جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Sprinkler irrigation » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Agriculture, while being a supplier of energy, is also its most important consumer. Agriculture is also the largest consumer of water. The optimal use of the two main inputs of agriculture, namely water and energy resources, in the agricultural sector is one of the important priorities of the country's water and agriculture industry (Ahmad & Khan, 2009). One of the most important programs for agricultural development in the country should be to increase the productivity of water and energy consumption. So far, about 2.9 million hectares in Iran have been covered by pressurized irrigation systems, which has led to an improvement in the water productivity index from 0.87 kg/m3 in 2005 to 1.32 kg/m3 in 2015, and the target is 1.6 kg/m3 in 2025. The Dehgolan plain, with an area of 84,982 square kilometers, is located to the east of the city of Sanandaj. The Dehgolan prohibited aquifer is the only source of agricultural water in the region. The solid set sprinkler irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in the region, and in some areas, farmers also use the wheel-move sprinkler irrigation system. In addition, due to the annual decline in the groundwater level, the energy consumption for pumping water has also increased; therefore, it seems necessary to study the water productivity indices as well as the electricity consumption efficiency and the total energy consumption in the mentioned plain. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the water and energy productivity indices of the important potato crop in farmers' fields, with solid set sprinkler and wheel-move sprinkler irrigation systems. In addition, an attempt was made to study both electricand diesel fuel sources.

A study involving 19 farms with a combined area of 177 hectares investigated water and energy use in irrigation systems. The farms were divided into three categories: solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by electricity (CE), solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD), and wheel move sprinkler systems powered by electricity (WE). To measure flow rate, an ultrasonic flow meter was used on each farm. Electricity consumption data was obtained from the regional electricity company at the conclusion of the irrigation season. Farms using diesel-powered pumps had their monthly diesel consumption documented. The yield was alsomeasured by sampling method. other necessary and complementary information about the studied farms was collected from farmers, including the amount of potato tuber planted in the farm, fertilizers used, pesticides used, required labor force, and agricultural machinery required in the planting, cultivation, and harvesting stages. At last, to evaluate the productivity of the studied farms, the following indices were used: electricity and energy consumption productivity, water productivity, energy efficiency, and specific energy. 

An analysis of various water and energy efficiency indicators revealed that farms using solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD farms) performed the worst. These farms exhibited the lowest average water use productivity (1.4 kg/m³), energy use productivity (0.2 kg/MJ), and energy efficiency (0.7), while having the highest average specific energy consumption (5.7 MJ/kg). This suggests that CD farms have a negative net energy input, meaning they consume more energy than they produce. 

This study evaluated water and energy use productivity indices for potato production in farmers' fields of Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province, Iran. The fields were classified into three groups: CE (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source), CD (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with diesel fuel energy source), and WE (wheel move sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source). The average energy consumption of CE, CD, and WE farms was 111413, 213931, and 118431 MJ/ha, respectively. The water use productivity indices of CE and WE farms were equal and 17% higher than those of CD farms. The energy use efficiency and productivity of the mentioned farms were also equal and twice those of CD farms. The net energy input of the mentioned farms was 41587, -75931, and 52569 MJ/ha, respectively.In other words, the energy input from CD farms that use diesel engines is negative. In general, based on the studied indices, the status of farms with solid set and wheel move sprinkler irrigation systems that use electric energy is acceptable compared to the national average. However, it is necessary to prioritize the electrification of agricultural wells of farms that use diesel fuel in the country's planning programs.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of rotation factor, rotation speed and irrigation duration on Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL) of impact and gear driven sprinklers. Experiments were carried out in the research farm of Kurdistan University and in an area of 3600 m2 by single sprinkler method on two Komet R8 and Luxor sprinklers. The results showed: 1- Up to the wind speed of 11.5 km/h and the air temperature of 40 °C, there is no significant difference between the WDEL of sprinklers2- The average WDEL of Komet sprinkler in low wind speed is 8.5% and Luxor is 10.4% and their difference is not significant. With the increase of wind speed from low to moderate, increase in WDEL of Komet was 125% and Luxor was 21% and their difference was significant (P<0.05) 3- In both sprinklers WDEL increased with increasing working pressure, but this increasing was not significant 4- In both sprinklers, WDEL increases with the increase of vapor pressure deficit, but this increase was significant only in Komet and in the high range (P<0.05). 5- By increasing the irrigation duration from 1 h to 3 h, the WDEL of Komet decreased by 24%. 6- By increasing the sprinkler rotation speed from 1.5 Rpm to 3.5 Rpm, the WDEL of Komet decreased by 13.4%. In general, the Komet had more WDEL potential than the Luxor and in the irrigation events of farmers, the WDEL is lower than the reported values of the research.

Iran is the thirteenth country in terms of wheat production in the world. Kermanshah Province is known as the west agricultural pole of the country. It has about 700,000 hectares of agricultural land, and more than 173,000 hectares of high quality water land. Irrigation is one of the most important effective factors in grain production in hot and dry climates. Research has shown that the use of modern pressurized irrigation systems reduces water consumption and increases the water use efficiency. Considering the issue of water shortage that has been raised in the country in recent years, The simultaneous investigation of the effects of sprinkler and strip drip irrigation systems in three wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars on yield, yield components and water use efficiency in this province seemed necessary.This research was carried out in the research farm of ACECR, Kermanshah province unit during 2021. Wheat seeds of Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars were cultivated on 08/30/2020 after health control and detoxification. This study was conducted in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the main plots, the irrigation methods including sprinkler and strip drip irrigation were evaluated and in the sub-plots, wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heidari were evaluated. From each treatment, one square meter of samples was taken from the middle of the plot. These samples were placed separately in special bags (by installing specifications on each sample) and were immediately transferred to the laboratory. According to the dimensions of the plots (60 m2), during the growth period of the wheat plant, the irrigation amount was 633.50 mm in sprinkler irrigation method and 436 mm in strip drip irrigation method. Finally, after data collection, statistical analysis, including an analysis of variance and comparison of means, was performed using Duncan's multi-range test at a five percent probability level with SAS Ver 9.4 software.Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the irrigation method, there was a significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency of the crop. Additionally, the effect of cultivars was significant in plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant effects of irrigation method and cultivars for crop yield traits and water use efficiency. The comparison of means revealed that the highest yield of 9458 kg/ha was observed in the strip drip irrigation treatment in Baharan cultivar, which had a statistical difference with the sprinkler irrigation treatment in similar cultivars. Furthermore, the sprinkler irrigation treatment in Heydari cultivar with a yield of 6539 kg/ha had the lowest yield. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest water use efficiency productivity with values of 2.13 and 1.03 kg/m3 were observed in the strip drip irrigation treatments of Baharan variety and sprinkler irrigation of Heydari variety, respectively. The results of the research showed that the use of strip drip irrigation method compared to the sprinkler irrigation method in Baharan, Rakhshan, and Heydari cultivars resulted in an increase of 20.07%, 29.76%, and 20.50% in crop yield, respectively.Optimum use of water seems necessary considering the climatic conditions of the country and the recent droughts. One of the important and effective solutions is to use modern irrigation systems. The results revealed that the use of different irrigation systems caused a significant difference at the levels of 1% and 5% on the yield and yield components of wheat in investigated cultivars. Based on the results in the tape irrigation method, the yield increased in most of the analyzed parameters compared to the sprinkler irrigation method. The results exhibited that, the use of tape method saved water consumption by 31% and increased the yield of the product and finally increased the water efficiency compared to the sprinkler irrigation method.

In this study, volume of irrigation water, water productivity, and yield of alfalfa were measured in 300 farms in Zanjan, Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hamedan, East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan-Razavi, Isfahan, West Azerbaijan, Central, Qazvin and Kerman provinces under farmers management and surface and sprinkler irrigation, various water sources, different water salinities, soil conditions, and varieties, during the growing season of 2018-2019. The results showed that the difference between average volumes of water applied by farmers, yield, and water productivity, in the studied sites were significant at 1% probability level. The average amount of applied water by farmers was 8502, 8901, 9226, 9459, 11481, 12796, 14311, 14821, 15198, 15916, 18351 and 23920 m3/ha, respectively, and the average was 13284 m3/ha. The dry yield of alfalfa varied from 2500 to 30000 kg/ha with an average of 13841 kg/ha. Irrigation water productivity varied from 0.2 to 4.5 and its average was 1.28 kg/m3. The average irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity for alfalfa was 1.19 kg/m3. The results showed that the average applied water and alfalfa yield in surface and sprinkler irrigation methods were 15076 and 10653 m3/ha, respectively, (p<1%). These results showed that in sprinkler irrigation method, applied water was 30% less and irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity was 41% higher. Accordingly, in order to reduce the volume of irrigation water and improve alfalfa water productivity, it is recommended to use sprinkler method in suitable climatic conditions where irrigation water is of good quality and the technical criteria of design, implementation, operation, and economic considerations are met.

Reliable estimates of the seasonal applied water and irrigation performance assessment indicators under current irrigation and farm management are perquisites for improving water resources management. In this study, seasonal applied water and irrigation performance assessment indicators of winter barley were studied by monitoring 25 farms under actual conditions, in Ardabil Province (Ardabil, Namin, Nir and Kosar counties), Iran, during the growing season 2020-2021. The seasonal estimates of the net irrigation requirement during the growing season 2020-2021 and its 10-year average ranged from 476 to 652 mm and from 403 to 535 mm (with a mean of 530 and 449 mm), respectively, over the study farms. The total sum of seasonal applied water and effective precipitation (I + Pe) and the barley grain yield ranged from 266 to 716 mm and from 0.14 to 4.07 ton ha-1 (with a weighted average, WA, of 475 mm and 2.33 ton ha-1), respectively. As a result of limited irrigation water availability, 3-91% (with a WA of 52%) of the intended yield of irrigated barley in the study area (4.5 ton ha-1) was achieved. Physical and economic water productivity indicators were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by farmer's skill level, crop rotation, type of irrigation water source, and irrigation method. The results indicated that farms with surface water supply showed the highest vulnerability to drought periods. Improving the on-farm water management flexibility and mitigating the negative impacts of hot and windy days during the grain filling stage can improve water productivity indicators in the study area.

Rice is one of the important food products that is generally transplanted. The rice “dry seeding method (DSM)” is a new approach that has provided an opportunity to increase water productivity. In this research, changing the cultivation method from transplanting to DSM and using pressurized irrigation instead of flooding method was studied in 5 rice fields in Golestan Province. The field with flood irrigation method was considered as the control treatment. Other fields were cultivated in dry soil and irrigated by drip and sprinkler methods. The results showed that, in all parameters related to grain yield and yield components, the field with flood irrigation method had higher values. Economic study at the different growth stages with different irrigation methods showed that by changing the planting method and removing the puddling in rice field, 4000 to 7000 cubic meters of water can be saved. Comparison between different irrigation methods showed that the sprinkler irrigation had a higher average yield (4998 kg/ha) than drip irrigation) 4426 kg/ha(. With 30% yield reduction, this method saved 61% in water use, which is a significant amount. The highest and lowest physical (0.53 and 0.3 kg/m3) and economical productivity rates (141,791 and 82,704 Rials/m3) were related to sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation, respectively, which show very low water productivity in the rice fields of the province. This shows the need to increase water productivity under the current climatic conditions of the country.

Population growth and limited water and soil resources make it necessary to pay attention to the factors affecting food production, including the suitability of irrigation methods with agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to assess land suitability for surface, drip, and sprinkler irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 250 hectares in the Shahid Rajaei plain of Khuzestan. Soil properties were analyzed, then suitability maps for different irrigation methods were prepared using a geographic information system (GIS). The results showed that for surface irrigation, 704 ha (31.3%) was marginally suitable (S3), 866 ha (38.5%) was currently not suitable (N1), and 680 ha (30.2%) was permanently not suitable (N2). For drip irrigation, 8 hectares (0.4%) are highly suitable (S1), 644 hectares (28.6%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) were currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). For sprinkler irrigation, 652 hectares (29%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) are currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). According to the results, sprinkler irrigation with an irrigation capability index of 29.9 to 60.7 in 2242 hectares (99.6%) is preferable to other irrigation methods. Drip irrigation in 8 hectares (0.4%) was found to be the most suitable method. The main limiting factors in using all three irrigation methods included salinity, alkalinity, and drainage. Also, soil calcium carbonate was added to the limiting factors in drip irrigation.

water scarcity is one of the primary problems in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Many previous studies corroborated that using aquaculture wastewater might be a good alternative for supplying irrigation demand in the arid and semi-arid countries such as Iran. In fact, the effluent of the fish farms that contain a notable amount of phosphor and nitrogen are high nutrition for different plants. Depending on water quality, irrigation method and type of crop might change. The elements present in the fish effluent interact with each other and it is possible to increase or decrease the absorption of an element through the leaves to have a negative effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence. In an attempt to reduce foliar absorption, we used post-washing, pre-washing and pre and post washing. Therefore, the investigated factors include irrigation at two levels, A1 (irrigation with fresh water) and A2 (irrigation with fish farm effluent), as well as washing the leaves of the plant in four levels they are Before applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B1), after applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B2), The leaves were washed with fresh water for ten minutes both before and after applying the fish farm effluent to them (B3) and the leaves were not washed at all (B4). The main objective of the present study is to provide a solution to reduce the negative effects of fish effluent in sprinkler irrigation on chlorophyll fluorescence.

The present study was conducted on pots; the pot experiments were carried out at the research site of the University of Kurdistan. This research farm is located at the Dehgolan plain in Kurdistan province. As presented in the previous section we applied two types of water for irrigation in the treatments including fresh water from the available well in the experimental site and the fish farm effluent from the available fish farm as well as washing the leaves of the plant in different situations including Before applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B1), after applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B2), The leaves were washed with fresh water for ten minutes both before and after applying the fish farm effluent to them (B3) and the leaves were not washed at all (B4). In the present study soil moisture was measured in the daily scale before the irrigation then irrigation was carried out based on the efficiency of required soil moisture. The PMS-714 moisture meter was applied for measuring the soil moisture in the experimental site. At the end of the cultivation period, the yield of potato in each pot was collected and measured separately. Then the average of all the potato was applied in the further analyses. Data were analyzed with Rstudio, and mean values of the treatments were compared by the LSD test at a 5% and 1% significance level.

The results of this research showed that B3 compared to B4 increased yield by 10.13%, maximum fluorescence by 20.44%, variable fluorescence by 28.67%, maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II by 6.66%, dry weight of stem 37.98%, dry weight of leaf by108.06% and dry weight of root 125%. previous studies corroborated that effect of leaf washing when unconventional water is used has a positive effect on the absorption of elements by the plant and growth indicators. Also, previous studies showed that the simultaneous use of fresh water and water unconventional methods reduce the toxic effects caused by the substances in the wastewater and improve the yield and physiological indicators of the plant. It has been reported that when leaves are washed with fresh water before and after salt water is applied to the leaves, the concentration of chlorine and sodium in the leaves is lower than when leaves are not washed at all. They stated that when the leaves are washed before applying salt water, the leaves are hydrated and the capacity to absorb elements by the leaf is reduced, and also when the leaves are washed after applying salt water, the elements and materials are washed on the leaf. And leaf absorption is reduced. Therefore, it increases yield. It is recommended to use the strategy of simultaneous use of fish waste and fresh water in sprinkler irrigation system to increase chlorophyll fluorescence and other characteristics of potato plant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using each of the surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the condition of Zayandehrud basin. For this purpose, water, energy, food and carbon nexus approach was used for a comprehensive study. In the nexus approach, considering their interactions, efforts are made to increase productivity and ensure the security of the region. In this study, this approach has appeared in the form of a newly developed index called water, energy, food and greenhouse gases nexus (WEFGN) and considering ten indicators including inputs of crop production, energy consumption for irrigation, food self-sufficiency, economic efficiency and carbon emissions were studied for irrigation methods that could provide a comprehensive view of managers and decision makers. The results of the study of irrigation methods in 2020 showed that by changing the current irrigation method to drip and sprinkler irrigation due to reduced water consumption (17 and 4.84 percent (483.7 and 138.5 million cubic meters per year, respectively)) the condition of the basin improves, but in the sprinkler method more energy is needed for irrigation (280.5 percent (112415.8 thousand kcal per year)) and the carbon released due to the increase in irrigation energy also increases to 87432.5 tons per year (73.7 percent). Therefore, the WEFGN index score for each of the drip irrigation, sprinkler and current status methods was 0.86, 0.31 and 0.47, respectively, and the best irrigation method in Zayandehrud basin in terms of nexus approach was drip irrigation.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation systems and weed control treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane and weeds biomass, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020 at Sugarcane Development Research and Training Institute of Khuzestan, Iran. The five irrigation systems included surface drip irrigation (I0), two types of subsurface drip irrigation with a discharge rate of 2.3 and 3.6 L/h and emitter spacing of 50 and 60 cm (I1 and I2 respectively), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) sprinkler irrigation (I3), and the conventional  furrow irrigation method (I4) as the main plot, and weed treatments included no weed control throughout the season, (W0), weed control throughout the season (W1), and use of cultivator (W2). The highest and lowest mean cane yield (167 and 117 ton/ha, respectively) and sugar yield (18.24, 12.40 ton/ha, respectively) were observed in I3 and I4 irrigations, respectively. Mean cane and sugar yield in W0 were significantly lower than W1 and W2 treatments (with a difference of 18.34% and 18.78% for cane yield and 17.84% and 18.85% for sugar yield, respectively). Qualitative traits including Brix, syrup sucrose percentage and syrup purity percentage were not affected by irrigation systems and weed control treatments. The total dry matter of weeds for I0, I1, I2, I3 and I4 Irrigation treatments were 90, 78, 47, 43 and 173 g/m2 under W0 treatment and 30, 23, 16, 15 and 40 g/m2 under W2 treatment, respectively. In the condition of the study area, results indicated that adoption of LEPA sprinkler or subsurface drip irrigation system together with the use of cultivator in the first ratoon leads to irrigation water saving and reduces weeds competition in sugarcane fields.

Tea is the most popular drink after water in the world and more and more people are consuming it every day. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of this product per unit area. Since in some months of the year the amount of rainfall does not meet the water requirement of the plant, to produce more product per unit area, Supply of water shortage with proper irrigation method is unavoidable.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and irrigation levels on the yield and water use efficiency of Chinese hybrid cultivar tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications with three main treatments including permanent sprinkler irrigation (SI), local drip irrigation (DI) and strip drip irrigation (TDI), and three sub-treatments including without irrigation (I0), 50 (I1) and 100 (I2)% of crop water requirement in 1399 in the Research Station of Fashalam tea garden in Fooman region. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. In this experiment, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, bulk density and pH was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. The meteorological data required to calculate the water requirement of the tea plant were prepared from the Rasht agricultural meteorological station. The amount of rainfall during the irrigation period (May to November) in 2020 was equal to 307.197 mm, which was lower than the average rainfall of the last 30 years in the same irrigation period was 188.2 mm. The water requirement of the tea plant was calculated using the daily data of 30 years of Rasht agricultural meteorological station with penman monteith FAO method by software of CROPWAT 8.0, and then the daily water requirement of the plant by considering the water use efficiency of 80% in sprinkler irrigation system and 95% in the drip irrigation system was determined. Gross amount of irrigation water was determined based on plant water requirement, soil moisture holding capacity and water use efficiency in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. The net amount of irrigation water in the treatment of the 50% of the plant water requirement was equal to 50% of the amount of the net irrigation water in the treatment 100% of the plant water requirement. The volume of water given to each plot at each irrigation period was measured using a water meter to the nearest tenth of a liter.

The results of the data variance analysis showed that the effect of irrigation methods, different levels of irrigation and their interaction on the yield of green and dry tea leaves and water use efficiency based on green and dry tea leaves were significant at the level of one percent probability. So that the average of the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 3846.90 and 1044/7 kg/ha, and with 1.23 and 1.33 kg/m3 in DI irrigation method and the highest of them with 7859.70 and 2129.6 kg/ha, and with 2.39 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed in SI irrigation method which increased by 2.043 and 2.038, and 1.94 and 1.97 times in compared with DI irrigation method, respectively. Also, the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 1050.1 and 299.16 kg/ha, and 0.44 and 0.13 kg/m3 at I0 irrigation level, and the highest of them with 8947.20 and 2418.17 kg/ha, and 2.53 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed at I2 irrigation level which increased by 8.52 and 8.08, and 5.75 and 5.00 times in compared with I0 irrigation level, respectively. The results of the interaction of irrigation methods at different levels of plant water requirement on green tea leaf yield showed that the highest yield with 13000 kg/ha was obtained in SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level. Therefore, SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level can be considered as optimum method to the tea green leaf production in the Fooman region.

Prioritizing different types of irrigation systems is essential for proper management of soil and water resources in the south of Ahar (9000 hectares). For this purpose, the physical and chemical properties of 44 soil profiles (soil texture, depth, lime, gypsum, salinity and alkalinity) were used and the ability of the soil to be irrigated using the limitations system as well as the suitability of the study area for the drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation systems were determined by parametric method. The application of the limitation system results showed that soil and topography were the most important limiting factors and the irrigation capacity of the study area was in classes III (arable land) and IV (limited arable land) with approximate extension of 75% and 25% respectively. Based on the results of the parametric method for surface irrigation application, only 4% of the land is classified as S1 (highly suitable) and S2 (suitable), S3 (relatively suitable), N1 (almost non-suitable) and N2 (non-suitable) with extension of about 31%, 46%, 17% and 2% in the study area. In addition, the southern parts of the area were not suitable for surface irrigation due to the high slope, and the lands for sprinkler and drip irrigation classified in S2 and S3 classes and covers 70% and 25% of the study zones and so the rest of the lands are more susceptible to sprinkler irrigation than drip ones. Based on prepared maps, about 5000 hectares of lands

Water is a unique commodity and a very vital substance, and the limitations of this vital substance affect the capacities of other vital resources such as food, energy, fish and wildlife. One of the main concerns of human beings is water shortage, a shortage that is increasing every year. Many people in developing countries now lack enough water to meet their basic needs. One of the most important signs of water scarcity is the drying up of rivers, which is now observed in a number of important rivers in the world.Of the world's total water, 97.4% is the brackish water of the seas and oceans, only 2.6% is the freshwater reserves. Most of it is in the form of ice in the poles of the earth and glaciers (1.98%) and groundwater (0.59%), which are not available. Globally, the average consumption of fresh water in the drinking and health sector is 10%, industrial, recreational and commercial activities and other cases is about 20% and agriculture alone 70%. In some countries, especially African countries, up to 90% of freshwater resources are spent on agriculture in the desert and coastal areas of Africa. In Iran, the share of the agricultural sector in water consumption is estimated at 93%.Including the strategic product of the agricultural sector; It is a wheat crop that produces a total of 712 million tons in the world, which is 28% of the world's grain. Iran is the 13th largest wheat producer in the world with a cultivated area of 7 million hectares (2.5 million hectares irrigated and 4.5 million hectares dryland) and a production of 15 million tons. In the production of which water is of great importance. Despite severe water resource constraints, the efficiency of using this input is low. Implementing proper management on the optimal use of water in farms and exploitation units in the form of policies and executive programs, is the most important action that is taken in the optimal use of water resources and combating water shortage and dehydration in different regions of the country.Among the measures taken to improve productivity and save agricultural water consumption is the development of pressurized irrigation systems. The present study was conducted with the aim of economic evaluation and estimating the efficiency of pressurized irrigation methods in wheat crop in Ardabil province.

In economic and social studies, usually two methodologies and mathematical program are used to achieve research objectives. In this study, for some reason, production function methodology has been used. This is a descriptive and applied research that uses the method of (questionnaires) to reach the top of the research. The study population is farmers in Ardabil province (in some crops, the Sprinkler method has been introduced and in others it has not been implemented).

Estimates showed that the amount of water used in the Sprinkler irrigation method compared to the volume of water used in the traditional irrigation method has decreased by 17%. At the level of 5%, they have given meaning. But the volume of water used in the production method with Sprinkler irrigation is about 30% more than the water requirement of the plant (wheat). It is possible to reduce it by another 20%. In other words, by implementing the Sprinkler irrigation method, up to 37% of agricultural water consumption can be saved. If we consider productivity as the amount of product produced from each unit of input input, according to the estimates made in this study, per cubic meter of water used in the Sprinkler irrigation method has been produced 1.04 kg of wheat. Whereas in the traditional irrigation method, the amount of wheat produced per cubic meter of water is 0.62 kg.

Comparison of these two numbers shows that water efficiency in Sprinkler irrigation method is more than 1.8 times compared to water efficiency in traditional irrigation method. In general, the estimated production function shows that the use of Sprinkler irrigation method has improved the composition of inputs and their proper and timely consumption. As a result, the amount of product produced has increased compared to the agricultural situation with traditional irrigation. And with the implementation of the new irrigation system, both the volume of water consumption has been reduced, and production costs have been reduced, and that wheat production has increased.

In recent years, some experts stated that the development of new irrigation systems has led to an increase in irrigated area resulting increase water consumption from reservoirs and reducing aquifer charging. Because they do not have a positive effect on the water balance of the basin, they are considered as inefficient activities. Critics states irrigation methods do not really save water. They believe that in estimating the efficiency of irrigation, runoff and deep percolation are not part of the losses and can be used in some way. The key point in evaluating the effectiveness of modern irrigation systems should be based on the expected capabilities. In other words, the scale of the systems must be specified. Naturally, the performance of the irrigation systems in the agricultural sector with the aim of preventing water losses (increasing irrigation efficiency and water productivity) on a farm scale. Studies show that with the implementation of modern irrigation systems during the last three decades, the irrigation efficiency in the country has increased from 29.7 in the 1990 decade to 43.8% in the 2010 decade. Its main message is to reduce water losses inside the farm and the effectiveness of these systems. Therefore, as expected from modern irrigation systems, reduction of runoff losses and deep percolation and water supply in the root zone of the plant has been successful. Due to the lack of control over water abstraction from reservoirs, its effects on the basin scale and groundwater aquifers may not be tangible. The solution to these cases is related to other responsible organizations.

Crop models evaluationin agriculture has been done by researchers. It helps them to determine the most appropriate crop model for the planning and simulation of crop response in different areas. Using can lead time and cost saving, helping to evaluate the effects of different situations on the crops yield, biomass and water use efficiency (WUE). Given the importance of the subject, this study was conducted for the accuracy and efficiency evaluation of AqauCrop and SWAP under three irrigation types (D: sprinkler irrigation with saline water, F: sprinkler irrigation with saline and fresh water, and S: surface irrigation) and five water qualities (S1: 2.5, S2: 3.2, S3: 3.9, S4: 4.6 and S5: 5.1 dS.m-1). NRMSE results showed that the accuracy of AquaCrop for the simulation of yield, biomass and WUE was 0.07, 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. For SWAP, these were 0.12, 0.04 and 0.13, respectively. According to EF, AquaCrop results for above-mentioned parameters were 0.60, 0.90 and -4.4, and SWAP results were 0.74, 0.73 and -2.0, respectively. So, AquaCrop accuracy and efficiency were better than those of SWAP for the simulation of corn yield and biomass.

Corn is one of the most important crops that is well adapted to arid and semi-arid regions. Amount and quality of irrigation water has an important effect on its yield. Therefore, different researchers have tried to study the effect of different irrigation methods and qualities on corn’s yield and biomass. The Iran\s arid and semi-arid climate confirms that it is necessary to study the best irrigation methods along with different qualities of irrigation water on the growth of this crop. In order to save time and money, crop models have been proposed to simulate the response of plants to different field conditions. AquaCrop, provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), is one of the best crop models due to the simplicity, low input data, user-friendliness, high accuracy and acceptable proximity of modeling conditions. The present study was conducted using data collected by Minaei (2014) in a research farm in Ahvaz during two cropping seasons (2012-2013) on corn crop. In this research, irrigation types (D: sprinkler irrigation with saline water, F: sprinkler irrigation with saline and fresh water, and S: surface irrigation) and water quality (S1: 2.5, S2: 3.2, S3: 3.9, S4: 4.6 and S5: 5.1 dS.m-1) were examined. The minimum salinity was selected equal to the available water source as S1 treatment, which was the Karun River. On the other hand, the maximum salinity was also considered as S5, to reduce the corn yield by 50%. The S2, S3 and S4 treatments were also the intermediate between these two treatments. The highest and lowest differences between the simulated and observed yields were 0.7 and 0.1 ton.ha-1, obtained from SS5 and FS1 treatments, respectively. The average of these values was equal to 0.3 ton.ha-1. It can be concluded from the results that the model had an average proximate error of 300 kg. Based on the results, the maximum and minimum values of the biomass differences were 2 and 0.1 ton.ha-1, obtained from SS3 and FS3 treatments, respectively. The average difference was 0.7 ton.ha-1. Comparison of biomass results and yield showed that the differences in results between yields were less than those in biomass. If these results are expressed as a percentage; the highest and lowest differences between the observed and simulated yield values were 223 and 31%, respectively. The highest and lowest percentages of these differences in biomass were 252 and 12.6%, respectively. By increasing water salinity, the yield and biomass decreased linearly. These results were observed in all three irrigation treatments. The canopy cover results simulated by the AquaCrop confirm these results (Figure 3). As it can be seen in the figures, the increase in salinity caused a rapid decrease at the end of the growing season. The maximum and minimum differences between the simulated and observed water use efficiency were 0.08 and 0.001 kg.m-3, respectively. The average difference was 0.03 kg.m-3. Based on these results, the AquaCrop had an underestimation error in simulating corn yield in all three irrigation methods. The accuracy of this model was almost the same in all three irrigation methods and was in the excellent category. However, according to Table (5), the efficiency of this model based on EF statistics for each of the used irrigation methods was less than the determined value. The AquaCrop in simulating sprinkler irrigation with saline water (D) had an underestimation error to simulate corn biomass. This model had an overestimation error in simulating corn biomass in the two F and S irrigation methods. The accuracy of this model in simulating corn biomass in S method was less than sprinkler irrigation. The efficiency of AquaCrop in biomass simulation was desirable. The accuracy and efficiency of this model in simulating the water use efficiency of corn in all three irrigation methods were almost the same and acceptable. Comparison of two NRMSE statistics for two parameters of performance and water use efficiency represented that the model was more accurate in simulating performance. According to the results, AquaCrop had acceptable efficiencies for simulation of yield, biomass and soil salinity. However, its efficiency for water use efficiency was not acceptable. In addition, the AquaCrop’s results were the same for all three irrigation types. Then, irrigation type had not any effect on AquaCrop’s accuracy and efficiency.

Water is the most important limiting factor for agriculture and its optimal use with special importance. The purpose of this study was investigating of the effect of different irrigation methods on yield and yield components of wheat (Pishtaz cultivar) and evaluate of water efficiency. The following treatments included three methods of surface, sprinkler and strip drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018_2019 in Khorramabad city. The research results demonstrated that type of irrigation method had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on the number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, stem height, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and water efficiency. Grain yield in surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods were 7.870, 6.83 and 5.017 tons per hectare, respectively, in other words, surface irrigation increased grain yield by 13.21 and 36.25 percent compared to sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, respectively. Also, the highest volume of applied water (6411 m3) and the lowest water efficiency (1.22 m3) were related to surface irrigation treatment. Strip drip irrigation treatment with about 3333 m3 of water irrigation, saved 59% of water compared with surface irrigation and therefore.

One way to increase water use efficiency in the farms is performing pressurized irrigation system projects. Proper choice of the type of pressurized irrigation system in each region is an important step in the optimum use of water and soil resources (Hejazi Jahromi et al, 2011). Operating pressurized systems requires initial costs, operating costs, energy consumption, and special equipment. Therefore, if it is not chosen wisely, it will ultimately prove a non-economical option. Choosing the best irrigation method in each region depends on several parameters, including required surveys with respect to the conditions of the plain (topography and soil properties), region, crop, quantity and quality of irrigation, and cultural and social characteristics of each project. Therefore, assessment of the feasibility of these systems to make higher returns in a sustainable way is necessary (Gharadaghi et al, 2014). Land suitability is studied in different regions of Iran, including Fars and Hamedan provinces (Rezaei et al, 2014; Akhavan and Ghaemizadeh, 2014), and the world (especially China) (Lio et al, 2013). According to the existing instructions, the choice and design of pressurized irrigation systems should be based on climatic conditions, topographic conditions, soil and water characteristics, crop, energy supply conditions, cultural backgrounds, human resources status, operating conditions and maintenance, and finally costs in each region (Alizadeh, 2007). Therefore, this research has taken into account all the factors affecting the design of different irrigation methods to perform optimal zoning for implementation of various irrigation methods in Ardabil plain in ArcGIS environment.

The decline in water resources, the gradual shift of the share of water consumption in agriculture to other sectors, and the replacement of crops with higher value than strategic plants, lead to food insecurity. Inadequate water productivity and increased per capita water have resulted in the drying up of rivers, lakes and groundwater levels over time. Although groundwater extraction may be effective in producing food in the short term, it will not be sustainable in the long run. In many countries, agricultural practice in irrigated areas has become uneconomic due to the decline in groundwater level. One of the past approaches to increasing production was to increase the area under irrigated land. In the past, this was accomplished only by supplying water from groundwater sources or by controlling surface water. But it is clear that in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran where water is scarce, this strategy, without considering proper utilization methods, will be faced new challenges such as lower water quality and soil degradation, desertification and unstable production. One of the most important strategies in addressing poverty and hunger is to make more efficient use of available water. Different solutions may be suggested to achieve this, but two major solutions must be considered in general. Increasing production by conserving existing water resources (crop management) and maintaining existing production but with less water consumption (irrigation management) are two important options to improve water productivity. One of the most effective ways to use water more efficiently is to apply pressure irrigation methods. The country's executive planners are working to increase the area of pressurized irrigation lands with the goal of making water more efficient. Due to the climatic conditions and scarcity of water resources in Iran, the development of new pressurized irrigation systems as one of the effective solutions to mitigate the critical water conditions in different parts of the country is on the serious agenda of the agricultural authorities. But surveys show that despite the development of programs and government support for the development of these methods and the paying high budgets, unfortunately the effectiveness of the systems have not been well developed. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and identify the causes of underdevelopment as well as the growing obstacles to provide continued solutions for developing pressurized irrigation practices in the country.

In this research, sprinkler irrigation network of Sysan area located in Bostanabad city in Azarbayjan Province was analyzed using WaterGEMS software. This irrigation network based on the position of the main, sub-main and lateral pipes divided into three A, B, and C zones and with regard to irrigation interval, the number of sets and sprinklers, 9 scenarios were defined. Hydraulic parameters (pressure and velocity) were analyzed in the nodes and the pipes before and after optimization with WaterGEMS, respectively. The hydraulic analysis indicated; based on the required pressure of the sprinkler operation (40 m-H2O) and the maximum supply pressure of the selective pump (70 m-H2O), there was no problem or limitation in supplying the network pressure. In the other words, the pressure aligned with standards. While according to permissible velocity in the sprinkler irrigation pipes, the critical velocities were observed in 4 scenarios in zone B and in 5 scenarios in zone C. By applying the necessary changes in the diameter of the pipes and provided that the pressure variations aligns with standards (less than 20%), the velocities were optimized and aligned with standards. Given that the hydraulic parameters were optimized by decreasing pipe diameter, the optimally designed system with WaterGEMS software led to a decrease of 7.3% in costs compared to the designed and implemented system.