جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « magnetic water » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Water scarcity, the reduction of very high costs for the development of new water resources and the protection of the environment necessitate the use of unconventional water in agriculture. These waters include two main groups of effluents and saline waters, the direct use of which causes environmental problems and soil pollution. One of the ways in which water and soil can be improved and the total amount of water used for irrigation can be reduced is the use of magnetic water technology, which increases crop yield per unit volume of water used. In this study, the effect of using treated magnetic effluent on maize water productivity was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments include irrigation with well water (W1), irrigation with mixing 25% of effluent and 75% of well water (W2), irrigation with the mixing of 50% of effluent and 50% of well water (W3), irrigation with mixing of 75% of effluent and 25% of water well (W4), irrigation with 100% effluent (W5) under magnetic field (I1) and without magnetic field (I2) was. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and water and wastewater mixing on biological, physical, wet and dry forage productivity was significant. On average, irrigation with magnetic effluent significantly increased biological (10.33%), physical (9.35%), wet forage (10.07%) and dry forage (11.49%) productivity compared to non-magnetic effluent. Also, all the mentioned parameters increased with increasing the percentage of effluent used in irrigation. Using magnetic technology, effluent can be used to increase the productivity of maize.

Increasing demand for water for irrigation in the agricultural sector has led to increasing reuse of treated or raw municipal and industrial effluents in many countries around the world. The use of wastewater is usually associated with microbial contamination and heavy metals that affect various parts of nature and therefore human health. Heavy metals in these unconventional waters are one of the sources of water, soil, and plant pollution that the toxicity of heavy metals in plants reduces plant growth. The above problems can be solved by modifying water and soil magnetically. In this study, the effect of using treated magnetic effluent on the yield components of maize plants was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments include irrigation with well water (W1), irrigation with mixing 25% of effluent and 75% of well water (W2), irrigation with the mixing of 50% of effluent and 50% of well water (W3), irrigation with mixing of 75% of effluent and 25% of water Well (W4), irrigation with 100% effluent (W5) under magnetic field (I1) and without magnetic field (I2) was. Irrigation water magnetization was created by passing water through a permanent magnet with a magnetic field intensity of 0.3 Tesla. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and water and effluent mixing on fresh and dry mass weight, number of seeds per corn, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and grain yield were significant. On average, irrigation with magnetic effluent significantly increased grain yield (9.18%) and biological yield of maize (10.09%) compared to non-magnetic effluent. Yield and yield components of maize also increased with increasing effluent use. In general, by using magnetic technology, unconventional waters can be used and the amount of plant yield can be increased.

One of the ways to increase the quality of irrigation water is to magnetize it. Research in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018.The experiment was completely random in the form of a factorial design and three treatments included irrigation method (usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying and three levels of magnetic water). This included: ordinary water, one-time magnetic water with a Tesla intensity of 0.367 and Tesla 0.633). Examination of the experimental results showed that in the usual irrigation method and magnetic water with a Tesla intensity of 0.367, the highest plant height (110 cm) , Dry weight of aerial limbs (41.9 g.plant-1, dry weight of roots (17/1 (g.plant-1 and root volume (137 cm3.plant-1) and in the usual irrigation method and water Tesla's magnitude of 0.633 was the highest leaf area (25.24 cm2), total fruit weight (508.18 g), lycopene (48.6 (mg.gfw-1). fixed partial root-zone drying magnetic water with .0.367 intensity Tesla The highest amount of chlorophyll b (0.489 mg.gfw-1) and single fruit weight (48.03 g) and in the intensity of Tesla 0.633, the highest percentage of dried fruit (%11.1) was observed. The highest water use efficiency Total biomass (36.6 g / liter) was observed in fixed partial root-zone drying and control water. alternative partial root-zone drying and magnetic water with Tesla 0.367 intensity, maximum leaf-stem ratio (1.37 g.plant-1), air-to-underground ratio (3.14 g.plant-1) and root length (53.2 cm) was observed, but the highest content of relative moisture content of leaf water in alternative partial root-zone drying and magnetic water showed Tesla with a intensity of 0.633. Among the irrigation methods, the highest total fruit weight in each pot was observed in usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying was observed as variable and both Tesla 0.367 and 0.633 intensity of magnetic water were able to improve traits. It is recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress, it is recommended to use this method that is safe, easy and safe for the environment.

In arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, water shortage and soil absorbable nutrients deficiency are limiting factors of plants growth. Nutrient deficiencies are compensated by chemical fertilizers. The main issue in fertilizer consumption is to use the optimal amount of fertilizer that increases water and fertilizer use efficiency. One of the newest and most effective approach for efficient use of water in agriculture is to magnetize the irrigation water. For producing magnetized water, it is crossed through a permanent magnetic field. By crossing water through a magnetic field, its physical and chemical properties improve. The aim of current research was, investigating the effect of urea fertigation by magnetized water on yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency in cucumber cv. Kish F1.

This study was performed as split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications from June to November 2018 on cucumber cultivate Kish F1 at the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, University of Zanjan, Iran. The treatments consisted nitrogen fertilizer levels at 5 levels from urea source (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% crop fertilizer requirement) and irrigation water (magnetized and no magnetized water). The treatment of 0% urea fertilizer and no magnetized water were considered as control. For crops irrigation, tape-drip irrigation system was used and for magnetizing of water, an electromagnetic field with 0.1 tesla was used. The crop water requirements were calculated by FAO-Penman-Monteith Approach on a daily basis using on-time weather parameters data of Zanjan Station. The irrigation frequency was 3 days. During the growth period, fertilization was done as fertigation approach on four times (15%, 30%, 30% and 25% of total crop urea fertilizer requirement). The first fertilization was applied 45 days after planting and the rests was carried out as 10-day periods after first fertilization.

The effect of urea fertilizer levels were significant at 0.1% level on yield, water use efficiency, number of fruits and leaf area, at 1% on chlorophyll index and at 5% on fertilizer use efficiency. Magnetized water was significant at 0.1% level on the all evaluated traits, except chlorophyll index. Treatment interaction effects were significant on water use efficiency, urea fertilizer use efficiency and number of fruits at 1% and no significant effect on the rest of traits. Compared with control, the highest and lowest increase in mean chlorophyll index were in 75% and 0.0% urea fertilizer level and magnetized water (21.1% and 0.4% respectively). At any urea fertilizer level, mean leaf area in magnetized water treatment was greater than no magnetized water treatment. Maximum and minimum difference between magnetized and not magnetized water treatments were in 25% and 0.0% urea fertilizer level (155.8 and 143.6 cm2, respectively). Based on treatments interaction, maximum mean of fruits number, achieved in 75% urea fertilizer level-magnetized water (32.8 number). It was 47.7% more than control. Maximum mean of cucumber yields with 50.3 t/ha, were in 75% urea fertilizer level-magnetized water that it increased 17.9, 2 and 3.8 t/ha compared with control, 100% urea fertilizer level-magnetized and no magnetized water, respectively. Results showed that application of magnetized water to irrigate plants, increased water use efficiency. Maximum water use efficiency achieved in 25% urea fertilizer level and magnetized water as much as 17.7 kg/m3. The trend of variations in mean water use efficiency showed, in no magnetized water, by reducing the application amount of urea fertilizer, averages of water use efficiency decreased but in magnetized water treatment, the trend of variations were incremental from 100% to 75% urea fertilizer level. On results, at each level of urea fertilizer treatment, using magnetized water for plant irrigating, increased mean of fertilizer use efficiency compared no magnetized water treatment. Maximum difference between means of urea fertilizer use efficiency at magnetized and no magnetized water was achieved in 25% urea fertilizer level as 74.3 Kg/Kg (367%). The results also showed, the trend of variations in mean urea fertilizer use efficiency at no magnetized water were decreasing from 100% to 25% urea fertilizer level but at magnetized water, the trend was increasing.

based on results of the current research, the optimum urea fertilizer level in Zanjan Region for cucumber is 75% urea fertilizer requirement, which by applying magnetized water to irrigate cucumber plants, mean of yield increases. In this case, in addition to save 25% of urea fertilizer amount, it is also prevented environmental problems.

The study of moisture patterns under a single dropper is necessary for the design, management, and implementation of drip irrigation systems. The proper design of these systems should be a desirable combination of dropper discharge, soil characteristics, application time and type of used water that affect the water dynamics in the soil under surface dropper. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of water type, especially magnetic water, on the dynamics of water in the soil. Magnetic fields, while changing the physical and chemical properties of water, lead to changes in the characteristics of water movement in the porous medium. The purpose of this study was laboratory investigation of combined and separate effect of magnetism and organic matter on the distribution of moisture in layered soils.

The experiments were carried out in a 50*50*50 cm box of transparent plexiglass to observe the movement of the moisture front in the soil. Also, the experimental model of the present study includes water resource, plastic pipe, magnets set for applying magnetic field to water and dropper with a constant discharge rate of 4 liters per hour. In this study, four permanent pairs of magnets were applied with two specific magnets (three pairs of magnets with 0.2 T, and a pair of magnet of 0.3 T magnitude). The Porous media treatments of this study includes two samples of sandy loam soil (74% sand, 11% clay and 15% silt) and clayey soil (15.5% sand, 52.5% clay and 32% silt) and hydroponics porous media (peat moss organic matter). Soil and hydroponic treatments were prepared in the form of homogeneous mixture of soil (80%) with organic matter (20%). Also, the total thickness of the soil layer was considered 35 cm (the thickness of the coarse textured layer (SL) 25 cm and the fine textured layer (C) 10 cm) that 15 cm was kept empty from the top of box. For this purpose, the effect of plain and magnetic water in the form of eight treatments, on the moisture movement in coarse-textured, fine-textured, coarse textured mixed with peat moss, fine-textured mixed with peat moss were evaluated. Also this tests in the irrigation and drainage and Soil Laboratories were designed and implemented. Finally, the chemical properties of drainage water extracted from soil samples and samples of soil mixed with peat moss were measured by pH meter (pH meter) and electrical conductivity meter (EC meter).

The results of this study showed that due to the application of magnetism on irrigation water, electrical conductivity of drainage water was decreased in all treatments with the highest decrease to 0.875 mmho/cm in the fine-textured soil, except the fine-textured soil mixed with peat moss. Also, drainage water pH was increased in all four soil treatments, with the highest increase in the fine-textured soil to 7.6. Furthermore, Investigation about moisture dynamics showed that the significant effect of magnetic water application on certain treatments and the patterns of moisture distribution with their progressive radii were tangible. Also, for infiltration depth factor, the most general variability of magnetic water treatment was observed in T1 (increment), T7 (decrease), T3 (decrease) and T5 (increment) treatments. On the other hand, the highest influence of forward width was obtained in T7 (increment), T1 (decrease), T5 (increment) and T3 (increment) treatments. In addition, the analysis of forward curves-soil moisture distribution showed that due to the application of magnetic water for example in the horizontal direction, the maximum horizontal progression radius increased by 19.81% to 38.9 cm. Also, T7 (the fine textured soil on the coarse textured soil with magnetic water) can be described as a treatment that has the most beneficial result of magnetic water in the present study. As a result, even without using organic matter treatment and application of its fertilizers, it is possible to use the existing condition of agricultural soils with desired results, which have the same status as the present treatment and even the same treatments. In general, the results of this study were indicated that the magnetism on the chemical properties of soil water and especially the dynamic characteristics of water in the soil, including the pattern of moisture distribution and forward velocity was effective.

Clogging of emitters is one of the problems of trickle irrigation with saline water. This study was carried out with the purpose of investigating emitters clogging in trickle irrigation using magnetized water under different salinity level. In this study two treatments of magnetized water and non-magnetized water considered were as main factors (variables) and three levels of saline water including waters with saline of 0.57, 5 and 10 dS/m and three distance including the first of lateral, middle and the end of lateral were as sub-factors. The experiment was laid out with split-split plot in a complete randomized block design with three replications at Babolsar city in 2016. In order to assess the clogging of emitters, the variations of emitter discharges and chemical analysis of water was measured and analyzed. The results showed that the effect of magnetized water on average discharge of emitters and uniformity coefficient was significant (at P≤0.05). At the end of the irrigation season, the average discharge of emitters used for the magnetized water was 7.3% higher than the non-magnetized water. Also, the uniformity coefficient of emitters used for magnetized water was 7.9% higher than non-magnetized water. For saline water of 10 dS/m, the average discharge of emitters was 4.02 L/hr at the first irrigation period and reached 3.69 L/hr at the final irrigation period, while for magnetized water, it was 4.05 L/hr at the first irrigation period and reached 3.85 L/hr at the final irrigation period. According to this research, the using magnetized water is recommended in order to decrease the emitter clogging and increase the water uniformity in the field.

Optimal management of water, as one of the main factors of production has an important role in the supply of essential nutrients, increasing yield and reducing leaching. Nowadays, application of magnetic water in many fields including agriculture has been payed attention by many researchers. In order to investigate the effect of magnetic water on plant nutrient uptake, this research was conducted in the controlled environmental conditions in greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University. Magnetic water was produced using a magnetic device with a magnetic field intensity of 8 to 10 mT. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetic water on the essential nutrient uptake by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in saline conditions. The experimental design was two factors factorial (2x3) arranged in a completely randomized design. The combinations of the treatments were two levels of water; non-magnetic (Normal) and magnetic and three levels of salinity; 800, 1300 and 2100 ppm NaCl, with three replicates. The results showed that with increasing salinity, macronutrient uptake and protein percentage reduced, while micronutrient and sodium uptake increased. Moreover, comparisons of treatments means showed that the magnetic water increased all the nutrients uptake and protein percentage in the leaves and seeds, but no significant changes were observed in the roots and shoots of bean plants. Despite these findings, more researches are needed to be done in the field to prove the obvious beneficial effects of magnetic water.

In this research, impact of different levels of magnetized wastewater were investigated on yield and water use efficiency in maize cv. Maxima and some of soil physical properties. Research was done as factorial experiment with two factors based on complete randomized blocks with 3 replications from June to October 2014 in Research Farm of Zanjan University. Required wastewater was provided from refinery of Zanjan and was distributed in plots in 5 levels included 0% (well water as control), 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Magnetic water was included crossing and no crossing magnetic field. Based on results, leaf area and relative water content of leaf were not significant affect by different levels of wastewater. Maximum value of maize wet mass and water use efficiency for wet mass were in 100% wastewater treatment which were significantly difference with control treatment as 23.9 tone/ha and 7.6 kg/m3 respectively. Difference between maize wet mass and water use efficiency of wet mass for magnetized and no magnetized water were 14.6 tone/ha and 4.7 kg/m3 (respectively) which were statistically significant.
In this study, effect of different levels of wastewater were not significant on soil physical properties in 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. The effect of magnetic water on soil physical properties was significant in 0-15 cm of soil depth but there was not significant influence in 15-30 cm depth. Results showed, in 0-15 cm of soil depth, magnetic water increased soil bulk density, volume moisture and soil saturate degree and decreased soil porosity compared to no magnetic water as 19%, 3%, 10% and 8% (respectively).

In arid and semi-arid regions due to restriction of access to fresh water resources for agricultural production, the major source of irrigation water is salt water. It was argued that the use of magnetic technology and salt water pass through a magnetic field can be helped to improve crop yield where salt water is used. In this regard to investigate effect of salt water passes through the magnetic field on the growth characteristics and yield components of green pepper, an experiment was conducted as completely randomized with split plot design by six treatments and three replications at University of Shahrekord in the summer of 2013. Treatments included two water levels (magnetic and non-magnetic) and salinity at three levels (0.3, 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m). The results showed that magnetic water increases of 12, 19 and 33 percent of the total fruit yield in irrigation water with salinity respectively 0.3, 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m. Also all yield components of the including fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and root volume of treated water with salinity of 0.3 dS/m highest values than the two others. Magnetic water increases 15 and 11 percent in the weight of stems in salinity of 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m than other non-magnetic levels of its.

Having proper information of the wetted width and depth of soil for the appropriate design and management of a drip irrigation system is essential. This research was carried out to calculate the wetted depth and the maximum wetted width in both surface and subsurface drip irrigations with normal and magnetic waters. Measured values were compared with linear and nonlinear regression and neural network models. Experimental measurements were done on a clay loam soil in the greenhouse of Zanjan University. The results showed that the simple linear and multiple regression for Schwartzman and Zur (1986) and Mirzaei et al 2008) to estimate the wetted depth in surface drip irrigation with normal water was better (r=0. 988 and RMSE=0. 011 m). The difference between the estimated values using Schwartzman and Zur (1986) and Mirzaei et al (2008) in the wetted depth with magnetic water in surface drip irrigation (r=0. 974 and RMSE=0. 014 m) and the maximum wetted width in surface drip irrigation with normal water (r=0. 950 and RMSE=0. 028 m) and with magnetic water (r=0. 976 and RMSE=0. 023 m) with the observed data was minimal. Among the artificial neural networks models used in this study، multilayer perceptron model as compared with radial basis function model performed better.

In this research, the effect of magnetization of irrigation water on the properties of soil wetting zone in surface drip irrigation was studied. The study was carried out as a complete randomized design with 3 replications on a clay loam soil in a greenhouse at the University of Zanjan in 2012. A microflopper dripper with 4 lit/hr discharge was used in the test. The experiments were done in a metal box with dimensions of 80 × 80 × 80 cm with a glass wall at one side. To create a magnetic field, two fixed magnetized poles with 0.1 tesla intensity were installed on a 16 mm polyethylene pipe. The Wetted soil dimentions including wetted width on the soil surface, maximum wetted width in the soil and its depth and the maximum length of wetted zone in the soil were measured at 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 120 minutes after starting the experiment. The measured values were statically analyzed by SAS software. The magnetic water treatment increased the wetted width on the soil surface and maximum width of the wetted zone. The maximum difference between the produced wetted widths by the magnetic water and nonmagnetic water treatments was 7.9 cm on the soil surface and was 6.32 cm in the soil for the maximum length of wetted zone that occured at 120 minutes after starting the experiment. The mentioned differences were statistically significant (). More expansion of the wetted zone width in the soil by magnetic water treatment relative to nonmagnetic water treatment caused a decrease in the maximum depth of wetted zone in the soil of the former treatment. As a result, the maximum depths of wetted zone in the soil at the end of the test (time of 120 minutes) were 22.52 and 22.25 cm for nonmagnetic water and magnetic water treatments, respectively. These values had not statistically significant difference (p<5%). According to the results of this study, the distance between drippers can be increased by applying magnetic water in drip irrigation system.

Using zeolite and magnetic water can be a good alternative to reduce use of chemical fertilizers. In this study investigated the effect of these two factors was investigated the growth of green bean. This research was conducted in Birjand Agricultural Research greenhouse in 1392. This study was performed in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 6 treatment (Water treatment in two types; non-magnetically and magnetically and zeolite treatment in three levels; potassic, calcic and without zeolite) and 6 replicates and a total of 36 pots. Results showed a significant negative effect on the use of magnetic water during emergence, root length, root fresh weight and plant height. Using of Zeolites have a positive effect on leaf length, leaf area index and leaf dry weight. The interaction between water and zeolite showed a significant effect on root length, plant heigth and leaf dry weight. calcic zeolite increasing leaf length, leaf area index, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight, respectively, 1.20, 1.45, 1.56 and 1.32 compared to the control treatment to show a better performance among others.

In this study, the effect of magnetic water on the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity has been investigated by a quite random form with four treatments and three repetitions. Treatments in this study were included: 1- potable water after passing through the RPM device with 500 Gauss Intensity; 2- potable water after passing through the Aqua Correct device with 1300 Gauss Intensity; 3- potable water after passing through the Elcla device with 1600 Gauss Intensity; 4-potable water without magnetic device (Reference treatment). Hydraulic conductivity was measured by constant head test. 12 high pressure plastic pipes were used for preparation of the soil columns. The columns were fixed at new metal table with constant height form the ground in order to gather the drainage, easily. Also agricultural soil with loam texture was compressed into the columns up to 15 cm. During 35 days, the water with 2 cm height was passed over the top of soil columns. At the end of 35 days, magnetic water had significant effect (1%) on decreasing saturated hydraulic conductivity. The third magnetic treatments had lowest hydraulic conductivity that it was 51% less than reference treatment. For the first and second treatments, it was 29.3 and 36% less than reference treatment, respectively.