no longer germinating, so all germinated seedlings were removed and un-germinated seeds of the highest salinity treatment (-1.2 Mpa NaCl) were rinsed with distilled water and placed back in their dishes with 5 mL of distilled water for 14 more days.

Results showed that with increasing salinity at each level of temperature germination rate and percentage reduced in both ecotypes, so that in potential -1.2 Mpa germination was stopped in both ecotypes. In both ecotypes germination stamped at 5, 10 and 40 ̊C temperatures in all levels of salinity. In both ecotypes the highest percentage and rate of germination were indicated at control treatment salinity and 25 and 30 ̊C temperatures. It is believed that the effect of high concentration of NaCl at high temperatures can be attributed to the toxic sodium that causes irreversible damage. According to the results Bardaskan ecotype was better than Qouchan ecotype in view of germination at high levels of temperatures and salinity treatments. The three parameter logistic model provided a satisfactory fit for the response of seed germination to NaCl concentration. The effective salinity for reducing of 50% seed germination in Qouchan ecotype at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ̊C temperatures were -0.79, -0.86, -0.87, -0.77 and -0.68 Mpa and in Bardaskan ecotype were -0.93, -0.93, -0.95, -0.90 and -0.75 Mpa respectively. Recovering the ungerminated seeds from the salinity level of -1.2 Mpa and reincubating them with distilled water resulted in a germination of 70% in both ecotypes, indicating that enforced seed dormancy was mainly because of an osmotic effect, as opposed to toxicity owing to an ionic effect.

This study shows that eastern dodder has capacity to survive and reproduce even under a higher temperature and higher degree of salinity stress. The information of this study would be helpful for estimating the potential of this species to spread to new areas and for the improvement of this parasitic weed species management programs. As is evident from these experiments, the effective, long-term reduction of eastern dodder populations will require the use of an integrated weed management approach.

This study evaluated different methods of improving seed germination in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated four times. Treatments were consisting of distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature, hot water 80 Ċ for 5 min, potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 1 and 2% for 24 h, sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 5 min, sulphuric acid (50% H2SO4) for 10 min and control (seeds were not treated). Results showed that the greatest percentage and speed germination and was observed in treatment of sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 5 min. The lowest Mean time to germination was obtained in sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 5 min followed by potassium nitrate at 1% . Maximum seed vigour index was observed in sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 5 min that had no had no significant difference with sulphuric acid (50% H2SO4) for 10 min and potassium nitrate (1 and 2%) for 24h. pre-treatment of distilled water and hot water were not effective in improving seed germination of tamarind. The highest number leaf, length of shoot and root, fresh and dry weight of stem and root was observed in potassium nitrate at 1% for 24h followed by potassium nitrate at 2%. Therefore, the results showed that pre-treatment of seed with potassium nitrate 1% for 24h is effective way to improve seed germination and early growth of tamarind.

About 6.8 million hectares of agricultural lands in the country have different degrees of salinity, of which 4.3 million hectares have only salinity limits. The response of plants to salt stress is complex and depends on various factors such as concentration and type of solutes, plant species, plant growth stage and environmental factors. The use of salinity tolerant cultivars is currently one of the most effective ways to exploit and increase yield in saline and low saline soils. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a native plant of the Andean region of South America that was cultivated there from 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2002) designated Quinoa as one of the most important crops for food security of the world's population in the last century. Most Quinoa cultivars are capable of growing in salinity at concentrations of 40 (dSm-1) and even higher. This salinity is too high for most crops. Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the nutrient solution, followed by increasing the osmotic potential, adsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions during seed germination causes cell damage and ultimately inhibits or reduces germination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity caused by the use of poor quality water on yield and yield components of Quinoa as well as germination components of different Quinoa cultivars.

This study was carried out in cultivation in controlled environment (germination apparatus) at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, in order to evaluate the reaction of cultivars and genotypes to salt stress conditions. In the experiment conducted under controlled conditions, the experimental treatments included salinity (NaCl) at six levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dSm-1) and three genotypes and genotypes of Quinoa (Giz, Titicaca, Q26) was performed as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. To find plant respanses and chose the best one using seed number and germination rate, percentage and germination rate, seed Vigor index, mean germination time, time to 10% germination, time to 50% germination and time to 90% germination were calculated according to the equations.

The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on germination percentage and rate, and other measured germination indices (p < 0.01). Interaction of cultivar and salinity stress on root length, stem length, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, seed vigor index, germination uniformity, D10, D50 at 1% and germination percentage at 5% were significant. With increasing salinity levels from the control treatment to the highest salinity level (50 dSm-1), the decreasing trend of root and shoot length as well as root and shoot dry weight was observed. Titicaca showed the highest germination percentage and the highest seed vigor index in control treatment. In the salinity-free treatment, Titicaca showed the best and worst yield in Q26 at 50 (dSm-1) for 10% germination. Among other cultivars, Titicaca showed the highest root and shoot length and the lowest root and shoot length at 50 (dSm-1) under non-salinity stress conditions. Titicaca cultivar had the highest and Giz cultivar had the lowest germination and root dry weight. Titicaca cultivar in control treatment showed the highest root and shoot length with an average of 5.53 and 5.57 cm, respectively, while in salinity treatment of 50 dS/m-1 with an average of 0.4 and 0.3 cm minimum root and shoot length. Also, the best uniformity in germination with 20.2 hours was observed in Titicaca cultivar in control treatment.

At low salinity levels, acceptable yield was observed but in sever salinity condition most of the crops could not grow during the phenological stages. According to the results of this study and the study of quinoa behavior and high tolerance of the plant in the germination stage in the face of salinity stress, to improve salinity resistance in crops through breeding programs, and further study of salinity defense mechanisms in susceptible cultivars It is recommended. It seems that despite the significant effectiveness of all three cultivars and significant reduction in germination indices at high salinity levels Titicaca cultivar had a higher tolerance threshold than the other two cultivars, indicating the diversity of cultivars in response to physiological processes to salinity stress. It is also possible to use this cultivar with further research into breeding and breeding programs of other sensitive quinoa cultivars.

The present study was conducted to improve root, shoots growth, and seedling quality index of milkweed (Calotropis procera) using biopriming bacteria Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) strain 169. An experiment was performed with two levels of inoculum including control and rhizospheric bacteria and three growth periods of one, two, and three months, using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications. Biopriming results showed that seedlings obtained from bacterial priming in one-month, two-month, and three-month periods compared to the control, increased 707.5, 1823.1 and 47.6% in root volume; 654.6, 1798.6 and 40.3% in root area; 270.6, 38.5, and 6.6% in fresh weight of stem and 58.5, 19.3 and 2.5% in seedling height, respectively. The highest value of the quality index was observed in seedlings inoculated with the bacterium in the third month. The results of Pearson correlation showed that the parameters of aerial parts such as height, collar diameter, and stem weight were significantly correlated with each other, except root length and root dry weight. Results revealed that the priming of rhizosphere bacteria used in this study had a positive effect on improving the growth parameters of milkweed seedlings. Therefore, it is suggested that more research be done on the coexistence of rhizosphere bacteria in different plants and the interaction of their effects so that this technique can be used more for plant production and desertification.

This study evaluated different methods of improving seed germination in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) of Medjool cultivar. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated four times. Treatments were consisting of distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature, potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 0.5 and 1% for 24 h, sulphuric acid (50% H2SO4) for 3 min, sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 3, 5 and 10 min, boiling water for 5 and 10 min and control(seeds were not treated). The best seed germination and seedling growth were obtained in seed soaking treatments in distilled water and potassium nitrate. The greatest percentage and speed germination was observed in treatment of potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 0.5 % for 24 h. The seeds treated with boiling water for 5 and 10 min and sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4) for 3, 5 and 10 min, did not germinate at all. The lowest Mean time to germination was obtained in distilled water for 24h that had no significant difference with distilled water for 48h, potassium nitrate (0.5 and 1%) for 24h. The highest fresh and dry weight of stem was observed in distilled water for 48 h treatment. The greatest root length was related to control, distilled water (48h) and potassium nitrate (1%) treatments. There was no significant difference between the treatments in shoot height. Therefore, pre-treatment of seeds with distilled water or potassium nitrate effective way to improve seed germination of date palm.

The effect of environmental factors on the developmental stages of a plant causes the planting date to vary from one region to another. Temperature is a very important factor in the maximum percentage germination and germination rate. Priming improves germination rate, brings about the uniformity of germination and reduces seed susceptibility to environmental factors. The purposes of this experiment were to study the effects of priming treatments at different temperatures on the germination characteristics of Hibiscus sabdariffa under laboratory conditions,  to investigate priming treatments on different planting dates and to compare early planting dates on the farms.

The experimental study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in the Laboratory of Seed Technology of Kashmar University Jihad. The first factor is five primings (Concentrations of ZnSO4 (10 mM), Humic acid (2.5 cc) and the combination of Humic acid and Zinc sulfate, Biological materials (Pota Barvar 2), no treatment (control) and the second factor is five levels of temperature: 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 °C. Field studies were carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kashmar in three separate experiments in 2018. The research was carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replications on three planting dates (March 25th, April 15th, and May 4th, 2018). In each experiment, priming treatments were applied similarly to field experiments.

The results of the current experimental study showed that temperature, priming and temperature interaction with priming had a significant effect on all the traits studied. The highest percentage and rate of germination were observed at 18 °C and priming with Pota Barvar 2. The results also showed that planting date had a significant effect on all the traits studied in the field experiment. Priming showed a significant difference only in stem fresh weight. The interaction effect of priming and planting date was not significant for the traits studied. The highest germination percentage was obtained on April 15’s planting date. By planting later than March 25 to 15 April, a decrease of 74% was observed in the rate of germination. Among priming treatments, the combination of Zinc Sulfate and Humic acid showed a significant superiority, compared with other treatments.

The findigns suggest that due to the high sensitivity of seed germination of sour tea at low temperatures, the planting date in each area should be carefully chosen so that it does not coincide with temperatures below 18 °C.

IntroductionDrought and salinity are major environmental factors that influence crop productivity worldwide .Plants are normally subjected to a combination of various types of abiotic stresses in nature, such as the combined effects of drought and salinity .Studies have revealed that the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to the interaction of drought and salinity are unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the responses to the two stresses individually.Storage of orthodox seeds for prolonged period induces their deterioration leading ultimately to loss of their viability. The rate of seed deterioration varies among plant species and seed lots, but high moisture content and high temperature accelerate this process. During long-term storage, all seeds undergo aging processes leading to deterioration in seed quality, especially in the humid tropical regions. However, the rate of seed deterioration can vary among various plant species. When aged seeds are sown, they show decreased viability, lower germinability performance, and produce weak seedlings which could not manage to survive in their habitat. Seed priming (osmoconditioning) has been successfully demonstrated to improve seed germination and seedling establishment for many field crops.The beneficial effects of priming have also been demonstrated on germination and seed emergence, as well as seedling establishment of many crops, particularly under drought and salt stress.Use of chemical compounds as priming agents has been found to improve plant tolerancesignificantly in various crop and non-crop species against a range of different individually applied abiotic stresses.Melatonin, due to its pleiotropic effects can play important roles in improving plant tolerance to adverse conditions.Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the prospective oilseed crops because it yields about 32–40 % seed oil. However, due to its considerable salt resistance than commonly grown oilseed crops, it is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions where soil salinity is one of the major threats to agriculture.Drought is very unpredictable among abiotic stresses in terms to occurrence, severity, timing. and duration and safflower can be a promising alternate crop in dryland agro-ecosystems due to its growth potential under water stress without a substantial reduction of oil and seed yields. Safflower cultivation constitutes a more profitable crop for the farmers in some countries, compared to other conventional crops such as barley, lentil, and chickpea.The fact that safflower can overcome environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and salinity has facilitated its expansion in areas around the world, where soil and climatic restrictions have impeded the cultivation of conventional food and cash crops.In particular, safflower has demonstrated drought resistance with a slight decrease in crop yield and significant stability in water use efficiency Materials and methods In order to study the effect of seed priming of naturally aged seed by melatonin on seedling emergence and growth characteristic of safflower, three experiments were conducted at seed science technology laboratory, greenhouse and research farm of Aburaihan Campus, the University of Tehran in 2017. The experimental design for all experiment was factorial in completely randomized design (laboratory) and randomized complete block design (research farm and greenhouse) with 4 replicates. The main treatments that common between experiments consist of seed quality (1-naturally aged seed 2- new seed) and seed priming (1-without priming 2- hydropriming 3- Melatonin 0.1 mM 4- Melatonin 0.5 mM). Soil water was determined based on soil moisture release curve, which indicates the relationship between soil water potential andsoil moisture content. Prior to the pot experiments, three samples of wet soil (wet soil = drysoil ? soil moisture content) were dried and soil moisture content at the beginning of experiment was determined.Then pots were equally filled with wet soil. Two pots were considered as references and were weighted each day: one for drought stress and one for other abiotic stresses. The soil moisture content could be obtainable after weighing and it was possible to calculate soil water potential from soil moisture release curve. Results and discussionThe results of this research indicated that the highest percentage of seedling emergence of naturally aged seed obtained by hydropriming and melatonin priming at 0.1 mM by %54.50 and %57.50 that increased the seedling emergence up to %39.74 and %47 respectively, in comparison to control in the farm condition. Also, the results showed that highest percentage of seedling emergence under drought condition belong to melatonin priming at 0.1 mM concentration that increased the seedling emergence up to %154 in comparison to control in the greenhouse condition. The results of this experiment indicated melatonin priming at 0.1 mM concentration led to the highest rate and percentage of seedling emergence under salinity and combination of salinity and drought condition while melatonin priming at 0.5 mM concentration has decreased the rate of seedling emergence.ConclusionsIn general, using of seed priming as a cost-effective method also hydropriming and melatonin priming could enhance the seed quality for growth under salinity and drought conditions.

Forest soil compaction influenced by the use of skidders machineries, its power and weight, then causes changes on specific physical characteristics of soil. In most of the investigations, the negative effects of skidder traffic is reduction in growth of trees. The aim of this research was investigating the effects of number of skidder traffic in different skidding direction (uphill and downhill skidding) on soil compaction and forest seedlings establishment, through using rubber–tired skidder, the Timber jack 450c in compartments 9 and 11 series of the Dehmian exploitation corporation Choob-e-Farim company. The number of traffic at five levels (0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15 and >15 passes) and two levels of skidding directions (uphill and downhill) were measured. After logging operations, sample plots with 9m2 size were recorded within the skidding trails. Bulk density, seedling density and root volume were measured on the disturbed surface and within the skidding trails. Results showed that the most bulk density increase was occurred during the first few passes of skidder (1-5 traffic). The increases in bulk density were considerable at the sampling depth of 20-30 cm. Uphill skidding soil compaction were higher (1/24 gr/cm3) than downhill skidding (1/19 gr/cm3). Uphill and downhill skidding directions did not affect the seedlings density. Traffics by more than 10 times at uphill and downhill skidding reduced the seedlings density and growth. The number of allowed traffics in uphill and downhill determined 7-8 and 11-12 times respectively.

Percentage and rate of seed germination in laboratory are usually different from field, especially under rainfed conditions. Therefore, to assessment of standard germination test to predict seedling emergence and establishment of lentil, two separate experiments were conducted under laboratory and farm conditions. Eight lentil seed lots (includes four cultivars Kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Local with different storage periods) were evaluated by the standard germination test and the rainfed farm and some indices related to seedling emergence (includes seedling emergence rate, mean time to emergence, mean daily emergence and final emergence percentage) were measured. The results of the laboratory and the farm tests showed that the seed lots were different significantly in terms of seed and seedling vigor characteristics. The correlation coefficients illustrated that the final germination percentage, the normal seedling percentage and the seed storage usage in laboratory test had positive correlations with the seedling emergence percentage in the farm experiment. The mean daily germination and the germination rate in the laboratory test had the positive correlations with the seedling emergence rate in the farm test. So it seems that, the above mentioned traits in standard germination test can use to predict seedling emergence of lentil in rainfed farm.

Accurate prediction of seedling emergence in the field is crucial for the performance of growth models. In order to determine thresholds of seedling emergence response to temperature, two replicated field experiments were carried out at Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. In these experiments, seedling emergence of two spring canola cultivars (Hyola 401 and Sarigol) was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in fifteen planting dates (as environment). Thermal-time model was developed based on the Weibull probability distribution function, and thermal thresholds for seedling emergence response of two spring canola cultivars in field conditions was modeled based on this function. Based on model outputs, the base temperature for seedling emergence (Tb) was estimated to be 5.83 °C in the hybrid Hyola 401 and 4.16 °C in the cultivar Sarigol. The thermal-time required to initiate seedling emergence at sub-optimal temperature range (θT(0)) and the thermal-time needed to complete seedling emergence at supra-optimal temperature regimes without significant differences between two cultivars was estimated to be 55.5 and 5.65 °C d, respectively. Maximum temperature for the 50% probability of the thermoinhibition of seedling emergence (Tm(50)) in hybrid Hyola 401 and cultivar Sarigol was estimated to be 33.02 and 33.30 °C, respectively. The optimum temperature for 50% seedling emergence in the field (To(50)) for hybrid Hyola 401 and cultivar Sarigol was determined to be 30.99 and 31.22 °C, respectively.

To study the effects of artificial seed ageing on germination indices in the laboratory condition and seedling establishment and yield of two red kidney bean genotypes in the field condition, an experiment was carried out at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2011. The two experiment design, were as factorial with four replications arranged in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) and complete randomized design (CRD) for field and laboratory condition, respectively. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of seed ageing – 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 days seed ageing – and two red bean genotypes (Akhtar and Sayyad). Results showed that germination percentage, germination rate, normal seedling and seedling vigor index significantly decreased by seed ageing treatment in standard germination test. Also, seed ageing significantly decreased germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length and dry weight, normal seedling and seedling vigor index in accelerated ageing test. Studied genotypes was different in terms of germination percentage, germination rate, normal seedling, seedling length, seedling vigor index and electrical conductivity test. In the electrical conductivity test, seed leakage increased by increment of seed ageing level and is sever in Akhtar compared to Sayyad. In the field condition, seedling emergence and grain yield significantly affected by genotype and seed ageing. Seedling emergence index, seedling establishment percentage and grain yield decreased by seed ageing treatment that was severe in Akhtar than that of Sayyad genotype.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) is one of the most important pulse crops in the world. High protein content in lentil seed (about 20-28%) makes it as a good food source for developing countries and low-income people. In the west of Iran, such as Kermanshah Province, lentil is an important pulse crop of rain-fed systems, traditionally grown in rotation with wheat and barley. Many seed tests have been proposed to evaluation of seed vigor, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, hiltner test, tetrazolium test, controlled deterioration test, accelerated aging test, osmotic stress test, etc. To osmotic stress test, the seeds germinate at a specific osmotic potential. Osmotic potential is prepared by various chemicals such as sodium chloride, glycerol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or mannitol. Some of these chemicals enter the seed during germination. But PEG has the ability to reduce the osmotic potential of the solution without entering the seed. Therefore, it is often used for osmotic stress test to prepare the solution. Regarding the fact that smotic stress test to predict seedling emergence in the field for common lentil cultivars has not been carried out under dry land conditions of Iran. Therefore, in the present study, the relationship between osmotic stress test and emergence and establishment of lentil seedlings in the field was investigated.

This research was carried out in two experiments in the laboratory and the field at Razi University during 2015. In laboratory, osmotic stress test was done as a factorial based on CRD with three replications. Treatments included eight lentil seed lots and four osmotic stress levels (0, -3, -6 and -9 bar). Eight lentil seed lots belonging to the four cultivars Kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Local which were different in seed age were considered for testing. PEG-6000 solution was used to prepare osmotic potential. The seeds germinated at 20 ± 1 °C. During germination, various traits related to seed vigor were investigated. In the field, eight above mentioned lentil seed lots were planted as rainfed in RCBD with three replications. Each plot consisted of four rows at intervals of 25 cm, seed spacing 2.5 cm and sowing depth 4-5 cm. The seeding date was March 2014. The first rainfall after planting was considered as seeding date. By observing the first emergence of seedlings in the field, the seedlings were counted daily in each plot, and counting continued until the number of seedlings was fixed. In the field, indices related to the seedling vigor were studied.

Analysis of variance for osmotic stress test showed that the effects of seed lot, osmotic potential and their interaction were significant on most traits. Mean comparisons showed that with decreasing of osmotic potential from 0 to -6 bar, the final germination percentage, germination rate and other characteristics related to seed vigor decreased. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons in field experiment showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of the traits final emergence percentage, mean daily emergence, mean time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. In orthogonal comparisons of laboratory and field tests, new seed lots had higher germination and emergence characteristics than stored seed lots. Correlation analysis showed that in the osmotic potential 0 bar traits of the use of seed storage, root and stem dry weight; at -3 bar traits of the mean daily germination and the use of seed storage; at -6 bar traits of the mean daily germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage and the use of seed storage had positive and significant correlations with the seedling emergence percentage in the field. In the osmotic potential 0 bar, traits of the germination rate, seed vigor index, stem length, root and stem dry weight; at -3 bar traits of the final germination percentage, mean daily germination, germination rate and normal seedling percentage; at -6 bar traits of the final germination percentage, mean daily germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage and seedling vigor index showed higher correlations with the seedling emergence rate in the field.

The highest positive and significant correlations were observed between seedling emergence percentage in the field with the osmotic stress test associated with mean daily germination and normal seedling percentage in -6 bar. Also, the highest positive and significant correlations were observed between seedling emergence rate in the field with the osmotic stress test associated with mean daily germination, germination rate and normal seedling percentage in -6 bar. Therefore, it seems that osmotic stress test at -6 bar can predict the emergence of lentil seedlings in the field under rainfed conditions.

Mycorrhiza can be used as an efficient tool to increase nutrients productivity to achieve sustainable agriculture. This experiment conducted to investigate the interaction of phosphorus and mycorrhiza on growth characteristics and production of mini-tuber and nutrients uptake of seedlings under greenhouse condition. The experiment was arranged as factorial in completely randomized design with three replications in agricultural and natural resource research center of Hamadan in 2015. First factor included of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizophagus irregularis, (inoculated and non-inoculated) and the second factor was the amount of phosphorus (0.965, 0.482, 0.241 and 0.12 mM phosphorus according to H2PO-4 in Hoagland solution (100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of Hoagland complete phosphorus concentration (HCPC), respectively). The results showed that the maximum values of seedling establishment (98.3%), number of leaves (13.3), the number of mini-tubers (8.9), the total weight of mini-tubers per plant (53.2 g), shoot height (54.6 cm), phosphorus in mini-tubers dry matter (%0.38) and leaves (%0.363) observed in phosphorus 75% HCPC and inoculation treatment and no significant differences was seen relative to phosphorus 100% HCPC and inoculation treatment. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the mini-tubers and leaves nitrogen, dry matter and weight of mini-tuber relative to non-inoculated treatments. Generally, respect to that there was no significant difference between 75% and 100% phosphorus in inoculation treatment, the applying of mycorrhizal fungi can reduce agricultural inputs consumption without any significant decrease in yield.

In this research, the effect of concentration and time of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and early growth and it’s application methods under salinity stress conditions on phenology characteristics of barley, variety Reyhan, was studied in two separate experiments. The effect of concentration (in five levels, control, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) and time (in three levels, 6, 12 and 24 h) of seed priming by salicylic acid (SA) in the first experiment and different application methods of SA (no application, priming and spraying at the stages of establishment, double ridges and anthesis) under different salinity conditions (no stress and salinity of 6 and 12 dS.m-1)in the second experiment was evaluated. Both experiments were conducted as completely randomized design with four replications at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, in 2014. The results of the first experiment showed that SA-priming with 1.5 mM for 12 h had the highest positive effect on germination and early growth, which was selected for the second experiment. The results of the second experiment showed that salinity stress of 6 dS.m-1 reduced the planting to anthesis period as well as planting to physiological ripening and 12 dS.m-1salinity stress also reduced the planting to booting, planting to anthesis and planting to physiological ripeningperiods. Seed priming with SA prolonged the growth periods, whereas the delay in SA application decreased its positive effect. Foliar application at establishment increased planting to booting, planting to anthesis as well as planting to physiological ripening periods,however foliar application at anthesis had no significant effect on phenology of barley plants. In total, seed priming or foliar application at establishment at early growth stages ameliorated the acceleration of the developmental stages due to salinity stress and early application of SA was found to be more important with increasing salinity stress.

This study aimed to determine the role of seed priming on different methods of rice cultivation was performed. A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the experimental field of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, Iran, duringtwo years (2013 and 2014). The experimental factors were included two rice varieties (KhazarandHashemi) and ten cultivation methods (eight priming, combined with seed tape technology plus two treatments, linear direct seeding and transplanting). The measured characteristics were including characteristics of seeds and seedlings in the lab and other phenological and morphological characteristics. Also, the descriptions of the three planting methods were discussed (direct seeding with seed tap technology, linear direct seeding and transplanting). The combined analysis of variance showed that seed priming had significant effects on seed and seedling traits. Most of seedling establishment in the field was related to dry seed treatment. There was no significant seed priming effect on yield, while there was significant impacts of cultivar, the interaction between cultivar and priming on yield. Most grain yield was, Khazar cultivar of transplantation treat, and in Hashem cultivar was in seed priming treat with calcium chloride. results showed that the direct seeding using seed tap technology, declined by 11 percent during the growing season, 32% of the number of workers, the experiment was better than transplanting method. The overall result of this experiment showed that direct seeding with seed tap technology can be 12 percent reduced in rice production cost.

In order to investigate and determine the best laboratory test for predicting seedling emergence of canola (Brassica napus L.) in field conditions, two experiments were conducted using three canola cultivars (RG003, Sarigol and Zarfam). In the first experiment, different laboratory tests including standard germination (SG), germination rate (GR), seedling dry weight (SDW), seedling length (SL), accelerated aging (AA) and electrical conductivity (EC) were conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. In the second experiment a randomized complete block design with three replications was used in field conditions. The results indicated that there was not any significant differences between cultivars in terms of SG and GR. Similarly, there was not significant differences between cultivars in terms of SDW, SL and EC after AA for 24 hours at 41 °C. But, GR, EC, SL and SG after AA for 24 and 48 hours at 41 °C showed significant differences among the cultivars. Generally, the results of this study indicated that EC, SG and AA for 24 and 48 at 41 °C can well predict the percentage of canola seedling emergence in field conditions. Therefore, these tests can be suggested for prediction of canola seedling emergence

One of the methods of biological sand dune stabilization and reclamation of desert, Planting resistant species in areas of bare and covered with dry conditions. One of the plants used for the purpose of is Atriplex canescens. Considering that the successful establishment of plants in arid regions is a prerequisite for the success of the restoration area and since the medium first is where the young seedlings in the field of natural encounters, Therefore, the effect of soil factors on the establishment of Atriplex canescens research in in two planted areas with Atriplex in Omrani Gharbi of Gonabad city and Chah Goji of Mahvelat city. Data Measurements of vegetation (Crown diameter, canopy volume, production&…) and soil parameters (EC، pH, Nitrogen, carbon, texture &…) in each region was evaluated by Minitab software with two-sample t-test. The results of this study showing, soil parameters, including increasing soil Saturation percentage, reducing soil reaction and increase the amount of carbon and nitrogen in furrow cultivation and low electrical conductivity in the hole is filled with sediments and fine-grained texture in two types of cultivation can improve the growth of Atriplex. As well as soil saintly does not effect on the viability of this plant.