جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "water resource management" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

Competition for water resources, driven by demand and supply pressures arising from economic development, population growth, and climate change, has transformed the water crisis into the most fundamental challenge of the current century, with implications for human rights and food security. By 2050, water stress will affect over four billion people around the world. Clearly, without a significant shift from crisis management to risk management, conflicts will intensify, rendering avoidance impossible. Researchers have largely attributed the water crisis to governance instability (including political, social, economic, and administrative systems responsible for the development and management of water resources). Therefore, water governance mechanisms worldwide require innovative and sustainable approaches to adapt for evolving conditions and related uncertainties in the water sector. Consequently, different approaches to water governance have emerged in countries and regions around the world. However, the concept of water governance remains a subject of debate, with many aspects yet to be adequately explained, particularly in Iran, where a significant gap is felt in addressing the issues raised in global literature. This study, employing a review-analytical approach, initially clarifies the foundations and concepts of water governance, introduces its types and characteristics, and subsequently examines the state of water governance in Iran and globally. It portrays the advantages and challenges thereof, and based on these findings, provides recommendations and solutions for improvement, emphasizing the economic, social, and legal conditions prevailing in the country.

Increasing population growth and thereby increasing exploitation of ground water resources has led to not only decreased quantity but also reduced quality of these valuable resources. Therefore, necessity of studying the quality of water in these areas can help proper management of these water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater quality variables using principal component analysis and then to evaluate the efficacy of the three kriging models namely simple kriging, universal kriging, and ordinary kriging in interpolation of the most important qualitative variables defined in Bam plain. For this purpose, of the 60 existing wells, 40 wells with good distribution in the study area were selected randomly as for training and the remaining wells were used to test the models. Results of principal component analysis showed that the two variables EC and TDS as the main variables explained the highest changes in variance of other water quality variables. Results of interpolation based on these two parameters showed that ordinary and universal kriging were relatively same in estimating the salinity in the training step, but in the testing step, in the KO method, the RMSE and MAE coefficients are 24.422 and 35.153 microsiemens per centimeter, respectively. These values have differences of 1.22 and 0.52 µs/cm less than the KU method, and consequently, they are superior to Universal Kriging. In interpolation of variable TDS in both the training and testing steps, ordinary kriging had the best performance compared to the two other methods. Interpolation results based on these two variables also showed that the salinity in the north and northeastern parts of the plain in two ordinary and universal kriging was higher than other places indicating a good conformity with changes in land use.

Ensuring urban water security refers to a set of measures that are carried out in order to maintain and guarantee the supply of water to cities and communities in a safe approach in terms of health, quality and supply. Urban water security includes issues such as sufficient and sustainable water supply, maintaining water quality, preventing various pollutions, managing water resources, protecting water supply in the face of natural and human threats, and providing water in emergency and critical situations. The ultimate goal is to provide urban water security, improve the quality of life of citizens and maintain public health. Therefore, reducing and increasing fluctuations in urban drinking water availability and ensuring water security for urban communities are important responsibilities that rest on the shoulders of water supply systems. Guilan province is facing issues such as numerous weather fluctuations, which creates unlimited importance for water security. In this paper, using optimization methods, a model for urban water supply system in Guilan province is presented using mathematical modeling and system dynamics. For this purpose, a hybrid model using mathematical modeling, meta-heuristic algorithms and system dynamics approach is presented. Using the mathematical model and meta-heuristic algorithm, the decision variables that include the amount of water resources, the amount of purified water in the water treatment system, the amount of waste water in the area and the amount of water shortage in the area along with the values of the objective functions, the first objective of which is to minimize the cost of water supply which includes the cost of energy, the amount of energy consumption, the cost of constructing a purification system, the cost of managing water resources, the cost of managing the purification system, the cost of transferring water resources and waste water. Also, the second goal of the problem is to minimize water shortage for the whole system. Then, these values are entered into the system dynamics model as input values and thus the amount of shortage in future periods is predicted. After checking the accuracy and validity of the model presented in the urban water supply system from different sources, the obtained results indicate that increasing the treatment capacity as well as the presence of water resources in the province can affect the cost of treatment and reducing the shortage and waste water. The results of predicting the amount of shortage in future periods showed a linear trend up to more than 520 thousand units. In addition, the sensitivity analysis also showed the inverse effect of the parameters of the capacity and amount of incoming water and the direct effect of the parameters of transmission cost, energy consumption, energy supply cost, treatment cost, source cost, construction cost and demand. Among the parameters with direct effect, energy consumption cost, construction cost and treatment cost have the most effect on supply cost. Also, the parameters of treatment cost and demand have the greatest effect on the shortage and waste water in the system. The results of this research provide useful information regarding the prediction of drinking water shortage in the hands of the managers of water and sewerage company of Guilan province to provide urban drinking water as well as other consumers including domestic, industrial and agricultural in Rasht metropolis.

AbstractHydropower plants are one of the renewable energy sources with higher efficiency than other renewable sources. One of the appropriate methods to maximize efficiency in these power plants is metaheuristic methods. The purpose of this study is to calculate the maximum power generation from the Karoun Basin reservoirs, so that there is no disruption in the supply of downstream demands. Thus, the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFO) and genetic algorithm (GA) have been used to optimize power generation. The results showed that it is possible to have maximum hydropower energy production with 75% reliability in downstream water supply. According to the results of GA and BFO, there is an annual hydropower energy production capacity of 18347 and 18431 GWh, respectively, in the study area, the majority of which is related to the Godarlandar dam on the Karoun river. The Dez river share in power generation, according to the GA results, is 2632.4 GWh and, according to the BFO results, is 2645.2 GWh. Comparing the performance of GA and BFO, as the objective function becomes more complex, BFO shows a higher ability in more accurate calculations.

The purpose of this study is the effects of the formation of water markets on the improvement of water productivity in the Tajen catchment basin. In this research, a mathematical programming model modeling system and profit maximization objective function were used in MATLAB environment. After simulating the formation of the water market, its impact on physical and economic water productivity indicators was evaluated in two groups including: farms without water restrictions group (A) and farms with water restrictions group (B). Based on the results, forming a water market leads to a 13 percent increase in profit in group (A) and 30 percent in group (B). According to the results, the formation of the water market reduces and increases the amount of water consumption in representative farms (A) and (B), respectively. The results of the evaluation of water productivity indicators indicate that in group (A), the availability of water and consequently the increase of the cultivated area, and in group (B), the compensation of the lack of water and the increase of the cultivated area have led to an increase in physical productivity. In the farms of group (A), the sale of water and in the farms of group (B), the allocation of water to products with higher economic value has led to an increase in the economic productivity of water. In general, it can be said that forming a water market leads to an increase in productivity, but alone it does not lead to achieving sustainable agriculture and reducing water consumption at the watershed level. Therefore, the implementation of other policies such as the control of extraction from surface and underground water resources, volume delivery of water based on the pattern of optimal cultivation and allocation of water to products with higher economic value along with the water market approach can improve water productivity in addition to reducing water consumption.

Effective management in metropolitan planning of urban green space water resources is very important due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the limitation of water resources. The purpose of this research is multi-objective optimization and management of treated wastewater allocation using dynamic system models for urban green space irrigation in Shiraz metropolis.

The factors affecting the supply of water resources and irrigation of the green spaces of Shiraz city have been simulated and according to that, the consumption forecast and the number of available resources and the allocation optimization have been presented. Also, in the current research, effective factors in the current and future conditions that can affect the proposed model have been taken into consideration, and two scenarios have been applied, including increasing the efficiency of green space irrigation and the use of treated wastewater.

The results showed that increasing the efficiency of irrigation through management of transfer, storage and distribution of water and also irrigation at the right times has a much greater effect compared to the use of purified wastewater in order to reduce the extraction of limited resources. In such a way, by increasing the irrigation efficiency by 40% and 50%, respectively, 14% and 39% of water shortages will be solved.

The simulation results showed that in order to achieve the stability of the system, a combination of scenarios of reducing per capita water consumption in green spaces, increasing irrigation efficiency, using purified wastewater and dry landscaped spaces should be considered in the development of urban spaces.

All over the world, women are more dependent on natural resources due to the responsibility of providing food, water and fuel, and for this reason, climate change and the subsequent reduction of water resources will especially affect women. From the point of view of global research and UN documents, women are one of the pillars of development and the key to the success of water policies. This importance has been highlighted in the United Nations sustainable development documents. In Iran's development plans over the past years, despite mentioning the importance of women's participation and the role of women in the development process, Ther is not a specific plan regarding the role of women in the sustainable development of water. Only in Article 17 of bylaw of the 4th Development Plan, the role of women in water resources management is mentioned, but a specific plan for women's participation and intervention in the water sector has never been formulated. This article was carried out with the method of qualitative content analysis of UN development documents and comparative analysis of these documents with the first to sixth development plans with the aim of determining what approach and attitude the programmers have regarding the empowerment of women in the field of water resources. The findings of the research show that in the country's development plans, attention to the position and role of women in the management of the country's water resources as both victims and policy makers of the country's water crisis has been neglected. Therefore, it is suggested that development programmers pay special attention to the empowerment and participation of women in water resources management to compensate the backwardness of this sector.

The share of agricultural sector in West Azerbaijan province, Iran from surface water abstraction is 91.2%. Excessive consumption of water resources, drought and destruction of agricultural lands, dependence of work and livelihood of 1.2 million population of province on the agricultural sector, the adoption of long-term development plans, have intensified the water crisis in agricultural sector. Therefore, managing the consumption of surface water is essential. This study investigates the effect of agricultural, economic, policy-making, climatic, socio-cultural and educational scenarios on management of surface water consumption and availability.

The present study is an applied research has been carried out using the dynamic system approach in order to achieve sustainable management of water resources in West Azerbaijan province. First, the statistical data from the previous years (1991-2018) are entered into the system using Excel and SPSS software. Then, the dynamic system model is developed in VENSIM software. To ensure the efficiency of the model in evaluating policies, the model validation test is performed. After making sure that the model works efficiency, population growth scenarios with different fertility rates, PS1 (2.11 children), PS2 (1.95 children), PS3 (1.5 children) and PS4 (2.6 Children) and climatic scenarios with a probability of 20% annual rainfall reduction, continuation of the current rainfall trend and 20% annual rainfall improvement are introduced to the model. Additionally, investment scenarios with the aim of 0.5% improvement in the annual irrigation efficiency and the crop scenario such as low-consumption cultivation pattern are introduced to the model. Moreover, the impacts of participatory and education scenarios, are simulated up to the horizon of 2051.

The results showed that in the validation test there is a high correlation between the simulated values ​​and the observed values ​​of surface water, and the model is effective in evaluating policies. Upon continuation of the rainfall current trend, available surface water decreases by 3.76% during the simulation period (2018-2051). Droughts intensify with a decrease of 20% of annual rainfall due to the direct effect of rainfall on runoff, available surface water is reduced by 20.54%. The largest decrease in the surface water content is related to the scenario of reduced rainfall (-20%) together with the scenario of increasing fertility rate (ps4), which cause a decrease in the available surface water by 46.15%. Population growth has increased the total water consumption and even agricultural water demand by 27% over the 2051 horizon. Simultaneously using low-consumption cultivation pattern scenarios, investment to improve irrigation efficiency, participatory activities and training programs to improve water management, water consumption decrease by 29.20% and agricultural water demand from the surface water decrease by 31.37% under these conditions, the available surface water improves by 9.12% to the horizon of 2051.

The results showed that, it is necessary to review population scenarios at the national level. Also, the agricultural scenario of observing the pattern of low-consumption cultivation with reducing water demand per hectare is known as the best scenario and its application has increased the available surface water by 2.45 times.Keywords: Water resource management, Economic/policy-making scenarios, Climatic scenarios, West Azerbaijan province

The share of agricultural sector in West Azerbaijan province, Iran from surface water abstraction is 91.2%. Excessive consumption of water resources, drought and destruction of agricultural lands, dependence of work and livelihood of 1.2 million population of province on the agricultural sector, the adoption of long-term development plans, have intensified the water crisis in agricultural sector. Therefore, managing the consumption of surface water is essential. This study investigates the effect of agricultural, economic, policy-making, climatic, socio-cultural and educational scenarios on management of surface water consumption and availability.

The present study is an applied research has been carried out using the dynamic system approach in order to achieve sustainable management of water resources in West Azerbaijan province. First, the statistical data from the previous years (1991-2018) are entered into the system using Excel and SPSS software. Then, the dynamic system model is developed in VENSIM software. To ensure the efficiency of the model in evaluating policies, the model validation test is performed. After making sure that the model works efficiency, population growth scenarios with different fertility rates, PS1 (2.11 children), PS2 (1.95 children), PS3 (1.5 children) and PS4 (2.6 Children) and climatic scenarios with a probability of 20% annual rainfall reduction, continuation of the current rainfall trend and 20% annual rainfall improvement are introduced to the model. Additionally, investment scenarios with the aim of 0.5% improvement in the annual irrigation efficiency and the crop scenario such as low-consumption cultivation pattern are introduced to the model. Moreover, the impacts of participatory and education scenarios, are simulated up to the horizon of 2051.

The results showed that in the validation test there is a high correlation between the simulated values ​​and the observed values ​​of surface water, and the model is effective in evaluating policies. Upon continuation of the rainfall current trend, available surface water decreases by 3.76% during the simulation period (2018-2051). Droughts intensify with a decrease of 20% of annual rainfall due to the direct effect of rainfall on runoff, available surface water is reduced by 20.54%. The largest decrease in the surface water content is related to the scenario of reduced rainfall (-20%) together with the scenario of increasing fertility rate (ps4), which cause a decrease in the available surface water by 46.15%. Population growth has increased the total water consumption and even agricultural water demand by 27% over the 2051 horizon. Simultaneously using low-consumption cultivation pattern scenarios, investment to improve irrigation efficiency, participatory activities and training programs to improve water management, water consumption decrease by 29.20% and agricultural water demand from the surface water decrease by 31.37% under these conditions, the available surface water improves by 9.12% to the horizon of 2051.

The results showed that, it is necessary to review population scenarios at the national level. Also, the agricultural scenario of observing the pattern of low-consumption cultivation with reducing water demand per hectare is known as the best scenario and its application has increased the available surface water by 2.45 times.

Currently, most parts of the world face a serious water supply challenge, with limited access to freshwater resources of good quality. In addition to reducing the damage caused by the discharge of raw wastewater in the environment, wastewater treatment and re-use can help in providing one part of the water need. The use of wastewater for various purposes can have many social, economic, and environmental impacts if not managed properly, even though it is a tool against water shortage. This research by using a multi-criteria decision-making process is a comprehensive study of the effective criteria for the possibility of using wastewater for various purposes. Criteria include environmental, social, economic, and sub-criteria including water storage, reduction of pollutants discharged into the environment, health risks, cooperation between institutions and government, food security, public acceptance, wastewater quality, investment opportunities, revenue generation, feasibility. Combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgments our study shows that the best use of wastewater can be found in the agricultural, industrial, environmental, urban, impoundments, groundwater recharge sectors for non-drinkable usages and indirect usages for drinkable items. and non-volatile uses and indirect use for potable.

In recent decades, the technique of systems analysis has attracted serious attention in planning and management of water resources. This research was based on the idea of modeling surface water resources and connecting them to the aquifer in the form of separate subsystems, taking into account the side factors. In fact, this study considered the interaction of surface and groundwater, using system simulation and integrated dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the area. In other words, one of the innovative aspects of this research was the integrated management of surface and groundwater through the dynamic system method. System dynamics (SD) is among the available tools for simulating complex water resources systems, in which the links between the system elements are expressed as causal relationships. The SD-based software packages can serve as flexible and integrated tools for a wide range of modeling applications, from participatory modeling to economic analysis. First, the conceptual model and causal relationships between the effective parameters in the groundwater equations of the plain were prepared, and then the model was made in the Vensim software. Monthly data for water use and resources were imported to the model, in Excel format. Afterwards, the scenarios were designed and defined for the model. Finally, the performance of the catchment was examined in terms of meeting the desired needs and maintaining groundwater balance. Since the climate is continuously changing due to man-made activities, the output of GCM models was used in this research to assess the different management scenarios. So, the GFDL-ESM2M model was employed to predict the future rainfall, under the fifth average future climate scenarios (RCP4.5). The reason for choosing GFDL_ESM2M model was that it has been recently developed by NOAA to gain better understand of the Earth's biochemical cycle, including human actions and interaction with the climate system. Then, river runoff was simulated using derived rainfall in the time period of 2015 to 2030, through ARMAX statistical model. This runoff time series then was fed into the system dynamic model to assess the water balance of the study area under different management scenarios. This study was to evaluate the condition of the aquifer, apply recharge scenarios, and improve the groundwater storage system of the Nesa plain in Bam County, Iran. A comprehensive model was thus developed based on the SD approach. Within this system, the relationships and the feedback of the changes in the sub-systems were expressed using cause-and-effect diagrams. In order to implement the model, several scenarios were further considered alone or in combination with each other. Due to the outputs of the prepared model and regarding the priorities for allocation of the volume of water stored in the reservoir of the Nesa plain (supply of the drinking water for Bam city, and consumption of industry and services, respectively), water budget in the plain was negative. The water budget of the plain could reach - 65.4844 mcm, in the following 20 years, indicting the critical situation of the region. Given that about 4395 ha of the lands in the region were under the predominant cultivation of alfalfa (approximately 60%) and wheat (about 30%) with a total of 60 mcm of water consumption. modifying the cultivation pattern (eliminating the cultivation of these crops) alone had no significant impact on water balance. Installation of volume meters and implementation of well regulation policy to about 75% of current permits would thus boost the water balance of the region to -44.84 mcm. Via artificial recharging of the plain by flood spreading method, the budget of water resources was equal to -35.17 mcm, which implies the success of the combined policy. Therefore, the application of regulatory policies and the implementation of modern irrigation systems, especially for date orchards (as the main crop in the region) with an annual consumption of about 2300 mcm/ha, and preventing the drilling of more wells could be steps towards balancing the water resources in the region. This could not be possible except through the cooperation of stakeholders and beneficiaries along with the implementation of support packages. In general, assessing the process of flood spreading, recharging the groundwater aquifers, raising the water level of wells, increasing the discharge of springs and canals, improving the quality of the groundwater, and meeting the satisfaction of local communities will bring about a decrease in urbanization and rural prosperity.

Optimizing the water resources operation, especially in the agricultural sector, which has the largest share in the water resources operation, is extremely important. Therefore, in this research, while introducing Whale, Gray Wolf and Crow Search Optimization Algorithms, their performance in the optimum operation of Golestan single-reservoir system Dam was evaluated with the aim of providing water demand for the downstream lands based on reliability, Reversibility, and vulnerability indices. In this optimization problem, the objective function was defined as the minimization of the total deficiency during the operation period. Meanwhile, the constraints of continuity equation, overflow, storage and reservoir release volume were applied to the objective function of the problem. Then, the results were compared with the absolute optimal value based on the nonlinear programming method obtained from GAMS software; finally, a multi-criteria decision-making model was developed to rank the optimization algorithms in terms of performance. The absolute optimal response obtained by the GAMS software based on the nonlinear programming method was 19.41. The results showed that the Gray Wolf algorithm performed better than the other algorithms in optimizing the objective function, so that the average responses in Gray Wolf, Crow Search and Whale algorithms were 92, 84 and 67% of the absolute optimal response, respectively. Furthermore, the Gray Wolf optimization algorithm performs better than the Whale and Crow Search algorithms in all parameters. In addition, the coefficient of variation of the responses obtained by the Gray Wolf algorithm is 2 and 1.43 times smaller than that in the Whale and Crow Search Algorithms, respectively. Finally, the results of the multi-criteria decision-making model showed that the gray wolf algorithm had the first rank, as compared to the other two algorithms studied in solving the problem of the optimal operation of the Golestan dam reservoir.

Water limitation is one of the most preventing factor of Agricultural production, so it is essential to research on sustainable management of water resources and choosing an optimal strategy for the best use of this input. One of the most effective demand management tools that regulates water consumption patterns in the agricultural sector is the reform of the pricing system based on the economic value of water. The characteristics of each region in terms of availability of water, type of water resources, types of activities and cultivated products make that the farmers' reaction to price changes in the different regions not be the same. In this study, in order to the optimal management of water resources in Gorganrud-Gharesu basin, we estimate the total demand function of irrigation water for this transboundary Basin. The management of a transboundary Basin due to the existing of multiple stakeholders with different objectives and utilities, is one of the most important challenges of water resources management which has received little attention due to its wide dimension.

To this end, by applying the time series data (1999-2015) and the application of the evaluating the performance of active firms in agricultural sector method, first, the linear model of irrigation water demand function for each of the beneficiary provinces (Golestan, Semnan and Northern Khorasan) are estimated in the form of routine actions. Then, by considering the actual values of other factors affecting demand (other than the price factor) in the model, the short-term water demand function for each province is extracted; and finally, through the horizontal summation of the extracted functions, the aggregate demand function of the total water of the basin is estimated.

The results of the estimation of agricultural water demand function of each province indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship between agricultural water price and its consumption, so if the price of water in each province increases by 1%, the amount of water demand in Golestan, Semnan and Northern Khorasan provinces is decreased by 0.17%, 0.33% and 0.26%, respectively. Similarly, the results of aggregate water demand function also confirm the inverse relationship between water price and the amount of water demand in the agricultural sector; so if the price of water in the region increases by one percent, the water demand of the beneficiary provinces is reduced by 0.49% on average.

In order to investigating the reaction of farmers in the area to changes the price of irrigation water, the price elasticity of demand was calculated. Given that the calculated elasticity is smaller than one, so pricing policies cannot alone be an important factor in controlling the excessive use of this valuable resource. In this way, holding promotional classes in order to raise awareness of the farmers about the fact that water is valuable and economic commodities can be effective in changing the cropping pattern, adapting the irrigation method to the Conditions of water, soil and plant's actual requirements and improving irrigation efficiency.

 Regarding water scarcity and climate change in Iran, it is necessary to choose an appropriate model for water resources management. To study the effects of climate change, the outputs of AOGCMs Models were used (Lane et al., 1999). Downscaled weather data using LARS-WG model were then used in the watershed simulation model to estimate the streamflow and crop water requirement so as to evaluate the effects of climate change. Hydrologic models were, indeed, needed to simulate the streamflow, and input to the watershed simulation model so as to estimate water supply in the watershed. WEAP model can be used for investigating and simulating the water system performance under the influence of climate and management scenarios. (Tarek et al., 2017). The purpose of this study was, thus, to investigate the climate change impacts on the amount of streamflow to water supply into the Sattarkhan reservoir as well as the allocation of water in Aharchay watershed.   

Historical data were used to develop and calibrate the rainfall-runoff. The projections of a GCM were downloaded and downscaled using LARS-WG. The modified weather and resultant streamflow were then implemented in WEAP to analyze climate change impacts on water allocation.

Due to rapid growth of urbanization and limited water resources, the need for effective urban water management is now more crucial than ever. In this paper, by using system dynamics approach, a supply and demand model has been developed. For this purpose, all factors affecting Shiraz city green areas has been modeled and by using that model the future water supply and demand is predicted. Then the current and future effective factors that will influence the system, such as the construction of second pipeline water transfer from the Doroudzan dam have been applied in modeling. Three management scenarios are studied: increasing efficiency of irrigation, completion of Shiraz city wastewater treatment plant and the construction of the Tange Sorkh dam. The results of this research show that the impact of Tange sorkh dam construction has a 5% decrease in shortages but using the treated wastewater has 3, 5, 7 and 9 percent decreases for using 30, 50, 75 and 100 percent of treated water for urban landscape, respectively. Simulation also showed that increasing the irrigation efficiency by 10 and 20 percent has 16 and 41 percent decrease on shortages, respectively. At the end, in order to navigate towards sustainable system, combination of scenarios are considered. These scenarios are: reducing the rate of population growth, decreasing domestic and green space water consumption per capita, increasing irrigation efficiency and using treated wastewater for green space. And finally we propose suggestions for system sustainability.

In this research، stochastic goal programming is applied in water resource management. It is a multi-attribute decision support model which produces satisfactory solutions in uncertainty conditions. The satisfaction of beneficiary users and ecological impacts are investigated in this paper. Also، using sensitivity analysis، the effects of changes of parameters on the model outputs have been investigated. The stochastic goal programming model has been applied for Booshkan valley in the year 2009. Results show that the proposed model is capable to capture multiple objectives. In addition، having the risk parameters being defined، the decision maker can investigate different scenarios، based on different values for parameters.