جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیب زمینی » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Irrigation planning is one of the management strategies, which is based on determining the exact water requirement. The lysimetric method is the most accurate method of determining the water requirement of the plant, but due to the high cost and the need for high technical knowledge, it cannot be used anywhere. The basis for determining the water requirement in the Ardabil Plain is the use of NETWAT software output information, which is known as the National Water Document of Iran. This software calculates the water requirement using the Penman-Monteith FAO model. The output of this software due to the need to update climate information, not introducing the exact range of plains, ignoring sub-climates in some plains and catchments (including Ardabil Plain), and not considering some important crops in the plain (lack of potato water requirement in Ardabil Plain) and the creation of new databases in recent years, should be reconsidered. 

This study in Ardabil Plain and water requirement of the dominant crop pattern including wheat, barley, potato, alfalfa, and bean crops was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method and CROPWAT software. To calculate the net irrigation requirement, first, the evapotranspiration potential of the plain was obtained using climatic information from three stations Ardabil, Abi Biglou, and Namin. Then, the effective rainfall of the plain was extracted by the information from Ardabil, Abybeigloo, Namin, Koozeh Topraghi, Gilande, and Samian rain gauge stations. Required information on plain soil was prepared using 22 points in the plain. In the last step of the information preparation phase, the characteristics of the cropping pattern plants were defined using field measurements, local experiments, and FAO publication No. 56. The cropping pattern (91.4% of the cultivated area of Ardabil Plain) included wheat, barley, potatoes, alfalfa, and beans, which according to the five-year statistics ending in 2021, the cultivated area of these crops was 18,300 (32.6%), 10300 (19.4%), 15700 (28%), 5200 (9.2%) and 1200 (2.2%) hectares. After preparing the case information, the water requirement was calculated for each of the wheat, barley, potato, alfalfa and bean products in each of the soil sampling points in 10-day periods during the growing season. Based on the point information obtained, a zoning map of net irrigation needs in the Ardabil Plain was prepared.

Based on the obtained point information, a zoning map of net irrigation needs in the Ardabil Plain was prepared. The results showed that the zoning of the net need for irrigation divides the Ardabil Plain into three separate parts in this regard. The northern part and the southern part are divided into high consumption, the eastern and southeastern parts are low consumption, and the western part and parts of the center are divided into medium consumption. In addition, according to the zoning results, the average, minimum, and maximum net irrigation needs of the crops were calculated. For the wheat crop, the average, minimum, and maximum net irrigation requirements were 164, 314, and 259 mm, respectively. For the barley crop, the average, minimum, and maximum net irrigation requirements were 110, 255, and 205 mm, respectively. For the potato crop, the average, minimum, and maximum net irrigation requirements were calculated as 325, 613, and 484 mm, respectively. In addition, for alfalfa and bean crops, the mean, minimum, and maximum net irrigation requirements were estimated at 425, 872, and 670 mm and 337, 637, and 497 mm, respectively.

The results showed that if the average of the whole plain is used for wheat, barley, potato, alfalfa, and bean crops, instead of point or regional information, about 18, 20, 21, 23, and 22% deficit irrigation, respectively, and in Low consumption sector accounts for about 58, 86, 49, 58, and 48% of excess irrigation. Also, the results showed that using the output numbers of NETWAT software will cause wrong water management in Ardabil Plain. Therefore, using the results of the National Water Document (NETWAT) will lead to incorrect water management due to the problems mentioned. That is if the results of the national document are used as the basis for determining the water requirement in the Ardabil Plain, compared to the minimum and maximum numbers obtained from this research, about 32 and 38 MCM will occur in the exceeding irrigated and deficit irrigated plains, respectively (without considering the impact potato crop due to not calculating its water requirement in the national water document for Ardabil Plain). Considering climate change and also the development of different databases, it is suggested to use up-to-date information for water requirement calculations. Also, considering that the Ardabil Plain is divided into three separate parts in terms of the net need for irrigation, therefore it is recommended that instead of using one number as the consumption in the whole plain, from point or regional information obtained from this research for wheat, barley, Use potatoes, alfalfa and beans.

Agriculture, while being a supplier of energy, is also its most important consumer. Agriculture is also the largest consumer of water. The optimal use of the two main inputs of agriculture, namely water and energy resources, in the agricultural sector is one of the important priorities of the country's water and agriculture industry (Ahmad & Khan, 2009). One of the most important programs for agricultural development in the country should be to increase the productivity of water and energy consumption. So far, about 2.9 million hectares in Iran have been covered by pressurized irrigation systems, which has led to an improvement in the water productivity index from 0.87 kg/m3 in 2005 to 1.32 kg/m3 in 2015, and the target is 1.6 kg/m3 in 2025. The Dehgolan plain, with an area of 84,982 square kilometers, is located to the east of the city of Sanandaj. The Dehgolan prohibited aquifer is the only source of agricultural water in the region. The solid set sprinkler irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in the region, and in some areas, farmers also use the wheel-move sprinkler irrigation system. In addition, due to the annual decline in the groundwater level, the energy consumption for pumping water has also increased; therefore, it seems necessary to study the water productivity indices as well as the electricity consumption efficiency and the total energy consumption in the mentioned plain. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the water and energy productivity indices of the important potato crop in farmers' fields, with solid set sprinkler and wheel-move sprinkler irrigation systems. In addition, an attempt was made to study both electricand diesel fuel sources.

A study involving 19 farms with a combined area of 177 hectares investigated water and energy use in irrigation systems. The farms were divided into three categories: solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by electricity (CE), solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD), and wheel move sprinkler systems powered by electricity (WE). To measure flow rate, an ultrasonic flow meter was used on each farm. Electricity consumption data was obtained from the regional electricity company at the conclusion of the irrigation season. Farms using diesel-powered pumps had their monthly diesel consumption documented. The yield was alsomeasured by sampling method. other necessary and complementary information about the studied farms was collected from farmers, including the amount of potato tuber planted in the farm, fertilizers used, pesticides used, required labor force, and agricultural machinery required in the planting, cultivation, and harvesting stages. At last, to evaluate the productivity of the studied farms, the following indices were used: electricity and energy consumption productivity, water productivity, energy efficiency, and specific energy. 

An analysis of various water and energy efficiency indicators revealed that farms using solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD farms) performed the worst. These farms exhibited the lowest average water use productivity (1.4 kg/m³), energy use productivity (0.2 kg/MJ), and energy efficiency (0.7), while having the highest average specific energy consumption (5.7 MJ/kg). This suggests that CD farms have a negative net energy input, meaning they consume more energy than they produce. 

This study evaluated water and energy use productivity indices for potato production in farmers' fields of Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province, Iran. The fields were classified into three groups: CE (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source), CD (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with diesel fuel energy source), and WE (wheel move sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source). The average energy consumption of CE, CD, and WE farms was 111413, 213931, and 118431 MJ/ha, respectively. The water use productivity indices of CE and WE farms were equal and 17% higher than those of CD farms. The energy use efficiency and productivity of the mentioned farms were also equal and twice those of CD farms. The net energy input of the mentioned farms was 41587, -75931, and 52569 MJ/ha, respectively.In other words, the energy input from CD farms that use diesel engines is negative. In general, based on the studied indices, the status of farms with solid set and wheel move sprinkler irrigation systems that use electric energy is acceptable compared to the national average. However, it is necessary to prioritize the electrification of agricultural wells of farms that use diesel fuel in the country's planning programs.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the tuberous products that plays an important role in the nutrition of the world's people, therefore, in order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the agronomic and qualitative traits of different potato cultivars, an experiment was carried out.  The conducted research in 2018 examined the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the quantitative and qualitative agricultural traits of various cultivars of Solanum tuberosum under drought stress in greenhouse and garden conditions.  In the garden part, the hybrid of Enterobacter cloacae bacterium × 100% water requirements × Jelly cultivar with means of 48.53 ton/ha and 7.87 kg/m3 had the maximum tuber yield and water productivity, and the hybrid of no bacteria × 60% water requirements × Milva cultivar with means of 23.40 ton/ha and 3.8 kg/ha had the minimum tuber yield and water productivity among the treatments. Actually, using Enterobacter cloacae bacterium in addition to 100% water requirement increased tuber yield and water productivity up to 51.78 and 51.72%, respectively, compared to the no growth-promotion bacterium × 60% water requirements.  The indexes of tolerance (TOL) and sensitivity to water scarcity stress in the garden showed that Jelly cultivar in mild stress condition, Agria cultivar in severe stress condition in control treatment had minimum TOL than the other conditions according to TOL index. In addition, Jelly cultivar, when Enterobacter cloacae is used as a growth-promoting bacterium, was superior to the control treatment and use of Azospirillum bacteria according to YP, MP, and GMP indexes. It showed tolerance against the made stress and had a higher tolerance than the two other treatments in mild stress conditions.  In general, in laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions, water deficit stress caused the reduction of the evaluated traits. The use of Interbacterculase bacteria was effective in improving the proposed traits compared to its non-use bacteria and caused increasing in most of the proposed traits.

Due to water shortage in the country, improving the irrigation management of potato fields can reduce water consumption and increase the efficiency of this important product. For this purpose, it is necessary to have sufficient and accurate information about the status of applied water and water efficiency in the conditions of farmers' management. Therefore, the amount of applied water, yield, and water efficiency in the conditions of farmers' management in two major potato production areas in Razavi Khorasan province were investigated. The two areas of Fariman and Torbat Heydariyeh with the highest area of cultivation and production of potatoes were selected as pilots cities. The method of irrigation in all fields was the drip method. In experimental farms, irrigation and agronomic characteristics, water source and irrigation network characteristics, required meteorological data, applied water volume, potato yield, and water efficiency in the crop year 2019 were measured. Also, the volume of water used by farmers was compared with the estimated irrigation needs based on meteorological data from 2019 and the last ten years calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. The amount of applied water based on meteorological data in 2019 was about 26% and to 10-year statistics was about 15% more. The results also showed that the volume of applied potato water in the studied farms varied from 9888 to 14573 m3/ha and its average was 11885 m3/ha. Potato yield in selected fields varied from 28600 to 60000 kg/ha and the average was 40399 kg/ha. Water efficiency varied from 2.22 to 5.25 and the average was 3.42 kg/m3

For evaluation of the effect of different levels of zeolite and nitrogen on yield and some quality traits of potato under field condition, an experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design in three replications in research fields of University of Kurdistan in 2018. The experimental treatments were clinoptilolite zeolite application at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1) as the main plot and nitrogen application at five levels (0, 50, 100 150 and 200 kg N ha-1) as the sub plot. The results indicated that with the application of different levels of zeolite, tuber yield, biological yield, average tuber weight, tuber dry matter, significantly increased, while, tuber NO3- concentration significantly decreased. Also, the results indicated that the nitrogen application led to significant increase in the tuber yield, biological yield, average tuber weight, tuber dry matter and NO3- concentration. The greatest tuber yield was recorded at 200 kg ha-1 N application treatment.  The highest tuber yield and harvest index were recorded at 10 ton ha-1 zeolite application treatment. The tuber yield in this treatment was 13.9% higher than the control treatments (no zeolite application). In general, the results of this study demonstrated that the zeolite application at 10 ton ha-1 can be a suitable practice for improving potato yield and quality.

In order to investigate the effect of different organic fertilizers on yield and some physiological characteristics of potato under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots, based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 at Baraan region in Isfahan. The applied treatments include drought stress based on the fraction of Allowable Water (AW) or Management allowed Deplition (MAD= 45% as a control, 55%, 65% and 75% in main plots) and organic fertilizers including vermicompost (7 ton ha-1), municipal waste compost (15 ton ha-1), cow manure (50 ton ha-1) and control (without fertilizer application) were in the sub-plots. Results showed that the drought stress reduced yield and its components and reduced leaf chlorophyll content (p≤0.01). Comparison of means showed that potato yield in vermicompost treatment without drought stress reached 33 tons per hectare. Intraction of vermicompost and irrigation after 65% depletion of AW (reduction of 20% in water consumption), led to the production of 23 tons per hectar potato. Under these stress conditions, compost treatment also resulted in potato production of 21 tons per hectar. The interaction of vermicompost and irrigation after 75% depletion of AW (30% reduction of water consumption), Leaf chlorophyll reached 12 mg/g, the same as situation at no application of vermicompost and drought stress. Also, the highest amount of proline was measured in the interaction of MAD=65% and compost and vermicompost treatments with 21.2 and 24 mg/g, respectively. In general, the application of organic fertilizers could help to reduce the negative effects of drought stress.

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the yield and water use efficiency of wheat (Chamran 2), rapeseed (Hyola 50), potato (Sante) and corn (704) under different levels of irrigation, the present research was carried out in two years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 as complete randomized block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center of Jiroft. Irrigation levels were 50, 75 and 100 % of the crop's water requirement. The Yield, biomass, harvest index and water use efficiency were investigated for the proposed crops. The results showed that the effect of irrigation levels was significant during two years on grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency at 1% level and on harvest index at 5% level. By increasing irrigation water, both grain yield and biomass were increased significantly in all crops. Potato and rapeseed had the highest (0.65-0.74) and the lowest (0.20-0.25) water index, respectively. On the other hand, potato and rapeseed showed the highest (10.68-22.76 kg/m3) and the lowest (1.29-1.84 kg/m3) water use efficiency, respectively. The 75% irrigation level is recommended due to lower decrease in yield and higher increase in water use efficiency. In general, according to the results of this study, the highest water use efficiency was observed in potato, wheat, maize and rapeseed plants, respectively. Overall potato and maize rotation is recommended due to higher water use efficiency in Jiroft.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of different potato sowing pattern on yield and water productivity under sprinkler and drip irrigation system during 2012 to 2014. The study was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ekbatan Station, Agricultural Research Station and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province. Two irrigation methods ( sprinkler and drip irrigation system) as main plots and 4 sowing patterns as sub- plots including: conventional method with spacing of 75 cm, two-row planting on combined hill with spacing of 75, 60 or 50 cm were evaluated. Comparison of the combined mean of the results showed that all three sowing patterns with wide hill (two row planting with 75, 60 and 50 cm spacing) with 40.96, 42.67 and 41.75 t / ha respectively are located in higher statistical group than conventional planting with 40.50 t. ha-1. There was a significant difference between yield, water productivity, Seedling emergence and plant overlapping time in two irrigation systems. Water productivity in drip irrigation was 34.4% higher than sprinkler irrigation system. Using the sprinkler irrigation system with wide hill increased water productivity relative the conventional cultivation of potatoes. While the water productivity in conventional sowing pattern in drip irrigation method was higher than the two-row sowing pattern with combined hill (wide hill). Also, the results of this research showed that using of strip drip irrigation can provide better conditions for Seedling emergence and faster plant growth and Compensate part of the lost planting date for late cultivated plants.

In many plains of Hamedan province, free distribution and low water subsidies paid by farmers have led to its overexploitation at the fields, which can threat the existing water resources and agricultural sustainable development in the region. Undoubtedly, one of the most important tools for optimal allocation of water resources is economic valuation, which emphasizes the long-term development strategy of the country. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the economic value of agricultural water in potato fields in Razan-Ghahavand plain of Hamedan province using two approaches; production function and willingness to pay farmers using conditional valuation method (CVM). The required information was collected by completing a questionnaire from 150 potato farmers using a two-stage cluster sampling method in 2015-2016. In order to achieve the research objectives, the estimation of various forms of production functions was used, and the best form of the function was determined according to the results obtained by the transcendental production function. The results of the production function method showed that the average economic value of water producing potato crops was 2461 Rials per cubic meter. Also, the average willingness to pay farmers of this product after estimating the Logit model was 3452 Rials per cubic meter. Regarding the reported results, better achievements can be derived, if the water pricing policy is depended on effective factors, including the willingness to pay farmers, as well as the farmers' participation in decision-making.

This study was carried out using AquaCrop plant growth model to simulate potato crop yield in irrigation levels of 100, 80 and 65 percent of plant water requirement under climate change conditions in Shahrekord region. The data of two years of 2013 and 2014 were used to calibrate and validate the AquaCrop plant growth model. In order to investigate the effect of climate change on product yield, the output data of the HadCM3 general circulation model under two scenarios A2 and B1 for the periods 2011- 2030 and 2046-2065 are downscaled using LARS-WG model and used as inputs of the growth model. Based on the results, the simulation of potato yields with the AquaCrop plant growth model was carried out with high precision so that the average difference between observed and simulated values in calibration and validation stage was 0.56 and 0.68 ton/ha, respectively. Also, the mean absolute error (MAE) for simulating minimum temperature, maximum temperature, sunshine hours and precipitation with LARS-WG model was 0.05, 0.03, 0.01 and 0.16, respectively which reflects the good performance of the model in producing climate data for the future periods. Simulation results showed that the potato yield for the periods 2011-2030 and 2046-2065 under the A2 scenarios was 15.8 and 24.5 percent, respectively, and under B1 scenario, 11.8 and 22.4 percent increase compared to the base period. Also, for I80 and I65 treatments, the yield value decreases in both the future periods and the two scenarios campared to the base period.

Crop simulation models are valuable tools for quantifying crop yield response to water, and for devising strategies to improve agricultural water management. In this study, AquaCrop model was evaluated for simulation of potato biomass, yield and water use efficiency under different irrigation levels. To model evaluation was used from fields results of years 2013 and 2014 at research station of the SHahrekord CHahartakhteh. Field experiments included three irrigation levels; full irrigation (FI), 80% of the water requirement (I80) and 65% water requirement (I65). The model was calibrated and validated using data of the first and second years, respectively. NRMSE index was obtained for yield and biomass in FI, I80 and I65 treatments; 8.5 and 9.58, 18.16 and 14.42 and 30.59 and 25.08 percent, respectively. Was calculated R2 coefficient to compare of yield and biomass in validation step between 0.92 to 0.99, which showed the model accuracy for simulation. The model precision was the level lowest in I65 so that the index of agreement (d) was determined for biomass and yield 0.79 and 0.91 , respectively. The difference percentage of between measured and simulated water use efficiency for treatments FI, I80 and I65 was calculated 9.2, 11.8 and 15.1. In the end, the results showed that the model has less accuracy in I65 treatments.

Knowing the effects of various environmental stresses on plant's physiology is necessary to get information about the plant's resistance and survival mechanisms. Drought stress is one of the most common stresses that always threatening agricultural products in widespread parts of the world. Therefore, considering the shortage of water resources, improving water use efficiency in agricultural fields and paying more attention to usage and development of water saving strategies are necessary. As freshwater resources have declined, irrigating crops to meet their full demands are difficult. To reduce the irrigation volume, irrigation techniques such as Deficit irrigation (DI) have been developed meeting the minimum crop water requirement without any significant reduction in crop yield and quality. During the last decade, a novel deficit irrigation strategy named Partial rootzone drying (PRD) has been developed. In PRD one half of the root zone is irrigated while the other half falls dry out. Irrigated and dry sides are periodically switched. PRD irrigation has been tested for different field crops, fruit trees and vegetables. In most cases, PRD irrigation has shown a great potential to increase water use efficiency and to maintain yield. It has been shown that PRD can greatly induce the initiation and growth of secondary roots, which improved the ability of the plant to absorb both water and nutrients from the soil matrix. It seems the combination of irrigation techniques and mechanized irrigation systems such as drip irrigation can significantly improve agricultural water use efficiency.
For this purpose, the effects of deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying techniques on potato (Solanumtuberosum L. cv. Agria) yield and some components of yield has been studied. This research was done in a field at Shahrekord University in spring, 2012.
The soil texture's field was clay and soil moisture contents at field capacity (FC) and wilting point (PWP) were 37.33% and 15.49%, respectively. A completely randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications was used. Each block (23m × 2.5m) was divided into seven plots. Each plot consisted of three rows of 2.5 m in length. Blocks were bordered by a 1.5m wide protection area.
The tubers were planted on June in rows (75cm between rows and 25cm between tubers). Potatoes were subjected to water treatments Full Irrigation (FI), Deficit irrigation (DI) and Partial rootzone drying (PRD) in three level of soil matric potential (-60, -80, -120 kPa) after tuber initiation. Drip irrigation was used in field and time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used to monitor soil moisture. In FI and DI treatments, one drip line was placed in the center of each ridge. The distance between emitters was 25cm and they were placed near plants. Their discharge rate was 2 (L h-1). In PRD treatment, two drip lines were placed in the center of the ridge. The two drip lines were placed in parallel and emitters distance were 50cm. Some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant were measured in final crop harvest and analyzed by SAS v.9 software. Analysis of variance showed that the difference between irrigation treatments was significant in 1% probability level in most of plants characteristics. Also, with increasing the stress severity, the difference between PRD and DI irrigation was increased. PRD was able to maintain higher biomass production plant under water stress. The results showed that highest and lowest dry biomass was observed in FI (226.49 gr/plant) and DI-120 (187.45 gr/plant), respectively. The maximum and minimum dry weight of root were observed in PRD-120 (8.98 gr/plant) and FI (7.69 gr/plant), respectively. Tubers from each treatment were graded into various size classes and weighed. Among the tuber sizes, the categories of 40-60mm diameter were considered as marketable. Results showed PRD technique increased the marketable yield more than DI.
The maximum and minimum dry matter tuber were seen in PRD-120 (113.03 gr/plant) and DI-120 (98.169 gr/plant), respectively. The maximum and minimum fresh weight of tubers were observed in FI treatment (0.570 kg/plant) and DI-120 (0.430 kg/plant) .the maximum and minimum water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in PRD-120 (5.11 kg/m3) and DI-60 (4.268 kg/m3), respectively. This treatment increased WUE by 14.33%. Also, the obtained results showed that water stress induced in level of soil matric potential (-60, -80 and -120 kPa), reduced water used by 9.85, 16 and 22.45% in field, respectively.
These results showed in comparison to the traditional deficit irrigation strategy (DI) in which the crop is subjected to some degree of water stress, PRD is a successful alternative to FI for saving irrigation water.

After wheat, rice and corn, potato is the fourth most important food plant in the world. In comparison with other species, potato is very sensitive to water stress because of its shallow root system: approximately 85% of the root length is concentrated in the upper 0.3-0.4 m of the soil. Several studies showed that drip irrigation is an effective method for enhancing potato yield. Fabeiro et al. (2001) concluded that tuber bulking and ripening stages were found to be the most sensitive stages of water stress with drip irrigation. Water deficit occurring in these two growth stages could result in yield reductions. Wang et al. (2006) investigated the effects of drip irrigation frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato yield. The results indicated that potato roots were not limited in wetted soil volume even when the crop was irrigated at the highest frequency while high frequency irrigation enhanced potato tuber growth and water use efficiency (WUE). Though information about irrigation and N management of this crop is often conflicting in the literature, it is accepted generally that production and quality are highly influenced by both N and irrigation amounts and these requirements are related to the cropping technique. Researches revealed that nitrogen fertilizers play a special role in the growth, production and quality of potatoes.
A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out during two growing seasons. Studied factors were irrigation frequency (I1:2 and I2:4 days interval) and nitrogen fertilizer levels (applying 100 (N1), 75 (N2) and 50 (N3) % of the recommended amount). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied through irrigation water. In each plot two rows with within-and between-row spacing of 45 and 105 cm and 20 m length. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer for the control treatment was determined by soil analysis (N1). In all treatments, nitrogen fertilizer applied in 5 times until flowering stage. Potassium, phosphorus and microelements applied according to the soil analysis results. The subsurface drip tape was used for irrigation. Tapes with 300 µm thickness, 30 cm dripper spacing and 4 lit/hour discharge were applied. Tapes buried at 20 cm soil depth before planting. Water amount was measured by the volume meter at each irrigation treatment. Water amount calculated based on crop water requirement and plot area and irrigation frequency. On maturity stage, 8 m of two central rows of each plot harvested for determining tuber yields. Water use efficiency was calculated as the ratio of the tuber yield to the total consumed water volume. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTAT-C software. Means were compared by Duncan's multiple range tests at 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels.
Results Results of combined analysis showed that yield and water use efficiency (WUE) did not affected by irrigation frequency. Yield and water use efficiency affected by nitrogen level (p

Use of organic manure can improve yield of agricultural products for sustainable agriculture. This research was conducted to study the effects of Chicken manure and Potassium fertilizer on yield and uptake of some nutrients by Potato in a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design that replicated three times for two years in Tajarak research station, Hamedan Province. The Chicken manure had four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 T/ha) and Potassium fertilizer had three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha) as Potassium sulfate. In flowering stage, shoot yield and nutrient concentrations was determined by sampling. Yield of potato tubers and nutrient concentrations of tubers were also determined after harvesting. Combined data of two years of experiment showed that the main effect of chicken manure on the potato tubers and shoot yield and also the nutrient concentrations were significant. The main effect of potassium sulfate was only significant on the copper and zinc concentrations of tubers and the shoots. Consumption of 50 kg/ha potassium sulfate made maximum concentration of copper and zinc in tubers and shoots. Use of 5 T/ha chicken manure caused the highest yield equal to 44.7 T/ha. The maximum nutrient concentrations in tubers and shoots and maximum yield of shoots was obtained with application of 15 T/ha chicken manure. Therefore, in the soil conditions similar to this research, using 5 T/ha chichen manure could cause considerable increase in tuber yield.

imum use of water and energy due to the rapid growth in water and energy demand and limitations of these resources is essential. The proper use of these resources without the knowledge of the use and efficiency of these inputs is not possible. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, Losses and efficiency of energy for Electric pumping stations was conducted in Hamadan city farms during the 2009 to 2011. Pumping Nebraska index was applied to compare the performance of irrigation pumping stations. Also the input power, output power and total energy efficiency were calculated in pumping stations. The results showed that the total efficiency changed from 16.7 to 65.8 percent. The average of total efficiency and wasted energy of an electric pump was calculated about 49.8 percent and 8.7 KW per hour respectively. Average water use efficiency in Potato fields in the furrow and sprinkler systems was 3.1 and 6.2 kg/m3 respectively. Factors such as proper selection of pumps and engine according to the capacity and system pressure, the Proper repair and maintenance of pumps and motors can increase energy efficiency.

In order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar, Savalan, Sante, Marfona, Milva, Picasso, Hermes, Jelli, 397081-1, 397069-2) and irrigation treatments in two levels (stress and control) are conducted. Tape irrigation was done normally and in the early stages of tuber production, watering for stress plots was disconnected and control plots were irrigated in a normal way, after reaching to ninety percent of the soil moisture deficit, irrigation was done again until the soil moisture reached field capacity and irrigation was done normally up to the end of growing season. Combined analysis of data for two years showed a reduction of biological yield, healthy tuber fresh weight, marketable healthy tuber fresh weight, LAIM, dry weight of LAIM, evapotranspiration and water usage in genotypes under the stress compared to the control. WP based on fresh weight of healthy tubers and fresh weight of marketable healthy tubers reduced or showed a tendency to reduction in most of genotypes under the stress. WUE based on the healthy tuber yield and marketable healthy tuber yield decreased under the water stress compared to the control in all genotypes except for 397069-2. The most amount of WP based on fresh weight of the marketable healthy yield was observed in 397069-2, respectively (5.41) and (5) kg/m3 in two years under the stress. Based on results of this experiment, doing of additional researches in order to achieve suitable potato genotypes for planting in actual deficit water conditions of our country according to diversity of planting season, place, climate, quality of seed potato, experts and etc. are recommended.

In several fields of Isfahan and Hamadan provinces, due to lack of proper design and hydraulic shortcomings of sprinkler system, the efficiency system is unacceptable and causes ponding of water on the land and runoff from the field. Therefore, in this study, some of the existing sprinkler irrigation systems in Fereidan and Bahar regions were evaluated.
In this research, nine and ten potato fieldsin Isfahan (Fereidan Region) and Hamedan (Dashtebahar Region) Provinces respectively were evaluated for 2 years.Soil physical characteristics such as soil texture andsoil permeabilityat field sites were measured in the Isfahan and Hamedan Soil and Water Laboratory. Also sprinklerirrigation systems in these fields were investigated. From soil characteristics in Frieden region could be noted to medium soilpermeability(1.5 to 2.0 cm.hr-1) andsoil texture (medium to heavy). Thesprinkler irrigation was permanentclassic system.Soil texture (loam, clay loam, silty loam, silty clay loam)and the existing irrigation system were reported moveable classic and wheel move sprinkler irrigation. Irrigationsystems assessments weretaken place according to Merriam and Keller methodology (1978) (5).Uniformity coefficients, potential and actual application efficiency of low quarter (PELQ¡ AELQ¡ CU and DU) were determined.The hydraulic system parameters consists of H, Q and P were measured.First of all, soil moisture in the experimental sites to determine the soil moisture deficit (SMD) was measured.Pressureandflow ratesprinklersatthe beginning, middleandend of theirrigation experimentsas well as in fieldswere measured.Aftertwohours, sprinklers pressure,flow rateandvolume of waterinthecanswere measured.The uniformityandefficiencyof thesystemswere calculated as well.
Nine sprinkler irrigation systems were evaluated and DU, CU, AELQ and PELQ in the fields were equal 60.8%, 57.2%, 75.3% and 66.2% respectively. The results indicated that the poor PELQ was mostly due to lack of sufficient knowledge of the operators about optimal use of the irrigation system including control of inlet pressure, simultaneous operation of too many sprinklers and inappropriate duration of each sprinkler operation. All these factors led to deviation from the designed irrigation time and interval. The low values of DU and CU could be attributed to insufficient pressure and discharge of irrigation systems. In sprinkler irrigation system, the main difficulties in implementation of this system are lack of accuracy in design and insufficient knowledge of users. Ten sprinkler irrigation systems were evaluated in Bahar plain and PELQ, AELQ, CU and DU in the fields were equal 53.0%, 45.6%, 81.1% and 77.1% respectively. Average of PELQ, AELQ, CU and DU in the weel move systems were equal 55.1%, 51.1%, 66.7% and 81.4% and solid systems were equal 52.1%, 43.3%, 73.0%, 81.0% respectively.
Results show that the poor AELQ was mostly due to economics. Poor DU and CU were mostly due to Low pressure and sprinkler's discharge in fildes.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a highly consumable and important plant. Most geographical locations in Iran are arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore¡ the current research has been conducted in order to investigate the methods of irrigation¡ and drought stress on the yield and yield components of potato in the regions of Baft County¡ Kerman¡ Iran (2014). The main factor¡ and subsidiary factors compared in this study are I1 (furrow irrigation) and I2 (T-tape irrigation)¡ and three drought stress levels; S1 (100% water supply)¡ S2 (75% water supply)¡ and S3 (50% water supply)¡ respectively. The results showed¡ the yield for T-tape irrigation (I2) was higher than the yield for furrow irrigation (I1). Also under different drought stress levels¡ the highest yield was achieved for the S1 treatment with an average of 20.8 tons per hectare toward the S2¡ and S3 treatment with an average of 15.2¡ and 7.9 tons per hectare¡ respectively.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers causes soil, surface water and groundwater pollution. The purpose of the present investigation was to study nano-chelate nitrogen effect on nitrate concentration variations in soil, water and potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) in comparison to the urea fertilizer. A factorial experiment in CRD with 3 replications and factors of urea fertilizer and nano-chelate nitrogen was conducted. In each factor three levels of 46, 92 and 138 kg N/ ha were used. The results showed that the highest soil nitrate (100.5 mg/kg soil) and the highest nitrate leaching concentration (629.2 mg/L) belonged to the third level of the urea treatment. The results of the yield measurements showed that with increase of the urea fertilizer from the first level (46 kg N/ha) to the third level (46 kg N/ha), the yield decreased 2.6%, while similar increasing in the amount of nano-chelate nitrogen fertilizer, increased the yield by 20.7%. Furthermore, the difference between the average tuber yields in the urea treatment (42.8 t/ha) and nano- chelate nitrogen treatment (73.3 t/ha) was significant at 5% probability level. The results showed that the leaf nitrogen in the nano- chelate nitrogen treatment was significantly more than that in the urea treatment. The results of the accumulated nitrogen measurement in the tubers as one of the quality indicators showed that the tuber nitrate concentration in the nano-chelate nitrogen treatment was 121.2 mg/kg and in the urea treatment was 154.2 mg/kg. Therefore, according to the results of this experiment, the use of 138 kg N/ha nano-chelate nitrogen in order to achieve the highest yield, noting the lower nitrate accumulation in potato tubers (Agria cv.) in greenhouse conditions, can be recommended.

Early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani spreads well in abundance of humidity and the presence of water on the leaves. The early symptoms of disease are brown to black spots as concentric embowed rings. The fungal spores are distributed by wind and rain to healthy leaves. High humidity and temperatures between 18 and 25 °C, dew, rain and sprinkler irrigation increase its spread. The purpose of this study was to study the influence of meteorological variables (Temperature, Relative humidity and Precipitation) on spores’ population of early blight pathogen of potato and possible prognosis of disease in Kermanshah province during 2013-2014 crop seasons. To perform the study, potato plants were cultivated in Razi University farm and the symptoms of the disease were monitored continuously through the season. Besides, the number of fungi spores were also measured using a standard spore trap. On the other hand, two early blight prognosis empirical models were developed using on-site meteorological data and those obtained from nearby synoptic station. The correlation between the population of spores in the air and meteorological variables were worked out. The results showed that there exist a significant relation between the spore population and maximum-minimum air temperature (p= 0.01) and relative humidity (p=0.05). According to results of this study, the proposed model can be satisfactorily used for early blight early warning in western region of Iran.