جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « indicator » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

The objective of this study is to introduce and employ a water accounting method as a suitable approach for assessing the watershed's condition and providing and examining solutions to improve water resources management. The employed water accounting method in this research is the Water Accounting Plus framework (WA+), which is based on water balance parameters and distinguishes between green and blue water components. In this study, four accounting sheets were used: resource base, evapotranspiration, agricultural services, and water extraction. The evaluation results of these sheets indicated that the first sheet, representing the ratio of available water to exploitable water, was estimated at 0.59, and the second sheet, indicating the beneficial evapotranspiration, was estimated at 0.75. Furthermore, the third sheet, describing the amount of water utilized in irrigated lands, was calculated as 0.87, and the fourth sheet, representing the ratio of return flow to total water withdrawal, was found to be 0.51 for the watershed. Subsequently, remedial solutions for optimizing water resources utilization were defined, and based on three weighted criteria: technical, environmental, and socio-economic, prioritization was performed using the MEREC model and the COPRAS decision-making method. Based on the results, it was demonstrated that a combined approach of a 2% increase in agricultural efficiency and a 10% reduction in cultivated area for crops other than wheat is the best remedial solution, covering the mentioned criteria to an acceptable extent.

Watershed degradation had negative effects on ecological and anthropologic functions at different scales. Therefore, strategic planning and conserving watershed resources is the main goal for managers and policy-makers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to provide a scientific roadmap concerning the health degree of the watershed in terms of its multi-functions. A healthy watershed improves the resilience of local ecology to climate change and provides essential services for human and ecological functions. Identifying healthy watersheds could be an effective managerial tool for monitoring natural and human phenomena and impacts. Although, in recent decades, there have been numerous types of research on watershed health and its assessment methods in different water and soil environments and in relation to environmental and social processes with economic models for decision-making in different fields. But regarding to the interpretation of different watershed health assessment models with fuzzy logic, limited studies have been carried out. This is the fact that fuzzy science has been well-considered in various sciences. In recent years, fuzzy logic has been mentioned as a powerful technique in hydrological component analysis and resource decision-making. Hydrological problems are associated with uncertainty, which is managed by fuzzy logic-based models. Fuzzy logic is based on the language of nature.  To this end, the present study was planned to accomplish our previous information on the KoozehTopraghi Watershed health and develop a new PSR-Fuzzy-based framework.

To do this research, firstly the pressure, state-response (PSR) model was conceptualized and customized for the study watershed. Secondly, the main criteria of road density, watershed slope, runoff coefficient, agriculture area with a slope of more than 25%, precipitation, and temperature were computed for building the pressure indicator. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) also were computed for building the state indicator. Then, the specific erosion (m3 y-1), erosion intensity coefficient, river density, and rangeland area were computed for building the response indicator. Thirdly, these criteria are converted to fuzzy bases using Fuzzy Linear membership functions in the ArcGIS 10.8 environment. Fuzzification is a method in which each pixel in the map is given a value between zero and one. This amount expresses its value according to the goal it pursues, and the higher it is in terms of value, the higher it is awarded to it as a result. Six operators including AND, OR, SUM, PRODUCT, Gamma 0.9, and Gamma 0.5 were used for incorporating three indicators of PSR and watershed health zoning. Fourthly, to evaluate and classify the output results of the operators used in the estimation of watershed health, the Quality Sum (QS) was used.

The results proved the better performance of two operators of Gamma 0.9 and PRODUCT. The Qs was 0.46 for PRODUCT as the first priority, followed by Gamma 0.9 operators with a Qs of 0.37 in the second priority as the most efficient operators in mapping watershed health. The pressure indicator results showed that 33.84, 0.16, 9.45, 50.51, and 6.04% of the total area of the KoozehTopraghi watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, low, and very low, respectively. The results of the state indicator, 7.55, 52.71, 39.67, and 0.07% of the total area of the study watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, and very low, respectively. The response indicator results indicated that 15.16, 13.30, 29.99, 34.80, and 6.76% of the total area of the KoozehTopraghi watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, low, and very low, respectively. According to the results of the PRODUCT operator, 67, 23, 9, and 1 % of the study watershed were classified as unhealthy, relatively unhealthy, medium, and relatively healthy, respectively. For Gamma 0.9 operator 0.9, 46, 1, 17, and 36% of watersheds were classified in unhealthy, medium, relatively healthy, and healthy classes. Based on this, it is a priority to provide suitable solutions for basic land management. Because it may be intensified the continuation of the irreparable process at the watershed level.

The results confirmed the spatial changes in health status throughout the KoozehTopraghi Watershed. Therefore, different scientific and rational programs need to be adapted to improve health to various degrees. It is highly suggested to prioritize nature-based solutions, integrated participatory management, and adaptive co-management for improving the KoozehTopraghi watershed health. Acquaintance with modern management patterns in the world, of course, with the different climatic and social conditions of our country, we can open up in the field of comprehensive watershed management compared to the past.  The watershed health index as a practical tool in watershed management can be used to determine priorities and monitor watershed status changes. In addition, since the factors affecting the management of ecosystems are considered in the health index, it can be considered as a tool for analyzing the vegetation, water, and soil resources for use with the needs of the living organism.

In this research, a methodology is presented to evaluate the ability of plants for rill and gully erosion control in south of Ardabil province. The plants potential for controlling of concentrated flow erosion was determined based on a multi-criteria analysis. The stem density (SD), top soil erosion-reducing potential of plant roots during concentrated flow erosion (RSD), sediment obstruction potential (SOP), index of plant stiffness (MEI) and root cohesion (Cr) were calculated for 36 native plants (SD=1.216×〖10〗^(-4)-0.28, RSD=3.6×〖10〗^(-42)-10,1076, SOP=0.00082-0.988, MEI=1.69×〖10〗^(-6)-53.471 and Cr=5.432×〖10〗^(-4)-34.62). SD ranges from 0·26 to 28%. The plants Acantholimon talagonicum L. and Festuca Ovina L. have the highest stem density. These are small plant species with a good soil cover in spring and summer. SOP ranges between 0.00128 and 0.988 m/m. The plants Colutea persica Boiss., Melica altissima L., Festuca Ovina L., Verbascum thapsus L. and Amygdalus scoparia Spach have a high potential to obstruct sediment and organic residues. The results of the MEI calculations show that the shrubs and bushs Colutea persica Boiss., Amygdalus scoparia Spach, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Salsola kali L. and Rhus coriaria L. are the most resistant to bending through flow shear forces (5.19-34.626N). Some plants such as Amygdalus scoparia Spach, Glycyrrhiza aspera Pall. or Stipa pennata L. have low RSD value that ranges from 6.68×〖10〗^(-24) to 3.6×〖10〗^(-42), and a high erosion-reducing potential through their roots during concentrated flow. Combined planting of plant species can be more effective in erosion control. The results can be used in adjacent regions and similar cold-semiarid and cold-arid environments.

Recently, desert and desertification issues are known as one of the most problem in most countries especially developing countries. With an attention to the natural resources of Iran we can concluded that the most of Iranian lands are classified as deserts. Desert scientists believe that in addition to natural factors, human factors has a significant and important role in desertification. As natural factors are the most of the desertification criteria, models of desertification potential assessment are provided locally. In this time, using of desertification models is the best method for assessment of effective factors on land degradation and desertification severity from experts viewing. Despite of models abundance, one model is the best that has adapted considering to environmental and human conditions. To assess desertification, various research done in outside and inside of Iran. Zehtabian et al (2008) was evaluated soil and water criteria base on Medalus methodology in Ain-e- Khosh’s Dehloran and presented desertification map at the end of research. Desertification intensity class is critical for the entire region based on desertification map. Shakerian et al., (2012)  Evaluated desertification intensity in Jarghooyeh region, based on IMDPA model.their results showed that, this area classified in low class of desertification. According to the new definition of Desert, more parts of Iran encounter desertification problem. In order to challenging with desertification, it is necessary to do some scientific research and assessment in different parts of the country. The results may help to control and reduce the damages resulted from this phenomenon. The aim of this research would be the effects of climate indicator on desertification with method Iranian Model (IMDPA) in central part of Iran.

Previous Water management policies failed under development pressure, Corrective action has been taken to review and track past behavior and find ways to increase the efficiency of water management in the country The prevailing belief is that the current water crisis is the result of inadequate governance. The principles of transparency, participation, sustainability, standardization, monitoring and effectiveness are the principles of governance in water resources management. In this study aims to develop indices of the principles of agricultural water governance in Khuzestan province using the comments of the expert group of 32 water and soil experts and the Delphi method, 16 indicators were identified as indicators of agricultural water governance principles in irrigation and drainage systems in Khuzestan province. Among the indexes, the water resources management index with an agreement level of 100%, as the most important indicator of the transparency principle, Obtaining water's price was 89.9%, the most important indicator of the principle of participation, irrigation efficiency index with 100% agreement level, the most important indicator of sustainability principle, ready-made valves with standard agreement of 98.3%, the most important index of the principle of standardization, the index of land of non drainages at the level of agreement was 98.6% as the most important indicator of the principle of control, and satisfaction index for water distribution management with a 100% agreement level represents a more important impact principle than other indices.

Drought as a complex event that caused by the occurrence of one or more of the dry period¡ has the adverse effects of economic¡ social and environmental in a short period of time. Investigation of the drought spatial variability using appropriate indicators can help to the correct management of drought. In this study¡ using data obtained from the drought indicators of short-term (3-months) SPI¡ ZSI and PNI¡ drought severity zoning map was obtained using the geostatistical methods in GIS software for West Azerbaijan Province. The results showed that among the geostatistical interpolation and definitive methods¡ the method of inverse distance weighting (IDW) with 2 power for ZSI and SPI index has the lowest error of RMSE¡ MAPE and MBE compared to other interpolation methods. The least estimated amount of RMSE for each indicator was calculated respectively 0.22¡ 0.3 and 0.36. The zoning maps showed that the south and southwest of West Azerbaijan Province have less drought due to the focus of forests and the good rainfall in these areas whereas was observed more drought in the north and northeast of province than other regions in West Azerbaijan Province. According to SPI index¡ 48.12 % of the province consist of the severe drought and 32.25 % has normal drought conditions.

Desertification is one of the most important concerns and a major threat for natural resources and human societies. In this study, IMPDA model have been applied to assess desertification hazard in semi-arid Agh-Band region, Golestan Province. Work unit map was provided using geology, land use maps, aerial photos and satellite images. Desertification hazard was mapped using 9 desertification criteria including: soil condition, geology, climatology, land cover, Socioeconomic status, groundwater, urban development, agricultural and water and wind erosion with 26 desertification indicators. For each major criteria affecting quality indicators investigated and via IMPDA method weighted with geometric mean calculation and using ArcGIS 9.3 software, maps relative to position of each criteria were provided. At the end, map of sensitive zone to desertification was provided using geometric mean. The differences were compared between hazard classes with Chi-square and Mann-Whitney test for evaluation of models accuracy using the Minitab software. Results of chi-square test indicated that there is an appropriate differentiation among hazard classes. The results showed that 17.7 percent of the area is classified as high class and 51 percent as moderate affected by desertification processes. Further analysis indicated that the land cover and soil condition criteria are the most important criteria of desertification process in the Agh-Band region.

Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) is under implementation within 63 countries over the world. The results and constraints of this event have been different in mentioned countries. This research objected to survey of IMT constraints and identifies its key indicators in Ghazvin and Moghan pilots with different characteristics in type of Irrigation and their IMT process. The research method is descriptive-correlative and the statistical populations are farmers of Ghazvin Irrigation network and Moghan pumping station No. 8. Data collected by a questionnaire within farmers as a probable sample of two pilots, respectively. Data analyzing was done through one-sample mean test and Pearson correlation, t-test and F test. The results showed that the mean value of measured indicators in two pilots was greater than expected mean. The t-test approves this result with exceed of 95 percent confidence. Moreover, the points of view of farmers of two pilots have no sufficient correlation in two different Irrigation networks, but have the similarities on the key indicators such as “clear responsibilities and duties of farmers and government sectors”.