جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « unconventional water » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Water supply remains a significant challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, and in addressing this concern, unconventional water sources have gained prominence. Notably, the extraction of water from air humidity, classified as an unconventional water source has seen increased adoption. Diverse techniques have been developed to achieve this goal, with the utilization of mesh networks being particularly prevalent. Consequently, this study assesses the evaluation of the performance of the ERA5 dataset in the simulation of atmospheric variables that influence the ability to assess water harvesting from air humidity (including temperature, wind speed, and water vapor pressure). Also, the possibility of water harvesting from air humidity was investigated in Qazvin Province. The outcomes demonstrated the benefit of incorporating adjustment coefficients in estimating temperature and wind speed using the ERA5 dataset. Based on these findings, the northwestern and southern regions of the province (Kuhin and Takestan) exhibit notable potential during spring and summer for water harvesting from the atmosphere. The peak water harvesting for these stations in the summer is estimated at 10.2 and 9.7 l/day.m2, respectively. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset, the annual average potential for water harvesting in the stations was evaluated at 7.9 and 4.6 l/day.m2, respectively. Notably, the minimum water harvesting capacity during the summer season recorded in Qazvin is equal to 3.39 l/day.m2, which can be planned for use in irrigation requirements of green spaces, fields, or gardens.

One of the major issues in arid and semi-arid areas, namely Iran is water scarcity. Therefore, in the present study, the use of rainbow trout effluent in the sprinkler irrigation system for potato cultivation was investigated for three years (2019-2021). This research was conducted in the form of a factorial experimental format based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The investigated factors include irrigation at two levels, A1 (irrigation with well water) and A2 (irrigation with fish effluent), as well as washing the leaves of the plant in four levels they are Before applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B1), after applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B2), The leaves were washed with fresh water for ten minutes both before and after applying the fish farm effluent to them (B3) and the leaves were not washed at all (B4). The results of this research show that the highest amount of yield, the number of stems per plant, the fresh weight of shoot, the percentage of tubers 80-120 grams, the percentage of tubers 120-150 grams, and the percentage of tubers larger than 150 grams were 565.983 grams per pot, 7.417, 57.608, 32.950, 7.850, 6.039 respectively. These highest amounts were all the results of applying A2 .

In this study, the Drainmod-S model was used to vary soil salt concentration and the effect of underground drainage on the amount of leaching in a physical model (large lysimeter). A soil extractor was installed at depths of 40, 50, and 70 cm at a distance of 35 cm from the drainage to measure the salinity of the soil solution. In this study, three scenarios were applied including salinity profiles under conventional conditions (mid-season and end-season drainage), soil salinity profiles under different drainage conditions, and prior scenarios with saline irrigation. The second and third scenarios were applied in four drainage stages, respectively. These stages include transplanting and mid-season drainage (days 15 to 20), mid-season drainage (days 35 to 40), mid-season and end-season drainage (days 55 to 60), and end-season drainage (days 75 to 80). The results showed that after simulating the total solute concentration overtime at a depth of 40 cm and comparing it with the measured values, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.77 indicating an acceptable Drainmod-S model simulation. This parameter for simulating solute concentration at 50 and 70 cm depth was 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. The mean absolute error parameter (MAE) value was also negligible.

Supplementary irrigation in rainfed agriculture causes the increasing of crop yield and better using of water resources. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of using of unconventional saline waters on supplementary irrigation of rainfed barley. The treatments included a rainfed (D) treatment and four water salinity levels with EC of 0.5 (S0), 6.7 (S1), 8.7 (S2) and 12 (S3) dS.m-1. When the barley grains filling, was performed the once spring irrigation based on deficiency of soil moisture. The yield amounts in D, S0, S1, S2 and S3 treatments were measured equal to 4005.8, 6449.08, 4918.32, 4260.08 and 3063.72 kg. ha-1 (biomass yield), 1973.18, 3174.16, 2438.48, 2112 and 1651.32 kg. ha-1 (straw yield) and 2032.62, 3227.92, 2479.84, 2148.08 and 1412.4 kg. ha-1 (grain yield), respectively. The results showed that for one dS.m-1 increasing of water salinity in supplementary irrigation, biomass, straw and grain were decreased (relative to rainfed), equal to 7.2%, 6.7% and 7.7%, respectively. Therefore, supplementary irrigation of barley up to salinity level of S2, was recommended for rainfed cultivation conditions. Also, water productivity in D, S0, S1, S2 and S3 treatments were calculated equal to 1.941, 2.618, 2, 1.73 and 1.243 kg.m-3, respectively. Typically, water productivity in rainfed agriculture is more than irrigated crop cultivation. However, the results of this research showed that in supplementary irrigation of barley up to salinity level of S1, the amount of water productivity will be more than rainfed cultivation conditions. Therefore, in addition of quality water, the using of saline water (at the crop tolerance level) for supplementary irrigation of barley, causes the increasing of crop yield, food security and optimal management of water resources.

Water is the source of life and one of the important resources for the sustainable development of countries. Population growth and consequently the need for more agricultural commodities and food products and on the other hand, the limitation of water resources, have led human beings to the optimal use of available water resources and the use of low-quality water (Dehghan et al. 2015). To make more efficient use of limited water resources in the agricultural sector, new strategies such as the use of unconventional and saline water in irrigation operations should be considered (Mardani Nejad et al. 2017). Knowing how plants respond to different degrees of salinity of irrigation water, which is used in different stages of vegetative and reproductive growth, is necessary for proper and optimal management of the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture. Beans are one of the most important crops in terms of high protein content and use in the diet. This plant is one of the annual legumes and is sensitive to water salinity, which is cultivated for seed production (Salehi, 2015b). Bean is one of the plants sensitive to salinity and tolerates salinity up to 2 dS/m, but its yield reduction starts from 0.8 dS/m (Kamel et al. 2016).This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of saline water application in vegetative and reproductive growth stage for irrigation of Derakhshan red bean cultivar, which is suitable for Shahrekord climatic conditions. Experiments of this pot study in open space, were performed in factorial form in a completely randomized design, with three replications in pots with a diameter of 40 and a height of 70 cm in the research farm of Shahrekord University with UTM coordinates (Zone = 39), X = 482573 m and Y = 3579364 m and altitude of 2070 m above sea level. The first factor of the experiment was the use of saline water at the mentioned three levels for irrigation in the vegetative growth stage and the second factor was the use of the same salinity levels for irrigation of reproductive growth stage. The data collected included yield, yield components and water productivity.The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage of bean plant significantly reduces yield, yield components, water uptake, water productivity and biological productivity index (α <0.01). Harvest index was not affected by salinity stress at vegetative growth stage, while the effect of salinity stress at reproductive growth stage on harvest index was significant (α <0.01). The highest value of water productivity was achieved in the control treatment with a rate of 0.67 kg/m3; the lowest value of 0.39 kg/m3 was observed in the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of salinity level, the mean effects of salinity in vegetative growth stage led to the productivity of 0.64 kg/m3 and in reproductive growth stage led to the productivity of 0.59 kg/m3. The results also showed that the highest yield (3349 kg/ha) was related to the control treatment and the lowest yield with rate of 1779 kg/ha was related to the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of the salinity level, the mean effects of salinity led to the production of 3067 and 2892 kg / ha grain yield in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage, respectively. The highest amount of water uptake was observed in the control treatment with the rate of 10 mm/day and the lowest amount of 9 mm/day without significant difference in the treatment with a salinity of 2 dS/m in the whole growth period and the treatment of 2 dS/m in the vegetative growth period And 1.5 dS/m was observed during reproductive growth.The results of this experiment, like the results of Ben Usher et al., 2006, showed that increasing salinity during the vegetative growth period of the plant reduces the storage content of plant organs, which affects the yield and its components at the end of the period. On the other hand, the application of salinity stress during reproductive growth period has a direct negative effect on yield and its indicators. These effects will be exacerbated when salinity stress is applied simultaneously during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The effects of salinity stress on grain yield and water productivity were more significant in the reproductive growth stage. The result is that in conditions of limited water quality, in order to achieve higher yield and optimal use of water, water with suitable quality should be used in the reproductive growth stage, and saline water could be used in the vegetative growth stage.

Water is one of the sources that play an essential role in crop production and, if not properly managed, creates a severe limitation on drinking water consumption and agriculture. Water scarcity has become a crisis in recent years. It has challenged rice production in the country, so there is no choice but to increase productivity and optimize low-quality water. The use of effluent in supplying part or all of the water and nutrient needs of the crop, in addition to reducing the pressure on available water resources, also lowers production costs. It also avoids the problems of disposal of natural resources and environmental issues. Wastewater application can increase the amount of water available to the plant by changing the physical properties of the soil. Therefore, overall, these factors contribute to the sustainable use of water and soil resources in agriculture (Nikbakht & Rezaei, 2016). Direct and unmanaged use of this type of water, referred to as abnormal water, causes soil damage and reduces crop production in irrigation operations. Due to the importance of water and its scarcity in the country, proper use of water resources and irrigation water is one of the most critical goals in the agricultural sector. Therefore, a method that can increase the plant's yield under normal conditions by using a certain amount of water and the use of irrigation water in such a way that no problems occur for the plant can be used as a solution. It is essential to manage irrigation water use. In this regard, one of the approaches used in irrigation operations in recent years to use unusual waters is to pass irrigation water through a magnetic field. Water is a magnetic magnet that passes through a device with a magnetic core (Bodnarenko & Gac, 1984). Special measures, including unconventional water, are required to provide irrigation water for strategic products such as rice, which needs much water. Despite the beneficial aspects of urban wastewater, using these waters without proper management in agriculture leads to irreparable damage in a long time. To reduce its effects and the use of wastewater treatment systems, the magnetization method is considered. In the present study, the effect of magnetization of Gorgan urban wastewater effluent on hulls yield, biological yield, harvest index, water use efficiency, physical efficiency of water, and economic efficiency of water have been investigated.

For the cultivation of high-yielding rice crops, the use of irrigation systems and low-quality water are ways to reduce water use and overcome the crisis of dehydration. To improve the quality of water, there are different methods such as using magnetic fields. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnetization effect of wastewater treatment plant in agricultural campus of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications on some rice growth indices in 2018. Experimental treatments include irrigation (underground (S) and surface irrigation (B)), type of irrigation water (ordinary water (C) and Gorgan urban wastewater treatment plant (W)) and magnetization (M) and non-magnetization water treatment method. (O)). The treatment composition was surface irrigation with conventional non-magnetic water treatment. During the experiment, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were measured. Results showed that application of non-magnetic wastewater increased plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency. The results showed that using non-magnetic surface treatment (OWB) and combination non-magnetic wastewater (OWS) increased plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency. The combination of (OWB) in plant height was at the same treatment level and increased in other traits compared to treatment, however, the composition (OWS) of harvest index increased with %26.7 and water use efficiency with 0.47 kgr/ha compared to other treatments and especially control. Underground irrigation method in addition to reducing water use compared to surface irrigation, improved harvest index and water use efficiency. According to the results of this study, irrigation of rice does not need to create a water layer on the soil surface and in order to increase production and increase water use efficiency while preserving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the plant, the use of abnormal water must be such that the environmental and health risks are minimized?

In this study, five qualities of water are evaluated on morphological properties and water productivity of Quinoa (CV. Titicaca). The research was done based on a completely randomized design, including 3 replications as pot planting in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Greenhouse conditions, during 2017-2018. In this study, five irrigation regimes existed (freshwater, saline water, alternate saline water, and freshwater, a mixture of 50:50 saline and freshwater, subsurface irrigation of saline water). The seeds of Quinoa were planted at a depth of 2.5 centimeters in the soil of each pot and were irrigated with tap water. Plants harvested after 70 days, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, plant height, SPAD index, leaf area, branch number, stem diameter, and water productivity were measured. The obtained data analyzed using statistical software of SAS (Ver. 9.0) and the means were compared using the LSD test at 5% percent levels. The results showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes on leaf number, shoot fresh weight, plant height, SPAD index, and leaf area were significant at the 1 percent level (p < 0.01), but branch's number, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, and water productivity was significant at the 5 percent level (p < 0.05). In this study, all of these parameters decreased significantly with irrigated by saline water. Subsurface irrigation has resulted in decreasing shoot fresh and dry weight by 14.4 and 17.2 percent, respectively. Alternate treatment has resulted in decreasing shoot fresh and dry weight 22.8 and 39.8 percent, respectively. So, results showed that Quinoa has good tolerance to elevated levels of salinity and it seems that a good stand establishment in saline soils and water conditions could be insured if proper management is exerted in farms

Conservation of soil and water resources could be an important role in the health of crop. The use of wastewaters and the presence of heavy metals in these waters as well as the pollution of soil resources due to the entry of heavy metals can cause many problems for quantity and quality of crop. The high retention of heavy metals in the environment causes transfer to plants and food chains and cause irreparable damage to humans, plant growth, soil and the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination caused by the application of different amounts of heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) in irrigation water and also in soil on its growth and accumulation in organs of corn variety (cultivar) 201 in Shahrekord University farm.

To this aim, the factorial test was done based on the completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot culture with Silt Loam texture. The first factor was the addition Cd in soil from the Cd Nitrate Salt at three levels (0 (control), 10 mg/kg soil, and 50 mg/kg soil) and the second was the Cd concentration in irrigation water from Cd Nitrate Salt at five levels (0 (control), 0.01, 0.05, 1, 2 mg/L).After using Cd treatments in the soil, corn was cultivated and irrigated with water with different levels of Cd during the growing period. At the end of the growing period, the concentration of Cd in different components of the plant (stem, leaves and seed), soil as well as the relative components of corn were determined. Also, the amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement were recorded during the experiment.

The results showed that water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (at a1% level) on yield components including grain yield per plant unit, number of rows in corn, number grain at the row, dry leaf weight and dry stem weight. However, the effect of water and soil contamination with Cd was not significant on yield components. High levels of Cd in soil and water had the highest reduction in yield. The results showed that the stem had the highest (2.283mgkg-1) and the grain (undetectable) had the lowest Cd concentration. In this study, the highest and lowest yields of corn plant components due to the using of different levels of Cd in soil, in grain yield and the number of rows in corn obtained11.46%, 15.51% and 2.47%, 3.81%, respectively. Water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (p < 0.05) level on water use efficiency in corn. Water use efficiency due to the using of high levels of Cd in water and soil decreased by 15.45% and 17.21%, respectively.

The results showed that the combined use of contaminated water and contaminated soil with Cd leads to a quantitative and qualitative reduction of corn yield. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the contamination of water and soil, to minimize the use of contaminated water in contaminated soil in order to protect soil resources as well as water. According to the results, the amount of Cd concentration in leaves and stem was higher than the allowable limit. Contamination of water with Cd also led to a further reduction in corn yield in contaminated soil.

< p >  < p >In Khuzestan Province, drainage water production from various activities, especially agriculture, is a serious problem. In order to optimize the use of drainage water, cultivation of salinity resistant crops can be considered as a suitable practice. Therefore, in 2019, a study was conducted to investigate the possibility of recycling drainage water of sugarcane fields for winter cultivation of quinoa  in the Research Farm of Mirza Kuchak Khan Sugarcane Agro-Industry Company in southern Khuzestan. This study was performed as split plots with a complete randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The main factor was the management of irrigation water including the use of Karun river water, drainage water of sugarcane fields, and intermittent-periodic irrigation (alternating application of Karun water and drainage water). The sub-plots were allocated to four genotypes of quinoa including "Giza1, Titicaca, Rosada, and Q26". Interaction of irrigation water type with genotype showed that the highest biomass in terms of dry forage (3645.6 kg/ha) belonged to Giza1 genotype using irrigation with Karun water, which statistically had no difference with the Rozada biomass (2620 kg /ha) using irrigation with drainage water. Monitoring of soil "ECe" and "ESP" during the growing season showed that for the two treatments of irrigation with the water of the Karun River and intermittent-periodic irrigation, the farm soil up to 1 meter depth was non saline and non-sodic. This is while before cultivation of quinova, the soil layer of 0- 25 cm was saline (5.54 dS/m) and the deeper parts were non-saline. In irrigation with drainage water, the 0-25 cm layer soil remained saline due to the effect of evaporation. However, in layers deeper than75 cm, due to the accumulation of salts compared to pre-planting (ECe=2 dS/m), salinity reached ECe=4dS/m and ESP=7%. These results indicate the need for leaching at the end of the growing season and the importance of drainage for salt outflow from agricultural lands to maintain soil salt balance in areas where drainage water recycling is practiced.

To investigate the effect of irrigation with sugar factory wastewater on seed yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare), a factorial field experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Torbat-Heydarieh in 2013-2014. The experimental treatments included well water (100% water) (I1), sugar factory wastewater (I2), the combination of well water and wastewater (12.5% wastewater and 87.5% water) (I3) at two levels of full irrigation (S1) and applying 100% water stress (S2) and water treatment (I1S1) were selected as control. Results of the studied traits showed that the variation of water stress (S2) at 1% level was significant on seed yield, 1000 seed weight, straw weight, and straw number. The straw weight and straw number in I2S1 treatment with 2545 kg/ha and the number of panicles equal to 82.2 showed the highest amount among other treatments. As well as changes of irrigation water in the level of %1 on the quality of the barely product, such as plant height, grain protein yield, and grain yield had a significant effect. In general, the results of this study showed that the use of sugar factory wastewater, in contracts to water stress, dosen't have a negative effect on grain yield and quality of barely, but also saves costs and consume s chemical fertilizers.

Today, one of the biggest challenges facing the world is the lack of water, especially in the agricultural sector. In this research, we investigated the effects of irrigation method and deficit irrigation with the urban refined effluent on biomass, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency in single grain crosses 704 maize. This research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with two irrigation systems (furrow irrigation (F) and drip irrigation (T)) and three levels of deficit irrigation treatments of 100 (D1), 75 (D2) and 55 (D3) percent of water requirements in three replications, in 2017, at the collage of Abourihan Research field, University of Tehran, in Pakdasht County. The results showed that the highest yield of biomass was 2.426 Kg m-2 for full drip irrigation treatments; also, there was no significant difference between D1 and D2 treatments. The highest grain yield was 1.240 kg m-2 for the complete drip irrigation treatment. The highest biomass water use efficiency was obtained for the treatment of 75% drip irrigation, which was equal to 5.3 kg per cubic meter of water. Therefore, a drip irrigation system with 75% water requirement is optimal and could be recommended.

Increasing population growth along with the freshwater resources global crisis necessitates the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Since the agriculture field is the main water consumer, using the approaches to increase water use efficiency is necessary. Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic water, such as treated urban wastewater.

An investigation was done to evaluate effects of different regimes of urban wastewater on performance and yield components of Quinoa plant (cv. Titicaca), at Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2017-2018. The research was based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions and in pots. Five applied treatments were urban fresh water, urban wastewater, alternate wastewater and fresh water, mixture of 50-50 wastewater and freshwater, and subterranean irrigation with urban wastewater. Physical and chemical properties of irrigation water and of soil were determined before experiment. The obtained data analyzed using statistical software of SAS ( Ver. 9.0 ) and the means were compared using LSD test at 5 % percent levels.

The results show that the treatments were significant on number of leaves, shoot fresh weight , plant height , SPAD index , and leaf area was significant at 1 percent level ( P < 0.01 ), but on number of branches, shoot dry weight and stem diameter at 5 percent level ( P < 0.05 ). The research shows effects of using urban refined wastewater on an increase in all traits.

The treatments of urban wastewater, alternate, mixture of 50 - 50 and subterranean irrigation resulted in an increase of 62.5 %, 37.5 %, 58.3 % and 93.1 % of total yield, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the experiment show that the use of refined sewage water for irrigation of Quinoa crop can increase the yield of Quinoa, decrease the cost of supplying and using fertilizers, and then save the environment.

The beneficial use of unconventional water resources for sustainable agriculture, taking into account the environmental impacts and economic returns, is a multi-criteria decision-making process based on the value of each criterion. In this research, after collecting resources and extracting decision making criteria regarding the use of wastewater in agriculture, a hierarchical structure based on two technical-economical and environmental factors is prepared and using a hierarchical analysis in the GIS software environment, the feasibility of using wastewater for cultivation of 10 common crops was carried out in Golestan province. The irrigation water fairness, the techno-economical distance from the outlet of the treatment plant and the suitability of the land for cultivating are from the technical-economical sub-criteria And the quality of irrigation water, soil, plant and aquifer vulnerability are the environmental criteria of this structure. Also, some parameters such as slope, topography, land use, depth of soil and technical permissible distance were considered as limiting factors. The results of this feasibility study, which was carried out using data from Kurdokoy wastewater treatment plant, Despite the low utilization rate of all plants due to lack of utility parameters such as nitrate, microbial contamination and aquifer vulnerability, which had the highest sensitivity and relative weight, cotton and canola have the highest desirable yield of 10 common crops In the area covered by the wastewater plant.

The operation of fish ponds washing increases the risk of using these wastewater in drip irrigation by raising the amount of suspended solids and organic matter in the wastewater. In this paper, three drip irrigation treatments were performed. For each treatment, Netafim and Microflapper emitters were used with 4, 8 and 12 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were conducted with conventional water (as control) and fish farming effluent (with depletion and without depletion of tubes). Several samples were collected from wastewater, in the usual mode and in washing the fish ponds, in three replicates. The physical, chemical and biological properties of all samples were measured and compared. The filtered materials by sand and grid filters of the control and wastewater systems were analyzed by Master Sizer device. The results showed that washing has a significant effect on the concentration of suspended solids (P<1%) and the concentration of organic matter (P<5%). But the effect of washing on the concentration of nitrate and the number of bacteria in the wastewater is small and negligible. The results also showed that the discharge of 8 L/h Microflopper emitters had a significant correlation (P<1%) with pond washing in both effluent treatments, and the discharge rate of Microflapper emitters was more correlated with the washing operations compared to the Netafim emitters. The results also showed that the efficiency of grid filters are more than sand filters when fish farm effluent is using, and the presence of these filters is more necessary.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of conjunctive irrigation with seawater and fresh water on the growth properties of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in greenhouse condition. In this study, four conjunctive use of seawater and freshwater (tap water, irrigation with 1/2 of seawater with tap water, alternate irrigation with seawater and tap water, the mixture of seawater and tap water) is evaluated on yield and yield components of Spinach. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources during 2016. The results indicated that the effect of different moderation of irrigation regimes on the shoot and root dry weights, shoot fresh weight was highly significant (P

Shortage of water resources and renewable per capita in last 30 years is put Iran on crisis threshold. Wastewater reuse is one of the battle solutions for water shortage and prevents wastewater depletion and environmental pollution. Thus, a pilot scale experiment was carried out to evaluate an integrated anaerobic/aerobic treatment for removal of BOD5 and COD, also to reduction of hydraulic retention time by considering optimum removal efficiency. The pilot was an anaerobic/aerobic bioreactor type under continuous-feeding regime based on a central composite design. The pilot was studied in different retention time and aeration was carried out between 5-15 hours. According to different retention times for COD removal efficiency, 24 hours was selected as optimum hydraulic retention time, that it is comparable to those obtained for 48 hours and over in plant roughly and could remove COD and BOD in acceptable ranges, results showed that average removal efficiency for BOD5 were 63.86 and 83.99 percent in aerobic and anaerobic phases, respectively. The average removal efficiency for COD was 76.5 and 74.35 percent for anaerobic and aerobic sections, respectively. The average removal efficiency for BOD5 and COD in this integrated aerobic-anaerobic pilot 95.24 and 94.8 percent, respectively.

Increasing need for water in the arid areas of the world has resulted in the emergence of wastewater application for agriculture and landscape. The use of wastewater for irrigation is increasingly being considered as a technical solution to minimize soil degradation and to restore nutrient content of soils. Irrigation with wastewater due to nutrients in its composition caused to effect on soil, plant, and groundwater. Under irrigated agriculture, a certain amount of excess irrigation water is required to percolate through the root zone, so as to remove the salts which have accumulated as a result of evapotranspiration from the original irrigation water. Therefore, it is more necessary to manage water. Reuse of treated wastewater for turf irrigation is often viewed as a way to maximize existing urban water resources. This study was done at Islamic Azad university (Khorasgan branch)'s filed in summer, autumn and winter 2014. The soil of Islamic Azad university (Khorasgan branch)'s filed is classified in loamy texture. A factorial experiment plan was designed with 2 main treatments of irrigating system (Silica filter around emitter of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and Drip Irrigation (DI) methods) and two sub-treatments of irrigation water sources (irrigation with field water and wastewater of Khorasgan university with EC 6 dS/m). Also, 4 replications were considered in the plan that irrigated by 9 months. All analyses were done every three months by APHA methods. The results of soil analysis showed the OM% was low in both soil depths (0.2 % and 0.1% for surface soil (0-30 cm) and subsoil (30-60 cm), respectively). Also, the soil salinity was 8.91 and 7.78 dS/m for 0-30 and 30-60 cm of soil depths, respectively. Soil pH was neutral until moderate alkali (8.91 and 7.78 for the two soil depths). EC and pH in field water was about 4.19 dS/m and 7.01, respectively. Also, the wastewater that made by mixture of field water and leachate of Organic compost of Esfahan as second water irrigation had EC equal 6 dS/m. The wastewater quality was low. The concentration of all cations and anions was very high and upper than standard concentration, especially SO42-, Cl-, Na and Ca. The results show that irrigation with wastewater by passing time caused to significantly increase pH, OC, EC, SO42-, NO3-, PO3-, Cl-, Ca, Mg, Na and K, except HCO3- concentration in soil. Based on the results, the maximum concentration of N-NO3 was observed at subsoil, in opposit to the maximum concentration of N-NH4 which was at surface soil due to colloid absorption. On the other hand, the effect of depth of irrigation illustrated that all of the soil indexes except K, NO3, HCO3- and PO3- were significantly higher in surface soil than subsurface soil layer due to four factors: leaching, adsorption, organic complex and phosphate combination. The mean of interaction effect of time, depth, and kind of irrigation method has a significant difference at 1% on soil characteristics, except OM. Based on the results, the Silica filter application under SDI irrigation system caused to increase irrigation efficiency to remove more salts by surface adsorption mechanism and treatment of wastewater. The choice should depend on the origin and quantity of contamination anticipated in the system, as well as the size of the irrigation system. The based on the results, it seems particles of silica filter affectes removing cation and anions from wastewater. This study suggests that wastewater irrigation lead to beneficial changes in physico-chemical properties of the soil. It can be concluded that untreated wastewater can be used confidently in agricultural land, in the short term; while primary treated wastewater can be used in sustainable agriculture in long term. So, we recommend modifying the dose of irrigation, in order to reduce the quantity applied and to increase the frequency of application to avoid the loss of aggregation. We also suggest long-term studies to assess the feasibility of wastewater reuse because of a number of unanswered questions exist and still there is much room for development and work towards a more solid understanding of the actual consequences of the release of contaminant in the environment. The use of unconventional water sources (e.g. wastewater), as well as the use of high efficient irrigation systems (e.g. drip irrigation systems), has found special acceptability for management in agriculture.

In this research, the effect of vemicompost on yield and yield components of tomato and okra was investigated under irrigation with contaminated water. The experiment included two treatments using vermicompost and control with three replications; and it was conducted at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. Vermicompost was applied at 25 ton per hectare in two stages: 10 t/ha at the crop cultivation period, and 15 t/ha one month after cultivating. The effect of vermicompost growth indexes including plant height, stem diameter, fruit diameter and weight, chlorophyll index, stem and leaf dry matter percentage and yield were investigated. The comparison of the average yield of tomato and okra showed that only fruit weight of tomatoes was statistically significantly different, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatments in other characteristics. In tomatoes treated with vermicompost, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, stem and leaves dry matter percentage were increased by 2.3%, 0.3%, 7.3%, 5.6% and 9.1 percent and fruit diameter, fruit weight and yield were decreased 25.5%, 42.6% and 73.2 percent, respectively compared with the control. Also, in okra under application of vermicompost, plant height, stem diameter, fruit diameter, fruit weight, chlorophyll index and yield were increased by 10.3%, 1.2%, 10.4%, 13.3%, 3% and 35.7%, while stem and leaves dry matter percentages were increased by 5.5% and 11.7%, respectively, compared with the control. Considering the significant reduction in tomato fruit weight and reduction of its fruit diameter and yield, as well as reduction of stem and leaves dry matter in okra, and in light of the high risk of using contaminated water and possible contamination of the fruit and reduction of its quality and health, the use of vermicompost for these crops under irrigation with contaminated water is not recommended. In general, the use of contaminated water is unacceptable for human and animal foods.

Water scarcity is a serious problem for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid. Furthermore, development of new water resources in these areas is too expensive. Now, treated wastewater (TWW) is commonly used as an alternative source for irrigating to alleviate freshwater use. One of the most nutrient-rich wastewaters for plants is aquaculture effluent which contains appropriate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The aquaculture effluent which is often drained to rivers causes both an environmental challenge and an agricultural opportunity. The integration of aquaculture with agricultural systems has been identified as a way to increase food production, protect the environment and enhance food security. On the other hand, emitter clogging is the main problem with use of wastewaters in drip irrigation systems which reduces the emitter discharge, emission uniformity, irrigation efficiency and increases maintenance costs. Time and location of partial clogging of emitters, under wastewater using conditions, is an important issue. Thus, in the present study, the mentioned problem was investigated particularly about aquaculture effluents.
For this purpose, three separate drip irrigation systems were established. Netafim and Micro-flopper emitters were used in each treatment, with both 4 and 8 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were done using fresh water (as a control), and aquaculture effluent (with and without ending drainage of pipes). Emitter discharges was measured for each emitter type by volumetric method, through all irrigation events for the all study treatments. Then, clogging percentages were calculated. To perform statistical analysis of data, all the laterals were divided into three hypothetical of elementary, middle and ending one-third parts. Each of these parts included four loops of lateral pipe. The emitter location (on the lateral pipe) factor, along with others (time, type of water, emitter type and emitter discharge) considered in the analysis. Emitter's clogging percentage data were analyzed in the form of combined analysis, based on randomized complete block design with the mentioned factors. MSTAT-C and SAS software was used for statistical analyses.
The results of present study showed that the clogging of Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters has increased sharply over the time in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval in this study. Therefore, use of these emitters is unsuitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. Also, , clogging in Micro flopper 8 l/h emitters has increased passing time in all treatments, and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval; But, in the third and fourth time periods, the role of ending drainage of pipes was obvious and positive. Therefore, using these emitters for irrigation with aquaculture effluent will be more appropriate compared with Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters, if the proper management is applied, such as ending drainage or full washing of lateral pipes. Clogging percentages of Netafim 4 l/h emitters have not any significant differences between three treatments in all of the time intervals. It means that these emitters had the least dependent on water quality and irrigation management compared to the other experienced emitters in this study. Also, the clogging percentages for these emitters never reached the critical levels during the irrigation season, both in the case of fresh water and wastewater usage. Therefore, use of these emitters is very suitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. The results showed that for all studied emitters, using aquaculture effluent caused emitter clogging mostly in the ending one-third of lateral pipes. This problem was more acute in the emitters with 8 liters per hour discharges. Therefore, using these emitters with application of aquaculture effluent, ending drainage of lateral pipes or full washing of them is more necessary.
The results of present study showed that the effect of elapsing time on the emitter clogging was in acceptable range in Netafim emitters but not in Micro flopper emitters, when aquaculture effluent was used in drip irrigation. And in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), Netafim emitter's performance was significantly (P