جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « yield » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Evapotranspiration variations (ET0) were investigated and analyzed using Minitab16 software for the 2010-2019 period using the Nizab system's data in Yazd province, and then ET0 was predicted until 2027. Based on the results, the increase of ET0 in cities of Yazd province was affected by the enhancement in wind speed and weather temperature, and the decrease in relative humidity from 2010 to 2019. To determine the appropriate model, Ardakan, Abarkooh, and Taft cities were selected as a representative in each climatic group, and ET0 data for the years 2010 to 2015 were considered as the input data of the software and ET0 data for the years from 2016 to 2019 were used to validate the determined model. The prediction of the determined models showed an increasing trend of ET0 for cold seasons in Ardakan and Abarkoh by 2027. Also, the model prediction showed a decreasing trend of ET0 for hot seasons in Taft by 2027. Also, the ET0 will not change significantly in cold seasons. In Abarkoh and Ardakan cities, autumn-spring crops such as wheat and in Taft city, spring-summer crops such as sunflower will be more affected by ET0 variations.

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress and different LED lights spectra on yield, water productivity and morphologic characteristics of wheat plant, a factorial experiment was performed in the form of completely randomized design in 2022 in the university of Torbat-e Jam, The effects of drought stress include three levels (100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirements) and the effect of different light spectra including six levels (white, 70% red + 30% blue, 100% red, 70% blue + 30% red, 100% blue and 50% red + 50% blue) on wheat plant was investigated. The results showed that by applying drought stress to the amount of 75 and 50% of the water requirement of the plant, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry weight of aerial parts, root fresh weight, root dry weight, plant length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration decreased and water productivity increased by 18.52% and 27.94% respectively. Also, the results showed that among the different types of LED light spectra application, the highest amount of fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of roots, plant length and water productivity in 70% red + 30% blue light and the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments parameters were obtained in wheat plant under 50% red + 50% blue light. the results showed that the highest concentration of potassium occurred in 100% red light, phosphorus concentration in white light and magnesium concentration in 50% red + 50% blue light.

Water and fertilizer stress have a negative effect on many physical and chemical processes related to the efficiency of water productivity in soybean, thus leading to a decrease in the yield and quality of the plant. Predicting yield response for evaluating irrigation and fertilizer management strategies is of particular importance for making decisions. One of the decision support models in soybean is the CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean model, which is included in the DSSAT software package. The researches in the farm to determine the optimal solutions are done in agriculture and this item, in addition to the cost, is also time consuming, so the aim of this research is to use the DSSAT simulation model to evaluate the yield and water productivity in soybean plant under the conditions of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer were in Hormozgan province.

The current research was idone in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications, in Hormozgan province and in Haji Abad city in the years 2021 and 2022. The main factor includes no irrigation and supply of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the sub-factor of nitrogen fertilizer amounts included consumption of zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/hectare. The data and information needed to implement the model include location, meteorological information, soil information and agricultural operations, and the estimation in the model was done using a combination of graphic and statistical methods. Comparison of values and distribution of simulated and measured data was presented with 1:1 graph and line.

The amounts of water use in the treatments of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 percent of water requirement in 1400 were 265, 354, 444, 533 and 623 mm, respectively and in 1401 were 259, 347, 435, 541 and 632 mm, respectively. The root mean square of the relative error (RMSEn) based on the years 1400 and 1401 showed that the yield of seeds, pods and biomass and the water productivity based on the yield of seeds, pods and biomass in the first year were 0.162, 0.161, 0.099, 0.304, 0.454 and 0.223%, and in the second year it was 0.195, 0.172, 0.106, 0.349, 0.485 and 0.247%, respectively. Wilmot agreement index (d) in the year 1400 for seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.902, 0.891 and 0.939% and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.828, 0.810 and 0.970 percent. In 1401 were for seed yield, pod and biomass 0.872, 0.885 and 0.936 percent respectively and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.889, 0.766 0 and 0.961 percent. The closeness of this index to the number one, it indicates the reliability of the simulated values.

In general, based on the statistical results, the simulation of seed, pod and biomass yields under the effect of different irrigation requirements and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer was acceptable and it seems that the use of the model as a useful tool to support scientific research and improving decisions in water use management in soybeans in the study area are recommended.

In this study, the effect of shallow and saline groundwater on the yield andparameters of quinoa in the greenhouse environment in two crop years 2018 and 2019 was investigated. The experiment was conducted in the form of factorial design of randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. The applied treatments included shallow (with depths of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.1 m) and saline (with salinity levels of 1,2, 6 and 10 decisiemens/meter of NaCl salt). The results showed that with the increase of water salinity from 1 to 10 decisiemens/meter and with the increase of the depth of the groundwater level, the percentage of groundwater contribution and the contribution of groundwater decreased significantly. The percentage of underground water participation for different salinity levels of 1, 2, 6 and 10 decisiemens/m in the depths of the water table 0.6, 0.8 and 1.1 meters respectively (37.43, 55.51, 71.12), (35/84, 51.21, 66.68,), (32.57, 46.92, 60.1397) and (30.15, 43/03, 56.93) were obtained. the increase in salinity caused a decrease in biological yield and an increase in the depth of the ponding surface caused an increase in biological yield and grain yield.The general results of the research showed that in none of the treatments, the water requirement of the plant was never provided by underground water in a hundred percent way, and a part of the water requirement of the plant was always supplied through irrigation during the growth period. It can also be said that the use of shallow and salty underground water resources (salinity less than 2 decisiemens/meter) in order to meet the water needs of the quinoa plant can reduce the amount of irrigation and contribute to the evaporation and transpiration of the plant

The Fe iron significantly affects the quantity and quality of agricultural production. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in iron absorption. Iron is one of the essential elements for plant growth and plays an essential role in chloroplasts. Due to iron deficiency, the activity of several enzymes such as catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and ferroxin is significantly reduced. The amount of iron in the soil is high, but plants only absorb two-capacity of soluble soil, which is negligible compared to the total iron. Soil environmental conditions affect the amount of iron by the plant, so it is difficult to control the uptake of iron by the plant. It has the highest ability to absorb iron and manganese at a pH less than six. For this reason, acetic acid was used to stabilize the pH of the solution. Acetic acid has all the properties of an acid. Acetic acid is a polar solvent and an organic compound. The use of inexpensive organic acid and citric acid in agriculture, despite its positive effects on calcareous soils and their reasonable price, is still not common in Iran. Acetic acid has a carboxylic group and therefore has all the properties of an acid.

The pH solution plays a role in absorbing iron elements. This experiment was carried out in the form of a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design on a strawberry plant of diamant cultivar in the research station of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during the years 2015-2017. Ardabil City in northwest Iran is located between Sablan and Baghrou mountain ranges. Due to its high altitude and mountainous nature, this city is colder than other cities in Iran and is considered one of the semi-arid cold regions. The average rainfall of this city is reported to be 400 mm. Factors included acetic acid (zero, one, two, and three percent), iron in two levels (sequestration 25 gr and nano one gr), and two levels of agricultural soap agents (zero and 7.5 %) as foliar spraying. Foliar application of pH nutrient solution from the three-leaf stage of the plant (mid-April) to the end of May, a total of five times 10 days apart in both years, was done. Two weeks after the last foliar application (June of the second year) plant growth indices included leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight. Root length, flower-to-fruit ratio, chlorophyll greenery a, b, and total, leaf iron content and fruit yield per plant were measured.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the three-way effect of treatments in all studied traits except root length and yield at one percent probability level on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll a, b and total at five percent probability level on fresh weight and root dryness, flower to fruit ratio and leaf iron content were statistically significant. The three-way interaction of acetic acid, iron, and agricultural soap data showed that the highest leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, ratio of flowers to fruits, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and the amount of leaf iron related to the treatment acetic acid two percent of sequestration iron in combination with agricultural soap (7.5 %) and in chlorophyll a, it was related to the treatment of acetic acid one percent of sequestrin iron in combination with agricultural soap. The lowest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh root weight and dry root, flower-to-fruit ratio, and leaf iron content were related to the treatment of acetic acid zero with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). The lowest Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were related to the treatment of acetic Acid three percent with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). In addition, the interaction between acetic acid and iron at the level of five percent probability on root length and yield was significant.

It can be concluded that acetic acid two percent on the absorption of iron fertilizer, along with agricultural soap (7.5 %) application, has better results than other treatments and qualitative traits of strawberry fruit. In general, it can be concluded that the pH of the nutrient iron solution can improve plant growth and crop yield. The iron level of sequestration iron with two percent acetic acid with agricultural soap 7.5 % due to increasing the bicarbonate of the soil in the Ardabil region has caused the absorption of nutrient elements, especially iron by strawberries. The shelf life of the solution on the leaf surface had a more favorable effect on most growth indices in the strawberry Diamant cultivar in Ardabil soil conditions.

The constraints of water resources and the imperative to enhance water efficiency in the production of vegetables and summer crops, on one hand, along with the economic importance of cucumber production in the country, on the other hand, reveal the necessity of investigating management indicators in cucumber production. The present study was conducted on a national scale with the objective of directly determining the applied water and water productivity indices in cucumber production fields across the country during a single crop year (1399-1400) in more than 180 selected farms, including about 70% of the cultivated area of cucumbers in the country. The results of the study revealed a highly significant disparity in various parameters among the selected provinces, including the volume of irrigation water, applied water (the sum of irrigation and effective precipitation), yield, and water productivity indices. The volume of applied water for cucumber cultivation exhibited notable variation, ranging from 4158 m3/ha in Hormozgan province to 8898 m3/ha in Razavi Khorasan province. The weighted average of applied water volume was calculated to be 7043 m3/ha. Similarly, the average yield of cucumbers displayed considerable diversity, ranging from 12750 Kg/ha in Zanjan province to 32956 Kg/ha in Razavi Khorasan province. The weighted average yield stood at 25219 Kg/ha. The calculated water productivity indices for both irrigation water and applied water were 4.27 Kg/m3 and 4.20 Kg/m3, respectively. Notably, the province with the lowest applied water productivity was Zanjan (2.21 Kg/m3), while the highest was observed in Fars province (6.59 Kg/m3). Based on the results, the total water requirement for cultivating cucumbers across an area of 55000 hectares in the country was estimated to be 330 MCM.

Most of the regions of the globe have faced changes in the precipitation regime and CO2 concentration with the increase in temperature (especially the minimum temperature). Considering that two-thirds of Iran is considered to be arid and semi-arid regions, which will cause climate changes and successive droughts, and this process will affect agricultural ecosystems and their performance. The aim of this research is to simulate the effects of climate change on growth, biomass yield and corn grain under climate change conditions in Shushtar and Safi Abad cities in the northern part of Khuzestan province in 2020-2050. For this purpose, the production data of precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and sunshine hours of the LARS-WG statistical model using HADCM3 atmospheric general circulation model and under emission scenarios A2 and B1 were used in the periods of 2020-2050. AquaCrop model was used to simulate plant performance and growth. Before use, the AquaCrop model was calibrated and verified by field data collected in the region. Then, the values of seed yield and biomass in future periods were simulated for the treatment of 50% of the water requirement of the plant. According to the results, under A2 emission scenarios, the evaluation results of the LARS-WG model showed that it had a suitable forecast for the climate parameters and the simulation of the future growing season. And the increase in minimum and maximum temperature will be the average increase in precipitation. The length of the growth period for each station will decrease with the increase of GDD according to the climatic parameters of the region under the influence of climate change. Biomass and grain yield will also increase by one to two tons in different horizons and scenarios assuming the current planting date and full irrigation remain constant.

The depth and width of the soil wetting pattern determine the spacing between irrigation laterals and the irrigation drippers that influence their numbers and the overall cost of the irrigation system. Therefore, researchers look for solutions to adapt the soil wetting pattern to the pattern of crop root growth as much as possible such as adjusting the irrigation depth and irrigation intervals, utilizing physical, capillary, and hydraulic barriers, as well as pulsed management. Pulsed drip irrigation can replace the usual method of continuous irrigation due to its ability to improve the distribution of soil moisture and consequently crop yield. It also, prevents the accumulation of water in a specific point of the soil and decrease evaporation by improving moisture distribution in the soils with heavy texture and in the soils with a light texture, can lead to a reduction of deep percolation bellow the crop root zone. The results of studies have shown that pulsed drip irrigation can have a positive effect on reducing the clogging of irrigation drippers by providing the possibility of using a dripper with a high flow rate. Therefore, the general results of the research show that the use of pulsed drip irrigation can improve crop yield and water productivity. The purpose of this study is to review the experiences of using different management methods to improve the soil wetting pattern in drip irrigation systems and also provide experimental equations for simulating the soil wetting pattern under drip irrigation systems with emphasis on pulsed management.

This research aims to investigate the effect of water stress at different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers on the agronomy characteristics of two cultivars of Guilaneh and Hashemi rice in two separate conditions in the form of flood irrigation (irrigation interval in 3 days) and in water stress (irrigation interval in 13 days) in the agricultural year of 2018 and 2019 were carried out in the east of Guilan province. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments included the fertilizer factor as the main factor and cultivar as a secondary factor. Fertilizer factor were includes nitrogen chemical fertilizer from urea source 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha, pelleted poultry manure 1250, 2500 and 3750 kg/ha, cattle manure and municipal waste compost each at three levels 3750, 7500, 11250 kg/ha and without fertilizer. The results of the research showed that the highest yield of paddy in the first and second year in flood irrigation conditions was achieved by the interaction of fertilizer treatments in cultivars treated with , pelleted poultry manure, 3,750 kg/ha in Guilaneh with 7,399 and 7,621 kg/ha respectively. The maximum of thousand-grain weight in Guilaneh cultivar and in flood irrigation condition treatment and with pelleted poultry manure 3,750 kg/ha was 7.24 grams. The maximum index of chlorophyll meter in flood irrigation conditions and the interaction effect of fertilizer treatments in cultivars was obtained in the treatment of pelleted poultry manure 3,750 kg/ha with 6.44 in Guilaneh cultivar. Due to the fact that the Guilaneh showed the highest yield of paddy with the consumption of 3750 kg/ha of pelleted poultry manure in the conditions of stress and flood irrigation, therefore it is recommended for the study area.

The basic strategy to mitigate water crisis is to save agricultural water consumption by increasing productivity, which will result in more income for farmers and sustainable production. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume of irrigation water and water productivity to produce this strategic product. Based on extensive field research on irrigation water management and application of different irrigation methods in barley farms, the innovations of this research were: a) measuring water consumed and determining water use efficiency in barley production, b) the up-to-date of the measurements and research findings, c) findings applicability for application in agricultural planning at the national and regional levels, d) the ability to development the findings in barley farms at the national level to improve water use efficiency. The hypotheses of this research are: a) barley irrigation water is various in different regions, b) water applied in barley farms is more than the required one, c) the water use efficiency of barley is different in the main production areas, and d) The applied water of barley is not the same in different irrigation methods. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the water consumed and water use efficiency in barley production; to measure the water applied to barley farms in the main production areas; to compare the water measured in the production areas with the net irrigation requirement; and finally to determine water use efficiency of the barley in the main production areas in the Iran.

 For this purpose, the volume of irrigation water and barley yield in 296 selected farms in 12 provinces (about 75% of the area under cultivation and production of barley in Iran) including Khuzestan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Semnan, Markazi, Isfahan, Hamedan and Qazvin were measured directly. Farms in the mentioned provinces were selected to cover various factors such as irrigation method, level of ownership, proper distribution and quality of irrigation water. By carefully monitoring the irrigation program of selected farms during the growing season, the amount of irrigation water for barley during one year was measured. At the end of the season and after determining the average yield of barley during the 2020-2021 year, the values of irrigation water productivity and total water productivity (irrigation+effective rainfall) were determined in selected barley farms in each region. The volume of water supplied was compared with the gross irrigation requirements estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data from the last ten years, and compared with the values of the National Water Document. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible differences in yield, irrigation water and water productivity in barley production.

To assess the reliability of statistical analysis, we evaluated the sufficiency of the number of measurements needed for both the quantity of irrigation water and the ley yield on the farms. Subsequently, we computed statistical indices, such as the mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the number of measurements of irrigation water and barley yield was to be 296 and 283, respectively, which was more than the number of measurements required for irrigation water (41 dataset) and yield (50 dataset). Therefore, the sufficiency of the data for the statistical analysis was reliable. The results showed that the difference in yield, volume of irrigation water and water productivity indices were significant in the mentioned provinces. The volume of barley irrigation water in the studied areas varied from 1900 to 9300 cubic meters per hectare and its average weight was 4875 cubic meters per hectare. The average barley yield in selected farms varied from 1630 to 7050 kg ha-1 and the average was 3985 kg ha-1. Irrigation water productivity in selected provinces ranged from 0.22 to 1.53 and its weight average was 0.90 kg m-3. Average gross irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document were 4710 and 4950 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Irrigation efficiency of barley fields in the country is estimated at 62-65% without deficit irrigation.

In order to reduce water consumption and improve water productivity, it is suggested to manage water delivery to farms during the season and deliver water rights to them according to crops water requirements. To reduce water losses and enhance productivity in the barley farms, it is suggested the application of modern irrigation systems according to the farms conditions with the suitable operation; and modification and improvement of surface and traditional irrigation methods. Note that, water is only one of several necessary and effective inputs in the optimal and economic production of barley. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the optimal application of other inputs including: seeds, fertilizers, equipment and tools etc.

In order to determine the nitrogen requirement of rice (cv. Guilaneh) using the nitrogen nutrition index and chlorophyll meter, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran in 2016. Experimental treatments consisted of six nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 kg N. ha-1; Urea source). Evaluation of the relationship between nitrogen nutrition index and chlorophyll-meter readings at three stages of plant growth (maximum tillering, booting, and heading) to predict grain yield in response to nitrogen fertilizer showed that the equation of the critical nitrogen concentration in Guilaneh was Nc = 3.99W -0.36. The correlation between chlorophyll-meter readings and nitrogen nutrition index was positive and significant at each plant growth stage. The results showed that the mature lower leaves were more sensitive than the younger higher leaves in response to nitrogen fertilizer and were more suitable for detecting plant nitrogen status, especially during the booting and heading stages. The highest correlation was found between the nitrogen nutrition index and chlorophyll-meter (r=0.95*) and relative chlorophyll-meter (the ratio of chlorophyll-meter readings in each treatment to nitrogen saturated treatment) (r=0.96**) in the third leaf and booting stage. The overall results of this experiment showed that the nitrogen nutrition index and chlorophyll meter may consider reliable indicators for evaluating the nitrogen status of rice (cv. Guilaneh) during the growing season.

 Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium Boiss. is a perennial plant of the Allium genus and native to Iran. The Allium genus has many antioxidant properties due to its being rich in organic compounds of sulfur and phenol. The shallot is used to treat rheumatic and inflammatory pains, soothe superficial wounds, treat some stomach diseases, be antispasmodic, and also as a spice and flavoring in some foods. Considering the health benefits of shallot and its application in the food industry, shallot corms are harvested from the natural resources in different stages of growth. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the natural habitats of shallot and also supply the market demand for this plant. It appears that the cultivation of shallots within agricultural systems could serve as a significant strategy for meeting the demands of the expanding global market. Furthermore, shallots are known for their low water requirements, making their cultivation a focal point in Isfahan province in recent years. Additionally, this crop stands out as a high-income generator in the region. Despite its economic potential, there has been limited research into optimizing the growth conditions for this valuable plant. Hence, this study aimed to explore the impact of urea and cow compost on the yield of Iranian shallots in the Fereydun Shahr region, focusing on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrates.
 
 This research was carried out in the crop year of 1400-1401 in a field with an area of 300 square meters (32° 55' 53" N, 49° 56' 43" E) located in Fereydunshahr city of Isfahan province. The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design. Factorial arrangement of experimental treatments including two fertilization factors (urea and cow compost) was used. Plots with dimensions of 2 × 3 meters were created with a distance of 50 cm between the rows. The treatments were considered as urea fertilization at four levels (0, 120, 240 and, 360 kg ha-1) and cow compost treatment at three levels (0, 40 and, 60 tons ha-1). After plotting and applying cow compost treatments, shallot corms were planted at a depth of 10 to 15 cm in November 1400. Urea fertilizer treatment was applied in two stages, the first stage when the plant germinated (mid-April) and the second stage before flowering (second half of May). All treatments were applied in 3 replications. It should be noted that the treatments in this research are shown as 0-0 (control), 0-40, 0-60, 120-0, 120-40, 120-60, 240-0, 240-40, 240-60, 360-0, 360-40 and 360-60. The corms were harvested in June 1401 and the fresh and dry yield of the shallots was determined. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and, potassium in shallots was measured. Nitrate concentration was also measured in the harvested corms based on the Iranian national standard No. 4106. The nitrogen, phosphorus and, potassium uptake by shallots was obtained from the product of yield and the concentration of these elements. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure and the means were compared using the protected least significant difference (LSD) test at р < 0.05 probability level using SAS 9.3 software.
 
 The results showed that the combined use of chemical fertilizer (urea) and cow compost has a significant effect on the shallot yield increment, as the highest yield was obtained in the combined treatment of urea fertilizer 240 (kg ha-1) and cow compost 40 (ton ha-1) application. Although the highest nitrogen concentration and uptake were observed in the treatment of 360 (kg ha-1) of urea along with 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost, it was not significantly different from the treatment of 240-40 (the treatment with the highest yield). In general, the concentration of shallots nitrate was much lower than the permissible limit according to the national standard of Iran No. 16596. The highest nitrate concentration (24.63 mg kg-1 of fresh weight) was observed in the combined treatment of 120 (kg ha-1) of urea and 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost application (120-60), which was significantly higher than other treatments. On the other hand, the concentration of shallots nitrate in the 240-40 treatment was significantly lower than the treatments of 360 kg of urea per hectare along with 40 or 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost.
 
 According to the results, to achieve the best yield, the most suitable level of urea application was 240 kg ha-1 and the best level of cow compost was 40 ton ha-1. It seems, utilization more amounts of urea or cow compost will only cause additional costs to the farmer and a waste of capital. Moreover, it can increase environmental pollution and nitrate concentration of product, which cause to quality decrement.

The knowledge of crops response to salinity stress application methods in growth stages, can lead to better management of stresses. This research was done on the S.C 704 maize, in the mini-lysimeter space and in Qazvin region. The experiment was performed factorial and in a completely randomized design. The salinity treatments of soil saturated extract (the main factor) were applied at four levels of 1.7(S1), 3(S2), 5(S3) and 7(S4) dS.m-1. The crop growth stage treatments (sub-factor) were defined as one-stage of 6 leaves (C1), flowering (C2), seeds milking (C3) and two-stages of C1C2, C1C3 and C2C3. The research target was to simulate the maize yield by AquaCrop model, in conditions of pulsed salinity stress application in crop growth stages. The stress application data in one and two growth stages, were used for calibration and evaluation the AquaCrop model, respectively. From S1 to S4 treatment, the crop dry matter was decreased from 157.2 g. plant-1 to 115.9, 53.2, 77.7, 86.1, 97 and 46.5 g. plant-1 in the C1, C2, C3, C1C2, C1C3 and C2C3 treatments, respectively. The sudden application of salinity stress in a sensitive growth stage (C2 and C3 treatments), was caused the more damage relative to C1C2, C1C3 treatments. Because once application of salinity stress in the 6-leaf stage (C1) has caused the crop adaptation to future stresses (increasing the tolerance threshold). In AquaCrop model evaluation, the statistical parameters of CRM, EF, R2, RMSE, NRMSE and ME were equal to -0.084, 0.833, 0.91, 12.05, 11.34% and 18.32, respectively. Those showed good accuracy of AquaCrop model in simulation the maize yield. As a result, by management the salinity stress in crop growth stages, will be reduced the negative effects on the maize yield. With simulation the crop yield by AquaCrop model, different stress application states can be evaluated.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of salinity and biochar on quinoa plant in deficit irrigation conditions. The experiment was carried out in a factorial and completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The treatments include three irrigation water treatments (60, 80 and 100% of the water requirement, ), three biochar treatments (0, 2 and 4% by weight of potting soil, ) and three the water quality treatment was (1, 4, and 7 dS/m, ). From the time of planting until the establishment of seedlings, all the pots were fully irrigated with fresh water and up to the agricultural capacity. Then the pots were weighed every other day and at each level of biochar and salinity, the deficit irrigation to the level of humidity was calculated based on the changes in the pot's weight. At the end of the growing season, the seeds were harvested from the spike. The index parameters of leaf area, spike weight, seed yield, water consumption efficiency and seed protein percentage were measured carefully in each pot. . With the reduction of irrigation water, the amount of quantitative parameters and plant yield decreased. The use of biochar up to the level of 2 percent by weight of the soil increased the parameters. The use of biochar at the level of 2 and 4% by weight increased the seed protein by 23.5 and % 12.08 respectively, compared to the control treatment. there was no significant difference in yield between 2 and 4 dS/m salinity treatment and the percentage of seed protein in 4 dS/m salinity was higher than 2 dS/m, it is possible to use water with 4 dS/m salinity for quinoa irrigation.

Current research was carried out as a pot experiment in order to investigate the effect of different biochar levels (zero (Bi0), one (Bi1) and two (Bi2) percent of soil mass) and nitrogen fertilizer (from the urea source) (zero (F0), 150 (F150) and 300 (F300) kg/ha) on spinach (cv. Viroflay) yield and fertilizer productivity. The experiment was done from September 2021 to January 2022 as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in the research greenhouse of agricultural faculty of Zanjan University. Fertilizing was done as fertigation in three splits with an interval of 10 days. Results showed, using one and two percent biochar were significantly increased means of leaf chlorophyll index 15% and 34% (respectively) and leaf area 14% and 34% (respectively) compared to the control treatment. In F150 and F300 treatments compared to F0, means of leaf chlorophyll index increased 64% and 110% (respectively) and leaf area increased 30% and 58% (respectively). Based on the results of interaction effects, maximum mean of petiole length, fresh and dry mass of plant and fertilizer productivity were achieved in Bi2-F300 treatment (respectively 6.1 cm, 10.1 gr and 24.0 kg/kg). Based on the research results, biochar application in soil is suggested to increase fertilizer productivity which reduces the harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers on the environment.

Iran is the thirteenth country in terms of wheat production in the world. Kermanshah Province is known as the west agricultural pole of the country. It has about 700,000 hectares of agricultural land, and more than 173,000 hectares of high quality water land. Irrigation is one of the most important effective factors in grain production in hot and dry climates. Research has shown that the use of modern pressurized irrigation systems reduces water consumption and increases the water use efficiency. Considering the issue of water shortage that has been raised in the country in recent years, The simultaneous investigation of the effects of sprinkler and strip drip irrigation systems in three wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars on yield, yield components and water use efficiency in this province seemed necessary.This research was carried out in the research farm of ACECR, Kermanshah province unit during 2021. Wheat seeds of Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars were cultivated on 08/30/2020 after health control and detoxification. This study was conducted in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the main plots, the irrigation methods including sprinkler and strip drip irrigation were evaluated and in the sub-plots, wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heidari were evaluated. From each treatment, one square meter of samples was taken from the middle of the plot. These samples were placed separately in special bags (by installing specifications on each sample) and were immediately transferred to the laboratory. According to the dimensions of the plots (60 m2), during the growth period of the wheat plant, the irrigation amount was 633.50 mm in sprinkler irrigation method and 436 mm in strip drip irrigation method. Finally, after data collection, statistical analysis, including an analysis of variance and comparison of means, was performed using Duncan's multi-range test at a five percent probability level with SAS Ver 9.4 software.Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the irrigation method, there was a significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency of the crop. Additionally, the effect of cultivars was significant in plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant effects of irrigation method and cultivars for crop yield traits and water use efficiency. The comparison of means revealed that the highest yield of 9458 kg/ha was observed in the strip drip irrigation treatment in Baharan cultivar, which had a statistical difference with the sprinkler irrigation treatment in similar cultivars. Furthermore, the sprinkler irrigation treatment in Heydari cultivar with a yield of 6539 kg/ha had the lowest yield. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest water use efficiency productivity with values of 2.13 and 1.03 kg/m3 were observed in the strip drip irrigation treatments of Baharan variety and sprinkler irrigation of Heydari variety, respectively. The results of the research showed that the use of strip drip irrigation method compared to the sprinkler irrigation method in Baharan, Rakhshan, and Heydari cultivars resulted in an increase of 20.07%, 29.76%, and 20.50% in crop yield, respectively.Optimum use of water seems necessary considering the climatic conditions of the country and the recent droughts. One of the important and effective solutions is to use modern irrigation systems. The results revealed that the use of different irrigation systems caused a significant difference at the levels of 1% and 5% on the yield and yield components of wheat in investigated cultivars. Based on the results in the tape irrigation method, the yield increased in most of the analyzed parameters compared to the sprinkler irrigation method. The results exhibited that, the use of tape method saved water consumption by 31% and increased the yield of the product and finally increased the water efficiency compared to the sprinkler irrigation method.

Water and moisture in the soil is one of the main factors in determining area under cultivation and as a result production of agricultural products, which is limited in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran, this limitation and lack of water resources affects the performance of plants and especially Medicinal plants. Using deficit irrigation methods and promoting the concept of water productivity in the production of agricultural products is a practical and common method in different parts of the world to maintain and optimally use water resources. Water productivity actually expresses the amount of product or income. It is obtained from the water consumption unit. During their growth period, plants may face many environmental stresses that have different effects on their growth and performance based on the sensitivity and growth stage of the plant. Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the physiological and nutritional growth of plants. It is always necessary and important to know the combination or combinations that lead to reducing the effects of drought stress in plants. Although the toxicity of selenium in high concentrations is evident on plants and it is considered a type of stress, nevertheless, the beneficial effects of its low concentrations in protecting plants against non-living stresses through almost complex mechanisms have been identified. Nowadays medicinal and aromatic plants have received a lot of attention in various fields, including agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Peppermint plant is a herbaceous and perennial plant that is considered as a medicinal and aromatic plant and is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The main purpose of this research is to compare and investigate the effect of selenium in different situations of its application (Mixing with irrigation water and foliar spraying before and after applying moisture stress) on water productivity and some properties of peppermint plant )Mentha piperita L) was under Drought Stress.
For this purpose and in order to investigate the effects of drought stress and different forms of selenium application on water productivity and some characteristics of Mentha piperita L, an experiment was performed in factorial form and in a completely randomized design and in three replications on Mentha piperita L in the research greenhouse university of Torbat-e Jam. The effects of drought stress include two levels 100 (I1) and 50 (I2) percent of water requirement and the application of selenium includes four levels (no application (zero), I (Mixing with irrigation water at the rate of 5 milligrams per liter of sodium selenate (, Leafbefore (Foliar application of selenium at the rate of 5 milligrams per liter of sodium selenate before applying moisture stress) and Leafafter (Foliar application of selenium at the rate of 5 milligrams per liter of sodium selenate after applying moisture stress) was investigated. In order to properly establish the seedlings, plants were irrigated once every other day for two weeks after the transfer of rhizomes. Then the process of applying the treatments began. In this way, in the treatment of selenium mixing with irrigation water, sodium selenate at the rate of 5 milligrams per liter was mixed with irrigation water and given to the desired pots in each irrigation cycle, and moisture stress treatments were also applied at the same time. Finally, after 5 weeks of selenium treatments and moisture stress, the plant was harvested. Also, in the Leafbefore treatment, the desired pots were treated with sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) with a concentration of 5 milligrams per liter as a foliar spray solution. Foliar spraying was done three times every other day and 24 hours after the last foliar spraying, the desired pots were subjected to moisture stress for 30 days and then the plant was harvested. Also, in the Leafafter treatment, after proper establishment of seedlings, the pots were first subjected to moisture stress, and after 30 days of applying moisture stress, foliar spraying of selenium at the rate of 5 milligrams per liter of sodium selenate three times as It was done every other day and one week after spraying the plant, the plant was harvested. The results of this research showed that with the increase of drought stress level from 100% of water requirement to 50% of water requirement, fresh weight, dry weight, percentage of essential oil, plant height, number of leaves and root fresh weight Mentha piperita L decreased by 34/95%, 33/64%, 34/53%, 29/35%, 34/17% and 33/61% respectively, and water productivity increased by 30/69%. Also, in the selenium treatments including Leafbefore, Leafafter and I, compared to the absence of selenium, water productivity 66/87%, 41/79% and 29/25% respectively increased. Among the selenium treatments, the Leafbefore treatment had the highest increase in fresh weight, dry weight, water productivity, essential oil percentage, plant height and number of leaves, and treatment I had the highest increase in the root fresh weight Mentha piperita L. The results showed that selenium in the concentration used in this research increased some properties of Mentha piperita L and was effective in reducing the effects of drought stress in this plant.

In sustainable farming systems, the use of organic fertilizers is of particular importance in increasing crop production and maintaining sustainable soil fertility. Nowadays, the consumption of organic foods is introduced to consumers as an alternative. The result of the application of chemical products is the crisis of environmental pollution, soil and water resources, and the health risk to human society. Nowadays, in order to reduce the effects of misuse of chemical inputs, chemical fertilizers can be replaced with organic biological fertilizers, including animal manure, compost, and green manure. In this regard, chicken manure has a positive effect on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil, and due to its richness in uric acid, the nitrogen contained in it is used by the plant much faster than the nitrogen of other organic fertilizers. Vermicompost is considered a good source of soil fertility due to its organic materials. Organic matter in the soil improves the permeability and drainage of the soil and also prevents excessive dryness of the soil by maintaining sufficient moisture. Despite the fact that vermicompost can be used as a fertilizer in organic farming, high levels of this fertilizer may cause salinity effects in the plant, which affects the growth and development of the plant and even it can cause the death of cucumber as one of the crops sensitive to soil and water salinity. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the important vegetables that can be produced in a greenhouse all year round. Fresh consumption of cucumber throughout the year has increased its production. The development of technology and the short growth period of this product has made it possible to grow it in most climate zones. Therefore, in this research, the effects of different levels of water deficit with the simultaneous application of vermicompost and chicken manure on cucumber plants in the Behbahan region have been investigated.

In this study, different levels of irrigation water, vermicompost, and poultry manure on ground cucumber were investigated. The experiment was performed in the form of split plots based on completely randomized design and the form of stacks. Treatments included three levels of poultry manure (2, 4 and 8 ton ha-1), three levels of vermicompost (3, 6 and 9 ton ha-1) and three levels of water stress (100, 75 and 50% of plant water requirement). Both vermicompost and poultry manure were applied to the soil before planting. Harvest was done every three days. Fruit weight, diameter and length, plant length, the protein of the dry matter of the fruit percentage, and leaf chlorophyll in each plot were carefully measured. Also, the yield and water productivity at the end of the season were calculated. Water productivity  Referring to the yield to irrigation water ratio, is obtained by the following relation (Payero et al., 2009):WP=Y/IR (1)In this equation, WP represents water productivity (kg/m3), Y denotes the yield (kg/ha), and IR shows the amount of irrigation water (m3/ha). Statistical analysis The analysis of variance for the results obtained from different treatments was conducted using SAS software (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The mean values of the main factors and interactive effects were compared using the Duncan method at the 1% and 5% levels of significance.

The results showed that irrigation, poultry manure and vermicompost had a significant effect on the measured parameters at the level of one and five percent probability. Reduction of water consumption reduced yield and yield components, but in this regard, no significant difference was observed between 100% and 75% of water requirement. The highest yield was obtained in the treatment of 100% of plant water requirement and consumption of 4 ton ha-1 of poultry manure and 6 ton ha-1 of vermicompost, in this regard, no significant difference was observed with the treatment of 75% of water requirement. According to the results obtained from this study, it can be said that there is no significant difference in terms of yield between treatments of 75 and 100% of plant water requirement. Therefore, the amount of water given to the plant can be reduced to 75% of the plant water requirement, and with proper management, less water can be consumed without a significant reduction in crop yield. Examining the effects of irrigation water on the amount of the protein of the dry matter of the fruit showed that the highest amount of the protein of the dry matter of the fruit (56.31%) was obtained in the treatment of 75% of the water requirement and the protein of the dry matter of the fruit was less in other treatments. The interaction effect of vermicompost and poultry manure resulted in the highest percentage of cucumber protein at a treatment of 4 tons ha-1 of poultry manure and 6 tons ha-1 of vermicompost (58.42%). However, when the simultaneous use of 8 tons ha-1 of poultry manure and different levels of vermicompost was employed, the percentage of protein in the fruit's dry matter decreased. The combination of drought stress, poultry manure, and vermicompost, along with their interaction effects, significantly influenced the chlorophyll a and b values at both the 1% and 5% probability levels. As the depth of irrigation water decreased, the amounts of chlorophyll a and b also decreased. The treatment with 100% water requirement of the plant showed the highest amounts of chlorophyll a (0.63 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (0.36 mg/g fresh weight). However, no significant difference was observed compared to the 75% treatment. Regarding the interactions between vermicompost and poultry manure, it was found that when using 6 tons ha-1 of vermicompost to reduce yield and its components, the use of poultry manure should be reduced to 4 tons ha-1. On the other hand, when higher levels of vermicompost (9 tons ha-1) are used, the application of poultry manure should be reduced to 2 tons ha-1.

According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that there is no significant difference in performance between the treatments of providing 75% and 100% of the water requirement of the plant, therefore, the amount of water given to the plant can be reduced to the amount of 75% of the water requirement of the plant. With proper management, less water can be consumed without significantly reducing the yield of the product.

Due to the limited water resources of the country and the drought in the past years, the use of modern irrigation systems in order to optimal use of applied water and increase of water productivity has grown significantly and Extensive research has been done in this regard. Therefore, the results of the studies conducted in relation to different irrigation systems of wheat cultivation were collected and analyzed by using of meta-analysis method. OpenMEE software was used for data analysis. The effect size of water consumption in drip and sprinkler irrigation systems compared to surface irrigation system was determined as -3.498 and -3.458, respectively, which according to Cohen's classification, have high effectiveness. Also, the results of meta-analysis showed that the use of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems compared to surface irrigation method has reduced the amount of water consumption by 21.9% and 23.1%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of water used in both drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, but drip irrigation increased the crop yield compared to the surface irrigation system. Drip irrigation system was more effective on crop yield (0.914) compared to surface irrigation system. But the effect of the rain irrigation system compared to the surface irrigation system on the yield increase was insignificant. The results of meta-analysis showed that drip (Tape) irrigation method and sprinkler irrigation method increased 39.4% and 31.1% in water productivity compared to surface irrigation system in wheat crop, respectively.