جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محلول پاشی" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

The Fe iron significantly affects the quantity and quality of agricultural production. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in iron absorption. Iron is one of the essential elements for plant growth and plays an essential role in chloroplasts. Due to iron deficiency, the activity of several enzymes such as catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and ferroxin is significantly reduced. The amount of iron in the soil is high, but plants only absorb two-capacity of soluble soil, which is negligible compared to the total iron. Soil environmental conditions affect the amount of iron by the plant, so it is difficult to control the uptake of iron by the plant. It has the highest ability to absorb iron and manganese at a pH less than six. For this reason, acetic acid was used to stabilize the pH of the solution. Acetic acid has all the properties of an acid. Acetic acid is a polar solvent and an organic compound. The use of inexpensive organic acid and citric acid in agriculture, despite its positive effects on calcareous soils and their reasonable price, is still not common in Iran. Acetic acid has a carboxylic group and therefore has all the properties of an acid.

The pH solution plays a role in absorbing iron elements. This experiment was carried out in the form of a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design on a strawberry plant of diamant cultivar in the research station of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during the years 2015-2017. Ardabil City in northwest Iran is located between Sablan and Baghrou mountain ranges. Due to its high altitude and mountainous nature, this city is colder than other cities in Iran and is considered one of the semi-arid cold regions. The average rainfall of this city is reported to be 400 mm. Factors included acetic acid (zero, one, two, and three percent), iron in two levels (sequestration 25 gr and nano one gr), and two levels of agricultural soap agents (zero and 7.5 %) as foliar spraying. Foliar application of pH nutrient solution from the three-leaf stage of the plant (mid-April) to the end of May, a total of five times 10 days apart in both years, was done. Two weeks after the last foliar application (June of the second year) plant growth indices included leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight. Root length, flower-to-fruit ratio, chlorophyll greenery a, b, and total, leaf iron content and fruit yield per plant were measured.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the three-way effect of treatments in all studied traits except root length and yield at one percent probability level on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll a, b and total at five percent probability level on fresh weight and root dryness, flower to fruit ratio and leaf iron content were statistically significant. The three-way interaction of acetic acid, iron, and agricultural soap data showed that the highest leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, ratio of flowers to fruits, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and the amount of leaf iron related to the treatment acetic acid two percent of sequestration iron in combination with agricultural soap (7.5 %) and in chlorophyll a, it was related to the treatment of acetic acid one percent of sequestrin iron in combination with agricultural soap. The lowest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh root weight and dry root, flower-to-fruit ratio, and leaf iron content were related to the treatment of acetic acid zero with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). The lowest Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were related to the treatment of acetic Acid three percent with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). In addition, the interaction between acetic acid and iron at the level of five percent probability on root length and yield was significant.

It can be concluded that acetic acid two percent on the absorption of iron fertilizer, along with agricultural soap (7.5 %) application, has better results than other treatments and qualitative traits of strawberry fruit. In general, it can be concluded that the pH of the nutrient iron solution can improve plant growth and crop yield. The iron level of sequestration iron with two percent acetic acid with agricultural soap 7.5 % due to increasing the bicarbonate of the soil in the Ardabil region has caused the absorption of nutrient elements, especially iron by strawberries. The shelf life of the solution on the leaf surface had a more favorable effect on most growth indices in the strawberry Diamant cultivar in Ardabil soil conditions.

This experiment was carried out in a field near the village of Takhshi Mahalle, located 5 km northwest of Gorgan city with geographical coordinates (54° 17´ 56 ʺ N) (52° 51´ 36 ʺ E) in 2022. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured at a depth of 0-30 cm in different parts of the farm and the final composite soil was analyzed in the laboratory. Water was measured using conventional methods of sampling and testing water and wastewater. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments included control (with distilled water), foliar spraying of iron sulfate micronutrient elements [FeSO4.7H2O (20%Fe)], zinc sulfate [ZnSO4.7H2O (22% Zn)], and iron sulfate + zinc sulfate at a concentration of 5 per thousand at the 4-leaf stage, the 8-leaf stage and both stages (4-leaf and 8-leaf). Foliar spraying was done in the early morning and drip irrigation was used. Plants were harvested 120 days after planting, washed with distilled water and dried with tissue paper. The samples were air-dried and then oven dried at 70˚C to a constant weight in a forced air-driven oven. Iron and zinc concentrations were determined by an atomic absorption device. In order to determine the protein percentage and yield in different treatments, total nitrogen was measured by the Kjeldahl method. The protein percentage and yield were calculated using the following formula:  
Statistical data were analysed using SAS software (9.4) and the mean values were compared using LSD tests (at 5% level).

The obtained results showed that all treatments effects were significant (P<0.01) (fresh forage P<0.05). Among all the treatments and measured traits, the control treatment showed the lowest value. The highest iron concentration with an average of 175.14 mg kg-1 was obtained using iron foliar spraying in both 8 and 4 leaf stages, which increased 22.73 and 34.39% in comparison with only using iron foliar application in 4 and 8 leaf stages, respectively. Zinc foliar spraying at both the 4 and 8 leaf stages resulted in the highest zinc concentration of 71.02 mg kg-1 in forage corn, increasing zinc concentration by 89.86% over the control. In both 4 and 8 leaf stages, an iron and zinc foliar application had the highest chlorophyll index with an average of 57.63. The highest nitrogen content, averaging 2.80%, was observed following foliar spraying of iron and zinc during both the 4 and 8 leaf stages. This represents an increase of 5% and 23.92% compared to iron and zinc foliar application treatments during the respective stages. Consequently, the highest yield and protein percentage were also attained, averaging 310.75 grams per square meter and 17.50%, respectively, with simultaneous foliar application of iron and zinc during both the 4 and 8 leaf stages. 

The optimal outcomes for measured traits were observed when iron and zinc were concurrently applied at both the 4 and 8 leaf stages. Therefore, it is advisable to administer iron and zinc simultaneously during these growth stages to ensure the attainment of forage with desirable quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

One of the effective and necessary factors during plant growth period is plant nutrition and management of fertilizer resources. Nowadays, the use of nanotechnology in the preparation of nanofertilizers is popular. This research aims to investigate the effect of spraying nanofertilizers of potassium and boron on the growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.). For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2021-2022 was conducted in a field experiment at the Misan University of Iraq. The factors were three levels of boron (0, 1 and 2 mg liter-1) and three levels of potassium (0, 4 and 8 mg liter-1). The results showed that the use of nanoboron and potassium spraying led to an improvement in crop growth parameters of mungbean. So that potassium spraying with 2 and 8 mg liter-1 led to a significant increase in the number of branches plant-1, the number of pods per plant, and grain yield in the plant compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the application of boron in the plant at the highest concentration (2 mg liter-1) increased the grain yield per hectare, the number of seeds per pod, pod length and protein yield significantly compared to the control treatment (no boron spraying). In general, it can be said that the simultaneous spraying nanofertilizers of potassium and boron on the mungbean plant showed a more significant effect on growth and plant yield, compared to the application of nanopotassium and nanoboron alone.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a woody and perennial plant. Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that have the adverse effects on growth, development and other metabolic processes of the plant. In this regard, it is necessary to use targeted methods to deal with dehydration, therefore, this study was conducted based on the evaluate the rate of changes in hyssop treated with transpiration-reducing compounds such as kaolin and chitosan as well as the amino acid glycine under drought stress. This research was conducted as a factorial split plots experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, during 2016-2017 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Yazd Province. Experimental factors include the drought stress at 3 levels (25, 50 and 75% of the the available water discharge from the soil), the foliar application at 4 levels [water (control), kaolin (2.5%), chitosan (0.4 g/l) ), glycine amino acid glycine (2.5 per thousand)] and the foliar application time (vegetative and flowering, just flowering). The results showed that in the control stress treatment ( 25% of the the available water discharge from the soil), the foliar application of glycine and kaolin, increased the canopy diameter by 30.59% and 27.21%. Also the chitosan and kaolin spraying at flowering time decreased the electrolyte leakage by 6.1% and 6.3%. The highest canopy diameter was obtained on th the interaction of the control stress and glycine amino acid (619 cm2) and the lowest leakage was obtained on the interaction of control stress and the foliar application of chitosan and kaolin at flowering. The increasing drought stress until the level of 50%, increase of 4.79% in chlorophyll a and the total chlorophyll and the highest chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll (153 and 216 mg/g FW) respectively were observed in the foliar application of control at vegetation and flowering. The increasing the amount of available water discharge to the level of 75%, a decreasing trend in the amount of leaf area (91%) dry weight (51.95%), chlorophyll a (34.64%), chlorophyll b (43.86%) and total chlorophyll (32.87%), also an increasing trend in superoxide dismutase activity (25.92%) was observed. The highest leaf area in the interaction of control stress and the foliar application of control (4947cm2) at flowering, dry weight (140.5 g/m2), chlorophyll b (69.3 mg/g FW) in the interaction of control stress and the foliar application of control and superoxide dismutase activity in the interaction of sever stress and foliar application of kaolin (0.34 (U. mg protein -1. min -1) at vegetation and flowering Was obtained. Also, the foliar application of control, kaolin and chitosan at vegetation and flowering compared to other experimental treatments had the greatest effect on chlorophyll b, canopy diameter and dry weight. Drought stress reduced the amount of morphological parameters. This decrease had less negative effects on physiological parameters, so the mentioned parameters had an increasing trend to the mild stress level and a decreasing trend was observed with the increase of dryness up to the sever level The severe stress also increased biochemical parameters. Foliar application with glycine and chitosan at vegetation and flowering was effective in increasing morphological parameters dependent on growth and foliar application of chitosan and kaolin during flowering as well as kaolin spraying during vegetation and flowering played a useful role in increasing the biochemical parameters related to the antioxidant activity of plant to. Due to the changes in the hyssop, the application of this substances can be recommended to reduce the adverse effects of stress on other medicinal plants

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers devastates soil fertility and causes different types of environmental pollution. Therefore, using adequate eco-friendly fertilizers in agriculture enhances productivity but has no adverse effect on nature. Recently, there has been reported that beneficial soil microbes produce some volatile organic compounds, which are beneficial to plants. The amendment of these microbes with locally available organic materials and nanoparticles is currently used to formulate biofertilizers for increasing plant productivity. These bacteria are naturally present in soils, but their population decreases for a long time because of long-term environmental stress, improper use of chemical agents, and the absence of a suitable host plant. Adding these bacteria to the soil, before or during the growing season, increases the growth and production of agricultural products. Since available water is the main growth limiting factor in chickpea cultivation, it is useful to improve nutrition, especially using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, for accelerating the growth and development of plants at the end of the season.
In order to evaluate the effect of bio-nutrition and seed priming on growth and yield of chickpea genotypes (MCC463, MCC741, ILC8617, ILC72, FLIP02-51C) an experiment was carried in split plots based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2019. Experimental factors included nutritional treatments as the main plots and chickpea genotypes as the subplots. Nutritional treatments were 1- seed priming with the use of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria (P + BF), 2- free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria before sowing (BF), 3- seed priming with the application of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria with foliar application of amino acid, potassium and silicon during growth stages (P + BF + F), 4- application of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria before planting with foliar application of amino acid, potassium and silicon during growth stages (BF + F), and 5- control (without biological and chemical fertilizers). Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria were sprayed five liters per hectare on the soil surface before planting with 107 CFU per ml and mixed with soil. Foliar application with amino acid (1:1000) was done in two stages (before flowering and 50% flowering stage), and foliar application with potassium (1:1000) and silicon (1.5:1000) was carried out in the 50% flowering stage.
Results showed that the highest concentration of chlorophyll a was obtained for BF and MCC463 with an increase of 3.1 times greater than control. The highest concentration of chlorophyll b was obtained for BF + F and FLIP02-51. The highest green area index was recorded for MCC741 in P + BF. The highest number of pods per plant in MCC463 and FLIP02-51 was observed in BF + F, with 88 and 30% more than the control, respectively. The highest biomass produced was obtained for ILC8617 and BF + F, by 24% higher than the control. ILC72 and MCC463 showed the highest grain yield in P + BF + F treatment, which increased grain yield by 35% and 4% (320 and 50 kg/ha), respectively, with respect to control. MCC741under BF treatment showed a doubled (810 kg/ha) grain yield relative to control. The highest grain yield for P + BF was found in ILC8617 and increased by 28% (340 kg/ha) as compared to control. In this genotype, grain yield in BF + F was also significantly greater than that in the control by 22%, (270 kg/ha). FLIP02-51 grain yield in BF increased by 12% (170 kg/ha) as compared with the control.
In terms of seed yield, ILC72 and MCC463 were more responsive to P + BF + F and ILC8617 and FLIP02-51 in the BF and ILC8617 in P + BF with respect to other treatments. It seems that despite the positive effect of biofertilizer, genetic characteristics of genotypes are influential in plant growth and yield; therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate genotype for each region so as to make the most utilization of the nutrients and achieve high yield.

Zinc deficiency is the most widespread soil nutritional disorder of the paddy fields that its management is more complex due to its influence on soil properties, and therefore, requires knowledge of the proper application rates, fertilizer types, and application methods in various soil conditions. The current two-year outdoor pot experiment study was conducted to explain the effect of Zn fertilizers types and application methods on the morphological characters, yield, and yield component of the Hashemi rice variety. The three factors factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications at the rice research institute of Iran in 2018-2019. The experimental factors were: Zn fertilizer types (four levels), application methods (three levels), and Zn deficit paddy soils (four levels). The results indicated that all fertilizer types and application methods significantly influenced the measured plant and soil characters. The most effective treatments on soil available Zn, plant height, total tiller numbers, panicle length, grain yield was the soil application of 20 kg Zn ha-1 in the source of Zn Sulphate by around 8.6 times, 10, 50, 29.3 and 50%, respectively, and also for straw yield was the three stages Zn foliar application in the rate of 0.5% in the source of Zn Sulphate by about 50%. Thus, it can be concluded that despite the various soil characters of the studied paddy fields, the soil application of 20 kg Zn ha-1 followed by the three stages Zn foliar application at the rate of 0.5% both in the source of Zn Sulphate can enhance the rice grain and straw yield considerably.

Identification and synthesis of new organic iron chelates with higher efficiency than conventional synthetic chelates seems to be necessary to improve the nutritional status of iron in calcareous soils of Iran. In this study, first the amino acid chelates of tyrosine-iron (Fe-Tyr) acid-hydrolyzed chitosan-iron (Fe-Chi) were synthesized by laboratory methods and then some of their properties were characterized. A greenhouse experiment was designed as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications including three types of iron chelate, Fe-Chi, Fe-Tyr and Fe-EDDHA (control) and three methods of soil application, fertigation and foliar application. Bean plants were grown and some growth parameters and total iron content in shoot and root were determined. The activity of root and leaf FCR (Ferric Chelate Reductase) enzymes were measured. The results of experimental and theoretical data showed that the tyrosine and chitosan were complexed with iron metal. The results showed that the highest shoot dry weight was observed in soil application of Fe-Chi and fertigation of Fe-Tyr. Also, fertigation of Fe-Chi increased root dry weight compared to control significantly. The highest content of total iron (10.3 mg pot-1) was observed in soil application of Fe-Chi in bean shoots which showed 36% higher Fe uptake than Fe-EDDHA. There was a significant positive correlation between shoot dry weight with iron and nitrogen content in shoots of bean plants. Investigation of root FCR enzyme activity revealed that soil application of Fe-Chi and fertigation of Fe-Tyr had the highest mean of FCR activity. In the foliar and fertigation application of Fe-Tyr, leaf FCR activity increased to 40 days after the start of the experiment. Soil application of Fe-Chi and foliar of Fe-Tyr during plant growth can improve the nutritional status of iron in bean plant

Phosphorus (P) is the second macronutrients and zinc (Zn) is the most important micronutrients that their deficiencies are the most important global nutrient disorders in the world paddy fields. The current field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zn and P foliar application (each at three levels) on their content in rice tissues and grains bio-fortification (Zn and protein content). A field experiment as factorial form was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2017-2018, at research farm of Rice Institute in Rasht, Iran. The results of the variance analysis indicated that all the applied treatments and their interactions significantly influenced the Zn and P content of rice tissues, Zn and protein contents of rice grains. The heighest zinc content increased in the leaves four times, in the stem and panicle three times and the phosphorous content increased in all organs two times, at flowering and ripening stages. The highest content of grain Zn in Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars, treated by foliar application of Zn (using 5 ppt ZnSO4) one week before flowering and grain filling stages,  were recorded to be about 39.06 mgkg-1 (27.11% more than the control) and 35.37 mgkg-1 (27.37 % more than the control ), respectively. Also, the highest content of grain protein in Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars with no significant difference treated by foliar application of Zn (using 5 ppt ZnSO4) one week before flowering and grain filling stages were recorded to be about 11% (32.37% more than the control) and  10.67% (38.21 % more than the control), respectively. The proposed cultivars have been similarly responded to the applied treatments. It can be concluded that the foliar application of Zn, one week before flowering and grain filling stages might be a quick and proper solution to enhance grain Zn and protein content.

The importance of agriculture has been revealed for all human societies more than ever before as the population grows. Ferrum element is one of the vital elements for plant growth and its presence is essential for plant metabolism and physiological processes of the plant. In the present study, we tried to study the stability of plasma membrane against the entry of the elements into it and the resistance of the plant to the stresses on the inner membrane of the plant, which is the amount of applied Fe levels in addition to studying the concentration of microelements in the root and shoot of the plant. The purpose of this study is to compare Fe resources intake and its interaction with the concentration and type of applied fertilizer on the concentration of microelements and the stability of the plasma membrane of the sorghum plant.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial design in a completely randomized design with three replications in the educational greenhouse of Zabol University in order to studying the use of Ferrum sources on the characteristics of Sorghum plant (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench. Var. Speed feed). The treatments consisted of two Ferrum levels (soil application: 0.270, 0.405 mg per kg of soil and spraying: 0.25 and 0.5 g of Fe per liter, along with control) from five sources of fertilizer (Iron chelate, ferrous sulphate, Green nano Fe (include 9% Fe), Polymeric Iron chelate, Polymeric ferrous sulphate).

The results of analysis of variance of data show that the triple interaction of all traits (except for the Cu of shoot that had no significant difference) and the dual interaction effects of Cu in the root of the plant have been statistically significant at the 5% probability level. The percentage of PMSI of the root (5.06 times) in the soil application of 0.270 mg.kg-1 Iron chelate and the concentration of Zn of the root (6.99 times) at the level of 0.405 mg.kg-1 in Green nano Fe (include 9% Fe) treatment were significantly higher than control. The total chlorophyll content (75.95%), the percentage of leaf PMSI (6.33 times), and Fe concentration in the shoot (1.99 times) had significant increase in the Polymeric Iron chelate, Green nano Fe and Polymeric ferrous sulphate respectively and the concentration of Zn in the shoots showed significant decrease (75.05%) in Iron chelate treatment in the spraying of iron sources at a level of 0.25 g.L-1. The concentration of Mn was significantly decreased in the shoot (30.67%) and in the root (37.46%) in Polymeric Iron chelate and Iron chelate respectively and the concentration of Fe in the root (47.86%) showed significant increase in polymeric ferrous sulfate treatment compared to control at the level of 0.5 g.L-1. According to the results, the highest concentrations of Cu in the root were observed in the green nano spray application.

In general, according to the results, the effects of Fe a sources on the physiological characteristics of sorghum and plant PMSI were evaluated positive and confirms the positive effect of the spraying of all Fe sources on the traits of PMSI root and leaf, total chlorophyll and Fe concentration in the shoot and root.

Phosphorus is one of the most used fertilizer macronutrients and in calcareous soils of Iran, its absorption is limited. On the other hand, considering the problems caused by the soil use of micronutrients, it is possible to modify the effects of phosphorus deficiency by spraying micronutrients. This study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications to investigate the effect of leaf nutrition of micronutrients (iron, zinc and copper) on the absorption of nutrients of Mentha aquatica L. in phosphorus deficiency conditions. Experimental treatments consisted of no deficiency (control) and two levels of phosphorus deficiency and foliar application of Fe2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ in concentration of 1 and 2%. Deficient plants showed a significant decrease in P content of root. Spraying Fe2+ and Cu2+ 2% caused increase in P content under deficiency. Foliar nutrition with iron, zinc and copper caused decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus content in deficient plants. Applying zinc and iron as spraying caused increase in NO3− content in shoots and roots. In the present study, spraying zinc, iron and copper caused increase in their contents in shoots and roots of Mentha. Spraying Fe2+ 2% caused increase in P, NO3− and Fe2+ contents in shoots of Mentha plant. The orthogonal comparison results showed that there was a significant difference in nutrients content between foliar application of micronutrients and control and also between foliar application of iron compare to copper and zinc and foliar application of zinc compared to copper in shoots and roots of Mentha. Regarding the obtained results, leaf nutrition of micronutrients as spraying can be mentioned as a suitable suggestion to reduce the effects of macronutrients deficiency, especially phosphorus. It seems that spraying iron and zinc showed the highest effect in absorption of other nutrients in shoots, also spraying copper had the highest effect in roots.

To study manganese (Mn) status and its effect on fruit yield and quality of Thomson navel oranges, two separate experiments were carried out in East of Mazandaran Province, Iran. The first experiment was conducted in citrus orchards of the region, and the second was conducted in an orchard of Thomson navel on sour orange rootstock, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications. Treatments included: 1) First control (without manganese); 2) Second control (without manganese and with urea spray), 3) 300 g manganese sulfate per tree as soil application, before leaf development, 4) 300 g manganese sulfate per tree as fertigation, in the first stage of fruit growth, 5) 300 g manganese sulfate per tree as fertigation, in the first and second stages of fruit growth, 6) Manganese sulfate spraying in the first stage of fruit growth, and 7) Manganese sulfate spraying in the first and second stages of growth. The results showed that the orchards of Sari and Neka had the most deficiency symptoms. The results of the second experiment showed that soil application before leaf development had no effect on yield, fruit quality, Mn concentration in leaf, fruit and root, but its application as fertigation and spraying increased fruit yield, diameter, and weight, leaf and fruit manganese concentration. The highest leaf Mn concentration was obtained from the first and second stage of fruit growth treatment. Fertigation treatment significantly increased the root Mn concentration compared to the control. In general, according to the results of this experiment, for orchards with a history of mild manganese deficiency or probable manganese deficiency, application of manganese sulfate as fertigation or spray after the fall of petals in the first stage of fruit growth is recommended. However, for orchards that have severe symptoms of manganese chlorosis, two foliar applications or fertigations with manganese sulfate, after petal fall and second stage of the fruit growth, before the growth of the fall flash, is recommended.

Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting crop production. Consumption of natural fertilizers can make optimal use of water in irrigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and humic acid on yield and water use efficiency in common bean. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on randomized complete block design, with three replications in Guilan province, in 2016. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (rainfed, 50%, and 100% water requirement) and the sub factor included humic acid spraying at four levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 L.ha-1). In irrigation treatments, highest average seed yield (2610 kg.ha-1) was obtained in full irrigation conditions (100% water requirement). In the humic acid spraying applications, maximum seed yield was observed at 6 L.ha-1 with average of 2661 kg.ha-1. In interaction of irrigation and humic acid, the highest seed yield was obtained in full irrigation and 6 L ha-1 humic acid with an average of 3547 kg.ha-1. The highest seed yield (3030 kg.ha-1) was obtained in 50% water requirement and 6 L.ha-1 humic acid. The highest seed yield in rainfed conditions was obtained at 4 and 6 L.ha-1 of humic acid, with an average of 1461 and 1406 kg.ha-1, respectively. In different irrigation treatments, the highest water use efficiency was obtained with the mean of 1.78 kg.m-3 in rainfed treatment. The humic acid treatments had a positive effect on water use efficiency in comparison with the non-humic acid treatments, but there was no significant difference between treatments 2, 4, and 6 L.ha-1. Altogether, the results of this study indicate the beneficial effects of humic acid on water deficit stress in common bean cultivation in the study area.

Maize (Zea mays L.) which belongs to the Poaceae family is the third important cereal crop of the world after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Planting method is a crucial factor for improving crop yield. Planting methods in saline and non-saline conditions are different. Kinetin is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. Indole acetic acid (IAA) is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinin levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of foliar application of cytokinin and auxin hormones on distribution and accumulation of chlorine and some macro elements in different parts of maize in salinity conditions.
The experiment was carried out at Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Dashtestan station with 29° 16´ E latitude and 51° 31´ N, longitude and 70 m above the see surface during the 2014 growing season. Dashtestan region is a warm-arid region with 250 mm precipitation per year. The field plowed inApril 2014 and then prepared and sowed inAugust 2014. There were five rows with 75 cm distance. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on complete randomized blocks with three replications. Planting pattern (ridge planting, double rows of planting on a ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and use of hormone (not consumption (control), application of cytokinin hormone in the time of V8-V10 and application of auxin hormone at the silking stage) was considered as the sub-factor. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening with concentration of 50 and 10 g. l-1, respectively. All traits measured on 10 randomly selected plants of each plot. Data analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and comparing of the means was conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test.
The measured salinity of soil at a depth of 0 to 30 cm in different locations of planting patterns and in different time period showed that in different planting patterns because salt movement by capillary ascent and its accumulation in the ridges, salinity center stack was the highest and the lowest salinity belonged to the furrow planting. The highest Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca2) ions were obtained with pattern of furrow planting, while the highest sodium ions (Na), Chlorine ions (Cl-) and Naﲯ were devoted to the pattern of conventional planting (ridge planting). Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) sodium ions (Na) and Naﲯ. The results showed that in all three planting pattern the most sodium leaf was obtained without the use of hormone auxin, but the lowest amount of sodium leaf was observed with auxin treatment. In each pattern, use of hormone leading to increased potassium of shoot, but the largest increase was cytokinin hormone, of course, the greatest increase was achieved by application of cytokinin hormone. In furrow planting use of hormone reduced the amount of leaf chlorine so that most leaf chlorine was obtained without the use of hormones. While, use of cytokinin and auxin hormones reduced the amount of leaf chlorine by 6.86 and 21.24 percent, respectively. Use of hormone in all planting methods reduced the amount of shoot chlorine but the greatest reduction was achieved by application of cytokinin hormone.
In general, it can be concluded that increasing concentrations of sodium, magnesium and chlorine in leaves and shoots in row planting compared to planting two rows and furrow planting could be related to higher concentrations of these elements in the soil and in the location of the plant and as a result decrease of plant growth and therefore higher concentration of elements in various parts of the plant in the row planting. It is concluded that use of cytokinin and auxin especially in the furrow planting reduced the concentration of sodium, chloride and sodium to potassium ratio and increased plant potassium and calcium concentration.

Foliar application of micronutrients has very important on increase of quantitative and qualitative corps. In order to investigate the reaction of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to micronutrients application was carried out a randomized complete block design with four fertilizer treatments (foliar application) including boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) with a concentration of 5 per thousands the 8-10 and 14-16 -leaf stage of sugar beet with 4 replications. Sample plot was prepared without foliar application. Physicochemical properties of soil was determined by standard methods. So, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet including total sugar content, pure sugar content, and molasses sugar content, Na, K and N content in root, alkalinity, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield and pure sugar and total sugar yield were determined in sugar beet samples. Results showed that the foliar application of micronutrients on all characteristics studied had significant effect.

Potato production has fourth rank in the world after rice, wheat, and maize with the production of 321 million tons from 19.6 million hectares. In Iran this important crop has third rank after wheat and tomatoes with the production of 4.6 million tons. Potato is a temperate crop, growing and yielding well in cool and humid climates or seasons, but it is also cultivated in tropical to sub-polar climatic regions, and represents a major food crop in many countries. Potato is sensitive to nutrients deficiency especially phosphorus and zinc. At least one-third of the cultivated soils globally are estimated to contain too low amounts of bioavailable zinc for optimal crop production. In Iran more than 70 percent of irrigated soils suffer from zinc deficiency. Many reasons have role in mentioned deficiency such as calcareous and alkaline soils, lower organic carbon and higher application of phosphorus fertilizer. So, evaluation of zinc fertilizers efficiency is essential under different soil phosphorus conditions.
This project was carried out in order to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate levels on yield, nutrients concentration and zinc recovery and agronomic efficiency under different phosphorus conditions in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Hamedan province (Tajarak station). The current research was done as a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments, three replications and three locations (with different soil phosphorus levels). The phosphorus locations were involved two locations with 10-15 mg available P per kg of soil (without or with phosphorus application) and a locations with 20-25 mg available P per kg of soil. Zinc treatments were consisted of soil application of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and120 kg of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) per hectare and foliar spray of zinc sulfate at the rate of 5 grams per liter at one week before and one week after flowering. After harvesting, the tuber and shoot yield, tubers and shoot zinc uptake, nutrients concentration were measured in different parts of potato plant, and recovery and agronomic efficiency of applied zinc fertilizer were calculated.
The results showed that the zinc treatments significantly affected the tuber yield of potato. The application of 40 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate and foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering evidenced the highest and the lowest yield, respectively and the difference between these treatments were 17 percent. The differences between without Zn application and foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering were not significant on yield which showed that the time of fertilizer foliar application is very important and by delaying of foliar spray the yield could not increase. The zinc treatments affected significantly tuber zinc uptake and the foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering by 80 percent increase comparing with control, had the highest tubers zinc uptake. The tuber and shoot zinc concentration were significantly affected by the zinc sulfate levels. The highest and lowest concentration of zinc in shoot and tubers were observed in the foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering and control. This treatment caused 160 and 24 percent increasing in shoot and tubers zinc concentration in comparison with control. In spite of considered increase in zinc content by foliar application of zinc one week after flowering, the potato yield did not increase considerably. The tuber and shoot yield were affected significantly by different phosphorus locations (p

Fertilization is one of the main factors affecting yield and quality of kiwifruit. There is little information on fertilization methods effect on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of kiwifruit. Therefore, this research was conducted with the objective of evaluating different fertilization methods -including broadcast application (as control), drill hole fertilization, and fertigation alone or in combination with foliar application- on yield and nutrient content in kiwifruit, at Iran Citrus Research Institute of Ramsar. Results showed that fertilization methods had a significant effect on yield and fruit weight, and the highest amounts were observed in fertigation combined with foliar application. Furthermore, foliar application increased tree yield 157 percent at all treatments. Firmness and total dissolved solid (TSS) decreased by foliar application at all treatments, except for the broadcast that caused an increase. Mineral concentration in fruit was significantly affected by the fertilization methods e.g., foliar application had significant effect on the concentration of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and nitrogen (N). In addition, the mineral concentration in fruit decreased in the order of K> N> Ca, regardless of fertilization method. The correlation results showed that fruit firmness had significant relation with Ca and negative relations with K/Ca, N/Ca, and (K)/Ca. In addition, TSS showed significant regressions with K and N. Since all kiwifruit orchards in the North of Iran are equipped with micro jet irrigation system, fertigation and foliar application not only can save time and money but can also cause an increase in yield and improve fruit quality.

Iran stands 2nd in the world in watermelon production and export. Kerman province, in southeast of Iran, ranks 1st in the country, but in the recent decade, some factors including drought, soil physical and chemical properties, low quality of irrigation water and lack of optimum and balanced nutrient use has resulted in reduction of quantity and quality as well as blossom end rot (BER) rise in this product. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to assess simultaneous effects of organic matter, potassium and calcium on yield, chemical composition and BER severity of watermelon that is a new study in the region. The experiment was accomplished as factorial in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in one of the southeast towns of Iran. Experimental treatments were comprised of organic matter in two levels (0 and 20 ton ha-1 of farmyard manure), potassium sulfate fertilizer in three levels (0, 250 and 350 kg ha-1) and foliar spray of calcium chelate in two levels (0 and 4 g l-1). The results showed that organic matter application and foliar spray of calcium chelate increased yield, calcium, iron and zinc concentration of plants, whereas the severity of BER was declined. Potassium sulfate application caused yield increase, but the rates more than 250 kg ha-1 resulted in reduction of plant calcium, zinc and iron concentration and higher rate of BER.

In Iran, most of the soils have high lime with low organic matter content. Therefore, boron deficiency is very probable in the soils. In order to determine the best level and method of boron application in common bean farms, a 3-year field experiment was conducted as a complete randomized blocks design with ten treatments and three replications in Eghlid Agricultural Research Station. The highest grain yield (2472 kg.ha-1) was obtained from foliar application with 0.1% boric acid at two times: one and two months after shooting. This treatment had no significant difference with 0.025% of boron foliar application treatment. In fertigation method, the highest grain yield (2319 kg.ha-1) was obtained by application of 4 kg.ha-1 boric acid. According to the results, foliar application of boric acid at a concentration of 0.025% or soil application of 4 kg.ha-1 as fertigation in the same conditions is recommended.

A completely randomized split-plot design with three replications was conducted in agricultural and natural resources research center of Khorasan Razavi to evaluate the yield response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) toboron foliar spray and seed inoculation under drought stress. The drought treatments (Irrigation at all growth stages, no irrigation from establishment to flowering, and no irrigation after flowering to harvest) was considered as main plot.Foliar spray (with and without boron) and seed inoculation (Nitroxin and Nitragin) were laid out in subplot. Grain and biological yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seed per pot and leaf Prolin content were measured. Results showed that drought stress decreased grain and biological yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seed per pot and leaf Prolin content significantly at both growth stages. The effects of seed inoculation and boron foliar spray on evaluated factors were not statistically significant. Interactive effect of drought stress and boron foliar spray was significant for all factors except 1000-grain weight factor. Interactive effect of seed inoculation and boron foliar spray on grain yield and leaf prolin content was significant. Interactive effect of seed inoculation, drought stress and boron foliar spray on grain yield and biological yield was significant. In general, results showed that irrigation at reproductive stage was essential because of high need to photosyntitic metabolites. Seed inoculation and boron foliar spray did not mitigate adverse effects of drought stress. So overall, it can be said that in arid and semi-arid regions irrigation is necessary in all growth stages in particular reproductive stage.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of boron and zinc on yield and some qualitative characteristics of two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, a factorial experiment was carried out based on RCBD with 18 treatments and 3 replicates during 2005-2006 at Zanjan Agricultural Research Station. Factors of the experiment were: spraying of in 3 levels including Zn0 (without spraying), Zn1 (spraying with 3 g ZnSO4/L), Zn2 (spraying with 6 g ZnSO4/L) and H3BO3 spraying including B0 (without spraying), B1 (spraying with 2 g H3BO3/L), B3 (spraying with 4 g H3BO3/L) and the cultivars were V1 (SLM046) and V2 (Talayeh). Zn and B foliar applications were done in two plant phenological stages (early stemming and flowering). During the growth season common agronomic practices were followed and grain yield and concentration of oil, protein, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B of rapeseed grains were measured at harvesting time. Results showed significant difference between the treatments, so maximum grain yield of 4180 kg/ha was obtained from Zn0B1 in V1 cultivar. Concomitant application of Zn and B led to increase in their concentrations in the grain that is important from rapeseed fortification view of point. Therefore, regarding to beneficial effects of B on grain yield and joint application of B and Zn on the seed quality simultaneous spraying of boric acid and Zn sulphate with 2 g /L and 3 g /L respectively in early stemming and flowering stages may be recommended for the study area and the similar regions.