جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پساب شهری" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

One of the ways to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution is the use of constructed wetlands. In this research, the performance of a hybrid constructed wetland with pumice ore and vetiver plant on urban wastewater has been investigated. Hybrid wetlands with these specifications were constructed in the vicinity of wastewater treatment at the Isfahan University of Technology. To evaluate the performance of constructed wetland the effects of three and six days of retention time on the removal efficiency were studied using a completely randomized design. On average, for three days of retention time, in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow, and hybrid wetland, fecal coliform was 47.4, 98.3, and 99.1 percent, BOD5 was 7.6, 20.9, and 26.9 percent, and the COD was 4.6, 40.0, and 42.7 percent decreased, respectively. Also, during the six days of retention time in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow, and hybrid wetland, fecal coliform was 61.6, 99.3, and 99.8 percent, BOD5 was 10.7, 29.9, and 37.4 percent, and COD was 16.0, 86.8, and 88.9 percent decreased, respectively. The combination of Pumice as a porous material with the ability to absorb the elements as well as vetiver as a plant capable of phytoremediation indicated a very suitable performance during low retention time.

This research is based on a field study of the role and effluent performance on the growth and maintenance of urban green space in the form of a research by designing experiments and building blocks for two different species as a real pilot, The field of evaluation has provided the possibility of reusing the effluent of Ekbatan treatment plant In this study, with the aim of identifying sustainable water sources in order to maximize recycling and pathology of the potential of using wastewater in Tehran to implement the goals of human ecology of sustainable development, the effect of irrigation with treated effluent on vegetative characteristics (including height, number of branches, etc.) The plant species of fennel Nerium Oleander and Festuca have been studied. The growth and yield of selected plants were evaluated and compared under complete treatment of effluent and well water. For this purpose, this study was conducted in the open space in the form of a multi-observation completely randomized controlled trial (CRD) design with three replications. The results showed that the growth rate of different organs under the influence of treatment conditions is noticeable and observable growth. Nerium Oleander had the greatest effect on the height and diameter of the canopy cover from the effluent treatment, while the effect of the effluent treatment in Festuca, in addition to the height and canopy cover, was also on the leaf length. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of treated wastewater to irrigation of urban green space is possible and leads to more favorable plants growth.

Since the agriculture field is the main water consumer, using techniques in order to increasing water use efficiency is necessary. Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use unconventional water, such as Wastewater, Fishery Wastewater and Saline water. In this study, Four Quality of water is evaluated on yield and yield components of Quinoa (CV. Titicaca). the research was done based in completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Greenhouse conditions, during 2017-2018. In this study, four irrigation regimes existed of (fresh water, Wastewater, Fishery wastewater and saline water). The results showed that effect of different quality of water on shoot fresh and dry weight, stem diameter SPAD index and leaf area was significant at 1 percent level (P<0.01), but plant height and branches number was significant at 5 percent level (P<0.05). in this study, all of this parameter decreased significantly with irrigation by saline water. in this study, increased all of this parameter with irrigation by wastewater and fishery wastewater.

Today, the use of refined urban wastewater for agriculture is growing considerably. One of the methods for the natural treatment of wastewater is the constructed wetland. In this study, the effects of three and six days retention time on the vertical, horizontal and hybrid constructed wetland (first vertical and then horizontal) with perlite beds and Cyperus plants on the urban wastewater were investigated. In this study, horizontal wetlands were designed with 0.75 m width, 0.5 m depth and 6 m length; the vertical wetlands were designed as cylinders with a diameter of 0.7 m and the height of 1.2 m. On average, for the three days retention time, in the wetland with the vertical flow, 5the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 31.0, 36.7 and 56.3 percent, ammonium was 7.6, 32.7 and 37.8 percent, and the fecal coliform was decreased by 53.3, 93.4 and 96.9 percent, respectively. Also, during the six days retention time in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 45.7, 58.5 and 77.5 percent, ammonium was 16.8, 75.2 and 79.4 percent, and fecal coliform was decreased by 58.0, 97.5 and 99.0 percent, respectively. Overall, the results showed that constructed wetland with perlite beds and Cyperus plants had a good function in removing pollutants, especially fecal coliform.

Infiltered or runoff waters from uplands especially after raining can cause groundwater and water pollution in lowlands which affect soil quality. Monitoring and assesmnet of suface waters in dry lands that alive the wetlands is very important. The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of suface water-inflows to the Meyghan Lake and their consequences on the chemical characteristics of Meyghan wetland soils.
Manicipal wastewater of Arak, Shahrab River and wastewater of processing plant of sodium sulfate were sampled in May and November, 2014. Electrical conductivity, differnt solids, major cations and anions, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon were measured and tested in the waters. Two layers (0-30 cm and 30-60 cm) of soils were sampled in the release sites of municipal wastewater, Shahrab River, Farahan River and sodium sulfate plant wastewater in May and November, 2104. Soil chemical properties were measured and statisticaly analized for these 4 sampling sites.
The study showed that manicipal wastewater of Arak has significantly lowere salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, cations and anions concentrations and solids as compared to other sampled waters. But organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were higher in this water that significantly decreased the salinity and increase organic carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen contents of the soil sampled from this site. The improvement of soil properties can increase aquatic plant growth, which will be the source of water pollution with plant residues and organic materials. In conterast the wastewater of sodium sulfate processing plant has markedly high concentrations of soluble salts, sodium adsorption ratio and particularly suspension solids. It is not suitable for plant growth and can change soil physical properties in this site. Chemical properties of water of Shahrab River were close to the chemical properties of surface and bottom layers of soil in this place. It shows that the the harmony and stability of soil and water environment in this sampling site. But study of surface and bottem layers of wetland soil in the release site of Farah River shows that the surface soil has higher organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents and lower salinity compared to those measured in the soil sampled from Shahrab River site. It may be related to anthropgenic effect in agriculral uplands, creating a good environment for plants growing in this salty lake, increasing its pollution by plant residues and organic matters.
The high quality of urban wastewater of Arak may improve soil chemical properties for growing of plants. In contrast the low quality of wastewater of sodium sulfate processing plant worsened soil chemical properties. So combining of two waste waters and mixing them before releasinge into the Meighan Lake may be a good suggestion. However this proposal needs a special research.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the use of geotextile filters to decrease suspended materials of wastewater to use in trickle irrigation systems to perform the experiment¡ a metal box was designed and made. Experimental treatments included four wastewater heads which were continued until clogging occurred. Outflow index¡ wastewater heads between geotextile layers¡ influent and effluent TSS (Total Suspended Solids) from filtration system were measured at specific times. The results showed that clogging rate of geotextile filters depends on physical and biological parameters. Furthermore¡ these results indicate that flow rate variation and wastewater head loss were the same while passing the geotextile layers and was independent of the clogging factor. However¡ the clogging time was related to the parameters of the swage quality. The flow rate trend variation versus time was linear with dramatic change at the beginning of experiment. However¡ after a while¡ it became logarithmic and slow. The decrease in flow rate for the 70-cm height of wastewater head was 8.83 lit/s/m until 27 mintutes of the beginning of the experiment and 3.47 lit/s/m at 56 mintutes of the end of experiment¡ respectively. In this study¡ some equations were developed to model the flow rate and wastewater head loss (RMSE= 9.6%¡ R2=0.86)¡ clogging of the filtration system and wastewater head loss (R2=0.968 RMSE=0.773Lit/s/m). Our results confirmed the accuracy of the models.

The main challenge facing the agriculture sector is producing more food while using less water so it is needed to increase water use efficiency and optimal use of water resources, especially in arid areas. The main goal of this research is to study the effect of irrigation with municipal wastewater effluent and water use efficiency of maize in farms located in south- west of Shahr-e-kord. All of treatments were used in randomized complete block design with split plots and three applications with five factors including 100% well water (M1), 25% wastewater 75% well water (M2), 50% wastewater 50% well water (M3), 75% wastewater 25% well water and 100 % wastewater (M5) and four sub treatment factors according to the different amounts of water, wastewater and mixture of water and wastewater on the basis of water requirements (50% (L1), 65% (L2), 85% (L3) and 100% (L4)). In the different treatment types of water, M4 (25%well water and 75% wastewater) had dry matter yield. Regarding to total dry matter, the yield of biomass, grain and water use efficiency were more in M4 treatment and the less water use efficiency was determined in 100% wastewater treatment (M5). In different amounts of water treatments on the basis of total dry matter, the most total dry matter yield, biomass, grain and water use efficiency were determined in 100% crop water requirement treatment (L4). On the basis of biomass yield, 85% crop water requirement treatment (L3) had more water use efficiency. The results show that for total dry matter, biomass and grain yield 75% wastewater 25% well water was the best treatment in irrigation of considered area. On the other hand, wastewater contains nutrients and can be used without fertilizer consumption in this area, so it is useful in saving water and fertilizer.

In order to evaluate the effect of urban wastewater and different fertilizer sources on macro and micro nutrient's concentration and shoot dry weight of sugar beet, a field experiment was arranged as a split plot in RCBD design with three replications at Research Station of Shahrekord University in 2013. The main factors included irrigation with urban wastewater at 2-4 leaf stage and 8-12 leaf stage, and irrigation with normal water (control). The four types of fertilizer included sheep manure, spent mushroom compost, chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer (control) in the sub-plot. The results showed that the plot irrigated with urban wastewater at 8-12 leaf stage significantly increased leaf number and shoot dry weight of sugar beet compared to the plot irrigated with tap water. Besides, the plot irrigated with urban wastewater at 8-12 leaf stage had a significant effect on the elements of N, P and K concentration in shoot dry weight of sugar beet, but the plot irrigated with urban wastewater did not significantly affect the elements of Fe and Zn concentration. From among the fertilizer treatments, the maximum shoot dry weight and leaf number per plant belonged to the application of sheep manure and also the highest elements of Fe and Zn concentrations belonged to the treatment of spent mushroom compost.

Growing population and increasing industrial and agricultural activities and successive droughts have caused more attention to soil and water conservation. To achieve this propose using wastewater for irrigating agricultural lands increased in recent decades. This study aimed investigating the effects of wastewater including municipal، industrial wastewater and river water on some soil physical characteristics. This research done in the area of agricultural lands located in the city Lenjan Zarrin Shahr. The lands area that have the same parent material and irrigated with municipal and industrial wastewaters (each for 8 years) and river water (20 years) where were selected for treatment. After detailed analysis for each of the treatments listed in 4 replications and tests were used to predict and physical properties include were measured. The result showed that irrigation with municipal and industrial wastewaters increased the bulk density 1. 3 g/cm3 (in river water treatment) to 1. 63 and 1. 76 g/cm3. Irrigation with this wastewaters caused increase in aggregate stability to 0. 67 and 0. 69 mm in municipal and industrial wastewaters compare to river water (0. 27 mm). Decreasing the saturation soil hydraulic conductivity and infiltration and bimodal retention curve were other soil physical properties reactions to using municipal and industrial wastewaters. The result showed that irrigation with wastewater had negative effect on physical properties and caused change in particle size distribution and recommended that monitored effect of long-term using of wastewater on physical properties.

Reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation is increasing due to an increased demand for water resources in different parts of the world. Almost 70% of deviated water from rivers and pumped groundwater is used for agriculture. If wastewater is used for irrigation in agriculture, then the amount of discharged water from natural sources will be decreased and the flow of wastewater to the environment and its ensuing pollution will be prevented. Using wastewater in applications such as irrigation of agricultural lands has caused an increase of some exchangeable ions, salts and suspended solids (organic and mineral) in the soil and has significantly affected physical, chemical and biological features. Therefore, paying attention to the soil health is important during use of wastewater when it is the source of irrigation water. In such cases, there will be some worries about pollution of harvested products, contact of farm workers with pathogenes and environmental issues in the farm. In these conditions, attention to irrigation methods along with consideration of environmental protection standards is important. In this study, the effects of treated wastewater (TW) irrigation were tested on some chemical properties of soil for three years under five different irrigation treatments. The treatments were as follows: surface furrow irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth (SDI30), subsurface drip irrigation in 60 cm depth (SDI60) and bubbler irrigation (BI). At the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm in order to measure the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), organic matter (OM) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CaCO3). According to the results of soil analysis, the soil became more saline than the beginning by applying the treatments. Generally, in two plots of urban and industrial wastewater, the least salinity was observed in SDI (19.0% increase in salinity) and the maximum value of these parameters was observed in BI (99.7% increase in salinity). The results showed that average SAR in soil saturation extract of three layers were 5.5 and 6.6 dS m-1, respectively for urban and industrial plots. Considering these values along with EC, the soil will be categoraized as normal soil in terms of salinity and alkalinity. An increase of 14.3 % in BI and 8.2% in SID30 were observed in comparison with the initial values of the period. These were the extremums for SAR. The results also showed that the application of TW caused a 38.75 % reduction in SAR for the 30-60 cm. Soil pH of the plots under study was decreased significantly and reached its acceptable limit in the soil during the experiment. On the average, the pH of soil layer has been 7.4 and 7.3 for urban and industrial plots, respectively. The results showed that soil organic matter was influenced by the irrigation method and this was more pronounced in the location of wastewater injection. In the soil surface, the highest amount of organic matter was observed in treatment FI and SDI. However, in a depth of 30-60 and 60-90, SDI30 and SDI60 revealed the highest amount of organic matter content. The average concentration of chloride (Cl-) ions in industrial wastewater (12.3 meq L-1) was more than that of urban wastewater (7.3 meq L-1). Therefore, the effect of industrial wastewater on increasing soil Cl- has been more pronounced than that of urban wastewater. Soil Cl- was increased at the location of wastewater injection and the highest amount of Cl- in the irrigation treatments was observed in BI. The results also showed that the application of TW caused a 23.4% reduction in soil CaCO3 content at a depth of 60-90 cm. The lowest amount of CaCO3 was recorded in treatment SDI60. There was no significant difference between the average of irrigation treatments in the urban plots. But in the last layer, it showed that SDI30 had a significant difference with both SDI and SDI60, in the industrial plots. Generally, SDI irrigation in the root zone depth (in this study was up to 60 cm) is recommended for protecting safe environmental conditions, supplying water demand in the root zone and improving soil quality.

Municipal wastewater is a potential source for water supplies. Soil organic matter can affect chemical quality of wastewater passing through the soil. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of vermicompost on change of chemical properties of Cd enriched municipal wastewater of Yasouj station after continuous passing through the soil columns. A completely randomized design was used. Polyethylene columns (80 cm in length and 8 cm in diameter) filled with a clay loam soil during 8 periods of 10 days. Three levels of vermicompost comprising control (V1), 2% (V2) and 4 wt% (V3), were used respectively. At the end of each period, characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, total organic carbon and cadmium concentration were measured in drainage water. Results showed that the effect of both the time and vermicompost was significant on all measured factors. The average of all factors except for pH of the drainage water, showed a decreasing trend during the experiment. Maximum of EC, P, nitrate and total organic carbon were measured in V3 treatment. Vermicompost exhibited a significant effect on Cd concentration of drainage water. It seems that organic matter has a drastic effect on increasing mobility of Cd as well as on the other studied characteristics, hence soil organic matter content should be considered in the usage management of wastewater.

Demand for water resources in different parts of the world, necessitate the use of wastewater. In using wastewater the soil health must be considered. This study was carried out at Green Space Zob Ahan in the years 1382 to 1385. In this study, the effects of urban and industrial wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of soil for three years by using five different irrigation treatments were examined. The treatments were as follows: surface irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth (SDI30), Sub surface drip irrigation in 60 cm depth (SDI60) and irrigation procedures babbler (BI). At the end of the experiments, solid samples were taken of the soil of zero to 30, 30 to 60 and 60 to 90 cm depth in order to measure the heavy metal. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were measured by using atomic absorption in soil samples. Results showed that the density of heavy metals in urban and industrial wastewater is in an allowable range and heavy elements of soil are not limiting factor. And also concentration of heavy metals was higher in the zone of wastewater injection and as whole treatments SDI60 and BI respectively had the highest and least amounts of heavy metals.

Zeolites are substances that have been renowned for their remarkable nitrogen adsorption capacity resulting of decrease in leaching rate of soil nitrogen. This research was conducted to study the effect of the zeolite dosage, zeolite particle size and the method of application on the nitrate leaching of the soil irrigated by treated wastewater (TWW). All of the adsorption tests were carried out in a 27 PVC columns with 11 cm diameter and 60 cm length. The experiments were consisted of 9 treatments and 3 replications including 2 zeolite application method (mixed and layered), 2 zeolite’s grain size (63-125 and <63 micrometer) and 2 zeolite dosage (2 and 4 percent). Zeolite powders were added to the soil in mixed or layered fashion. The soil columns were irrigated 13 times with TWW in a weekly period. In the 4th, 9th and 13th irrigation event, three samples were taken from input and output TWW introduced to columns to measure the change in nitrate concentration. The results were shown that nitrate absorption rate was increased by average of 164.3% and 350.7% in mixed and layered treatments, respectively compared to the control. The result showed that zeolite application method, irrigation event, zeolite’s grain size and dosage were statistically significant on nitrate absorption efficiency (P<0.01). It shows that as the zeolite size decrease the soil nitrate adsorption increases significantly. It increases when the zeolite percentage increases. The result show that the soil nitrate adsorption decreases as the irrigation event increase and soil adsorption potential degraded with irrigation events.

Effluent generally includes nutrient elements like nitrogen and phosphorus. Its discharge to water resources leads to an increase in the growth of different types of algae and at last eutrification. Hence it is necessary to decrease the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen as much as possible before discharging of effluent to water resources. The use of aguatic plants is one of the effective methods for refining nitrogen and phosphorus in polluted water. For this propose، an experiment was conducted on thypha latifolia with 4 treatments and three replicates in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in experimental reactors with the batch. Treatments included effluent along with the plant، effluent diluted (dilution grade 1 / 2) with the plant and control (no plant) in two cases (initial and diluted effluents). Parameters of nitrate، ammonium، organic nitrogen، total nitrogen، dissolved phosphorus، BOD and COD in time of 8، 16 and 24 days in effluent samples and total nitrogen of plant tissue at the beginning and end of experimental period were measured. The results showed that the concentration of nitrate، ammonium، organic nitrogen، total nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus in plant treatment was significantly lower than treatment without the plant and there was non significant difference in pH values of the treatments. Typha latifolia aquatic plant was efficient in the reduction of BOD of initial effluent only in second time. It is concluded that، influence of plant system are more significantly efficient than without plant system in the decrease of concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient elements.

Due to present of nitrogen as nutrient element in municipal effluent, discharging of it to water resources leads to increasing growth of different types of algae consequently eutrophication. So it is necessary to decrease the amount of nitrogen as much as possible before discharging effluent to water resources. The use of plants is one of the effective methods for refining polluted water. An experiment was carried out with on two plants elodea (egria densa), duck weed (lemna minor) with 4 treatments and three replicates in a completely randomized factorial design in experimental pilots with the batch. Treatments included effluent with the plant, effluent diluted with the plant and no plant (control) in two levels (initial and diluted effluents). Parameters of nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen and total nitrogen were measured in trend time of 8, 16 and 24 days in effluent samples and total nitrogen of plant tissue at the beginning and end of experiment period. The results showed that the concentration of nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen and total nitrogen in plant treatments were significantly lower than treatments without plants significantly, so that Elodea treatment reduced the concentration of nitrate, organic nitrogen and total nitrogen, as 31.56, 10 and 10.7%, respectively. The highest total N uptake was found in duck weed plant. It is concluded that duck weed is more effective in the removal of nitrogen than the elodea plant.

The use of treated municipal wastewater for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran was considered in recent decades. Wastewater irrigation could cause excessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils. Soil contamination with these elements lead to high metals uptake by crops and thus affect food chain. In this research the distribution of heavy metals in pepper tissues after irrigation with wastewater was investigated. For this reason a pot experiment was carried out and a completely randomized design was used. Different percents of treated wastewater were applied for irrigation. Increasing the percent of wastewater had no significant effect on lead and nickel soil and tissues concentrations. lead and nickel in the available soil were still less than allowable. Before planting lead and nickel soil concentrations were almost the same but at the end of the growing season lead tissue concentrations were about 2 times more than nickel concentrations. The highest lead and nickel tissue concentrations were in pepper roots and the lowest concentrations were in pepper fruits.