جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « water price » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Water is the most crucial factor for agricultural development. Therefore, the economic evaluation of water resources is critical. The purpose of this paper was to determine the economic value of water resources, to evaluate the financial efficiency and to decide on the price of agricultural water in Arak plain. For this purpose, the economic value of water resources for wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn was identified in 2015- 2016, using the mathematical model developed in this research. The results showed that the financial efficiency was calculated for three alternatives: free-cost water, water cost equal to the 10% of the calculated price and water cost equal to the exact calculated price.  The irrigation efficiency of 40% financial efficiency was 2.38%, 1.68% and 0.47% , respectively, for the  aformentioned methods, and  the irrigation efficiency of 70% financial efficiency was 2.07, 1.92 and 0.71, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the financial efficiency was performed, with 10% change in the farmers income and costs. The results also revealed that irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency were not aligned when farmers had free water; however, they were aligned when the farmer paid 10% of the calculated price. Financial efficiency was more sensitive to changes in the farmers income when compared to the changes in costs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of different intermittent irrigation plans with water supply satisfaction in Rasht city and the payment of water price in the period of 2000-2013. The present study is a descriptive-survey and applied purpose study. The study population consisted of paddy farmers in Rasht city and systematic sampling method. Of 78,000 water supply contractors of Sefidrood irrigation and drainage company, 384 were selected from three villages of Bijarkenar, Gorabsar and Dahanehsar in three irrigation networks (modern, semi-modern, and traditional) using Cochran formula. The data collection tool were irrigation documentation and water payment during the statistical period and a researcher-made questionnaire with 50 questions used to measure water satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Friedman test, Chi-square test, and Cramer’V coefficient). The findings of the study showed that intermittent irrigation programs in the best and worst of the water year correspond to the subjects' views with respect to the time of beginning of the period, the beginning of the shift, and the length of the water discontinuation periods. Paddy farmers' satisfaction was evaluated at the best water year at the highest level and at the worst water year at the moderate downward level. In addition, the percentage of payment of irrigation water price was the highest in the best water year and the lowest in the worst water year. According to the findings of the study, the three hypotheses of the research and the significance of the direct relationship between the research variables were confirmed. Therefore, there is a significant direct relationship between the use of different intermittent irrigation plans with water supply satisfaction and water supply in Rasht city during the period of 2000-2013.

Selection of appropriate irrigation water price could be one of the primary economic measures in demand management of Iran's water resources management conditions. However, imposing any policies in the section would result in inter-sectoral (economic, social, and environmental) consequences. Identification of these consequences helps the water managers and authorities to find the optimum irrigation water price value. To investigate the results of implementing different policies and farmers' reaction to these scenarios, models are required that can help authorities achieve these goals with high confidence. Also, water resources planners believe that simulation of potential responses of farmers to the implementation of different policies can have an active contribution to making more correct decisions. Determination of the supplied water cost and the weighted average value of the economic value of water, to implement the scientific range of appropriate pricing scenarios to assess its inter-sectoral effects, is the main contribution of this study.

The present study attempts to simulate the agricultural conditions of Roodasht Irrigation District using the economic model for the base year of 2014-2015. Inter-sectoral effects of irrigation water pricing and probable reactions of the farmers are also investigated. With the ranking of the economic, social, and environmental indicators (using a hybrid configuration of AHP and SAW) the optimum water price is obtained.

According to the results, employing the pricing scenarios led to alter the existing cropping pattern of the Roodasht irrigation district, located in Varzaneh city in Esfahan province, by the farmers. In other words, with increasing the irrigation water price, the positive reaction of the farmers (in the form of cropping pattern) has been detected. The analysis is conducted using the Positive Mathematical Programming economic model in Gamz software. However, employing the pricing scenario has been lead to negative impacts on the economic and social indicators, while positive impacts on the environmental index. In another word, under the conditions that the local water authorities impose the increasing water scenario, the farmers' income has decreased from 19.9 to 14.33 M IRR per hectare. Moreover, the water pricing scenario reveals a similar pattern in the social indicator, so that the maximum and minimum values obtained 60.5% and 38.37% respectively for the first and the fifth scenarios. From the environmental viewpoint, by increasing the water price, the water consumption and energy balance criteria respectively show the decreasing and increasing trends.

Summing up the obtained results, with considering the importance degree of the inter-sectoral consequences of the pricing scenario; including economic, social, and environmental; the weighted average value of the entire crops of the existing cropping pattern (1540 Rial per a cubic meter) is selected as the irrigation water price.

Economic development and efficient use of water resources is largely dependent on water as an economic good, and it is to be considered using the economic approach in order to manage it. The main objective of this paper is to determine the economic value of agricultural water based on crop-types and financial efficiency of farmers in seven areasof Markazi province, Iran in the 2012-2013 crop year. For this purpose, a localized developed mathematical model was used to calculate the economic value of water for 4 crops including wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn by three different weighting methods including the volume of water, the area under cultivation and the income from each one of the products. Among the above mentioned methods, the weighting method - which is based on the volume of water - is selected as the most appropriate method. The economic value of water based on this weighting method and for the studied areas including Mahallat, Komijan, Shazand, Saveh, Delijan, Khomein and Ashtian were obtained equal to 5700, 5550, 5000, 6700, 3800, 4800, and 6050 rials per cubic meter of water, respectively. The financial efficiency for all the three alternatives; free water, 10% of the calculated price and the actual price of water from the farmer were calculated. Results revealed that financial efficiency is sensitive to changes in income and it is more sensitive than changes in costs. Irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency are not aligning in all cases. This means that in the first place, in order to increase farmers' financial efficiency, the farmers' incomes should be increased, and secondly, by subsidizing in other conditions, the farmer’s costs should be reduced.

Tomato is one of the major agricultural products in Fars Province. Previous studies show that the tomato farms under current irrigation systems lose a large volume of water with low water productivity. In the present study, the irrigation requirement and the influence of different irrigation regimes on the yield and water productivity of three cultivars of tomato was studied. The farm under study was located in Marvdasht plain, with a heavy soil texture. The irrigation water was applied based on 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120 percent of Penman Montieth water requirement method, under drip irrigation system. Another treatment was considered and irrigated by the farmer management. Benefit-cost ratio and benefit-cost difference was calculated for economic analysis. Results show that the obtained yield increased with irrigation water while water productivity decreased. The irrigation volumes of water used for the treatments were about 3900 to 7800 cubic meters per hectare. However, only the differences between the treatments 60% and 120% were statistically significant. Economic evaluations showed that the tomato production was not economical with tomato price equal to 2500 Rials, while the water price varies from zero to 6000 Rials. In this situation, the benefit-cost ratios varied from 0.78 to 0.68, respectively. Increase in price of tomato could improve the benefit-cost ratio.

Two of the main challenges in developing countries are food production and trying to get a high income for good nutrition and reduction of poverty. Cereals and legumes are the most important crops in the rainfed areas of the country occupying the majority of dry land areas. Irrigated production systems had a main role in food production in the past years; but unfortunately, in recent years, with high population and competition of industry and environment with agricultural sectors, getting adequate irrigation water is difficult. The main purpose of this study is to determine the best option of crop agronomic management. Rainfed agriculture is important in the world; because this production system establishes %80 of the agriculture area and prepares %70 of the food in the world. In the Lorestan province, production area for rainfed barley is 120,000 ha and the amount produced is 120000 ton (approximately 1009 kg per ha). The purposes of this study were to evaluate cost, benefit and profit of rainfed barley production, economical and non-economical substitution of treatments in different agronomic management, study of sale return, cost ratio, determining break-even of price and comparing it with the guaranteed price of barley and estimating the value of water irrigation. This research was carried out by sample farmers (12 farmers) on rainfed barley at the Honam selected site in the Lorestan province during 2005-07. At on-farm areas of the upper Karkheh River Basin (KRB) three irrigation levels were analyzed (rainfed, single irrigation at planting time and single irrigation at spring time) under two agronomic managements (advanced management (AM) and traditional management (TM). Data was analyzed by Partial Budgeting (PB) technique, Marginal Benefit-Cost Ratio (MBCR), and economical and non-economical test. For estimation of net benefit the following formula was used: (1) Where: N.B: Net income (Rials/ ha), B(w): Gross income, C (w): Cost of production, YG: Crop yield (kg/ ha), PG: Price of crop(Rials/kg), YS: straw yield (kg/ ha PS: Price of straw (Rials/kg), C1: Total fixed cost without cost of water and irrigation (Rials/ ha), Pw: Price of water and irrigation (Rials/ m3) and W: Amount of water and irrigation (m3/ ha). Changes of incomes and changes of costs for every treatment in different crop managements were used as follows: (2) (3) Where j and j+1 show existence and substitution crop managements. In order to determine the price of irrigation water, total cost including pump and electromotor, semi deep well, power instrument, maps, pipe transport and implementation network, other primary cost and operation cost were used. The analysis period for the instruments (pump and electromotor, maps, implementation network) was 20 years and for the semi deep well was 30 years. In this study, total cost was referred to the present value with %15 discount rate by uniform series formulas. Then, the water was used in the farm. The price of water was determined. Capital recovery formula is as follows: (4) Where: A: Annual value of primary investment costs, P: Primary investment costs for irrigation system, i: Discount rate and n: analysis period. According to the results, the price of water and irrigation at the research region based on its components and under 15% and 25% interest rates were obtained to be 213 and 338.1 Rials per cubic meters, respectively. The barley grain yield and its net benefit under advanced management were more than that obtained under traditional management. In traditional management, the mean barley grain yield for treatments including rainfed, Single irrigation (SI) - planting and SI spring were estimated to be 1572, 2487 and 2670 kgha-1, respectively. The mean profit for rainfed barley production for treatments including rainfed, SI-planting and SI spring were estimated to be 1270.2, 2314.2 and 2607 (Thousand Rial.ha-1), respectively. In advanced management, the mean barley grain yield for treatments including rainfed, Single irrigation (SI) -planting and SI spring were estimated to be 2270, 3444 and 2853 kgha-1, respectively. The mean profit for rainfed barley production for treatments including rainfed, SI-planting and SI spring were estimated to be 1987, 3465.4 and 2519.8 (Thousand Rial.ha-1), respectively. In the research site, the mean net benefit of rainfed barley under sowing and spring single irrigation and AM, increased by about 173% and 98.4%, respectively. The results showed that the substitution of AM-SI planting treatment instead of other treatments was non-economical. On the other hand, in this substitution, decreasing of profit is more than decreasing of cost. Finally, at Honam site, recommended management include: AM + planting SI, AM + spring SI, and rainfed AM, respectively.

In this study, the effect of deficit irrigation with every–other furrow irrigation method, which is an innovated method in farm irrigation management, was examined on sorghum (Sorghum durra L.) in Bajgah and Kooshkak areas of Fars Province. The experimental design was split plot with three main plots of irrigation interval (10, 15 and 20 days), three subplots of irrigation methods (ordinary furrow, fixed and variable every–other furrow), and 4 replications. Considering the crop production cost with real and subsidized prices of water in both areas, the net benefit per unit volume of irrigation water and benefit–cost ratio were calculated. The results showed that these economic parameters for the fixed and alternative furrow irrigation methods of 10-day intervals in both areas did not differ much with those of the ordinary furrow irrigation with 10-day intervals and were even higher in Bajgah area. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of irrigation water, water application efficiency (Ea), water price per unit volume (Cw) and the net benefit per unit volume of irrigation water (B) with different conveyance efficiencies (Ec) were determined by multiple linear regression procedure. The regression coefficients of linear fit equation between the costs and irrigation water were determined. The results indicated that with higher price of water, the farmer should increase the farm irrigation application efficiency to avoid the economic losses.