جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "piper diagram" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

Agriculture has always been considered as an important factor in the development of human civilization and today this sector is one of the most important economic sectors and the largest consumer of water in Iran and the world. Irregular extraction of groundwater by this sector has caused a water shortage crisis in most parts of Iran. Therefore, the country's water resources need to be planned and managed in order to be sustainable. One way is to determine the optimal cropping pattern by considering the quantity and quality of water. Therefore, in this study, using game theory, the optimal cropping pattern has been determined by considering the footprint index and water quality in Bardsir city. For this purpose, five major crops of this city have been considered and the necessary statistics and information have been collected from the Meteorological Organization, the Regional Water Administration and the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kerman province and Bardsir city for the years 2005-2017. The results showed that wheat, barley, alfalfa, potato and fodder corn had the highest water footprint, respectively. In the optimal cropping pattern obtained from game theory compared to the current cropping pattern; the area under cultivation of wheat, barley and potato decreased by 4%, 7% and 12%, respectively, and the area under cultivation of alfalfa and fodder corn increased by 4% and 25%, respectively. The optimal cropping pattern obtained from game theory is recommended for this city, because in this pattern, in addition to economic benefits, attention has been paid to the quantity and quality of water so that water resources do not face a crisis.

The Sari-Ghaemshahr plain is located in the province of Mazandaran, in the southeast boarders of the Caspian Sea. The water of 44 production wells was sampled in the fall of 2011 and the spring of 2012 to determine their suitability for drinking and irrigation of the agricultural lands. The samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3-, SO4-2, Cl- , SAR, PI, and KI. The samples were categorized as Fresh, brackish to saline from the type of CaHCO3, and mixture of (Ca, Mg, Cl) and Na-Cl based on the Piper diagram. The Gibbs diagram shows how to determine the chemical reaction and type of water. Ionic ratios reveal that the source of calcium and magnesium ions were carbonate rocks, sodium ions from (Na-rich) clay minerals and a solution of sodium chloride, and sulfate from human activities and not from the sedimentary origin. These reactions were governed by the geological formations and intrusion of saline water (sea, connate water). Although some of the water samples were categorized as hard or very hard according to the WHO drinking water standards and the Schuellers diagram, they were potable. Based on the USDA irrigation water standards, most of the wells contained very suitable to permissible water for irrigations, and only a small percentage of them had unsuitable water strict ground water management, particularly pumping reduction. The artificial recharge is recommended if the soil salinization, permeability reduction and saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifers are to be prevented. To avoid leaching soil, reducing the permeability and saltwater level, which means the unsuitable water, the arrangements of exploitation of water control such as raising the water table is used in the recharge province.