جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « fertilizer » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

In order to investigate the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite phosphate synthesized by two synthetic methods of microwave and ultrasonic on some morphological and physiological properties of maize, an experiment was performed in the factorial form in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse of Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Summer 2018. Treatments included simple superphosphate and triple superphosphate fertilizer, nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized by microwave and ultrasonic methods, each at five levels in three replications. The results showed that application of nano-hydroxyapatite by ultrasonic method compared with normal condition lead to a 17.47% increase leaf number, 13.02% in stem weight, 46.19 chlorophyll content and 23.06% in phenol content. In addition, nano-hydroxyapatite by microwave method increased the leaf weight, phosphorus and biological yield by 21.87%, 43.47% and 51.06% respectively, compared with control condition. The application of nanohydroxyapatite phosphate improved the growth characteristics and physiology of the maize plant compared to control and simple superphosphate fertilizers and triple. The results also showed that nano-phosphates could more effectively improve the growth and biochemical yield of maize. The highest biochemical function was obtained from nano-hydroxyapatite treatment by microwave method.  According to the obtained results, it is concluded that both methods can improve plant growth conditions and ultimately increase plant yield and production; However, since the microwave synthesis method resulted in higher yield (wet and dry weight), it was identified as the superior method of introduction.

Agriculture is one of the basic sectors of any country and is very important in creating employment and production of industrial raw materials. Although the most important role of agriculture in any country is to provide the food security. The world's population is growing, and resources are dwindling. Therefore, feeding the growing population of the world requires more agricultural production. One of the ways to increase agricultural production is to increase yield per hectare. Chemical fertilizers significantly increase production per hectare. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers can also lead to environmentally externalities such as groundwater pollution, reduced quality of agricultural products and endanger human health and the environment. Therefore, the optimal use of production inputs in the agricultural sector is essential. Unfortunately, despite the emphasis of agricultural economists on the optimal use of production inputs, this issue has been taken for granted by farmers and policymakers in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal economic level of use of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate and potash) in the production of irrigated wheat and barley.

In order to determine the optimal economic level of chemical fertilizer inputs (nitrogen, phosphate and potash) in the production of irrigated wheat and barley in Iran, Bayesian approach and non-normally distributed stochastic plateau function, based on the developed Von Liebig algorithm were used. The estimation of the optimal amount of input usage depends on the functional form and the distribution assumptions based on the production data. The stochastic plateau function is one of the functions has been used to determine the optimal amount of inputs (especially chemical fertilizers). The stochastic plateau function provides insight into why farmers may over-use inputs. The efficiency of the linear stochastic plateau function is better than nonlinear and polynomial functions, and it estimates a more realistic pattern of farmers' expected profits, because the function is stochastic. For simple model estimation, only the input of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate and potash) is considered as the limiting resource. If it is assumed that the threshold point is related to the intercept, which represents the yield of crops without input consumption, the equation of the stochastic plateau function is written as the following relation: (1)   Where the yield of the crops in Iran, K is the amount of input in the crop production,  and θ are the coefficients of the yield function that must be estimated, and  is the transmitter intercept that represents all random variables. The used data in this study were collected from agricultural statistics and the production cost database of the Agriculture Ministry. The panel data were collected during 2007-2017 period.

Based on the results of the study, the average optimal consumption of nitrogen fertilizer in the production of irrigated wheat and irrigated barley in Iran was estimated 117.05 and 29.00 kg/ha, respectively, while the current average consumption of nitrogen fertilizer in the production of irrigated wheat and barley is 163.626 and 38.75 kg/ha, respectively. In other words, during the years 2007 to 2017, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the production of irrigated wheat was 46.576 kg/ha (equivalent to 28.46%) and in the production of irrigated barley was 9.75 kg/ha (equivalent to 25.16%) more than the optimal level. Also, the potential yield of irrigated wheat and barley with respect to nitrogen fertilizer input was estimated 2754.5 and 2549.80 kg/ha, respectively, in the Bayesian method. The average optimal use of phosphate fertilizer in production of irrigated wheat in Iran was estimated as 97.70 kg/ha, while the current average consumption of phosphate fertilizer in production of irrigated wheat is equal to 123.06.02 kg/ha. In other words, during the years 2007 to 2017, the amount of phosphate fertilizer used in the production of irrigated wheat in Iran was 25.362 kg per hectare (equivalent to 20.609%) more than the optimal level. Also, the potential yield of irrigated wheat due to phosphate fertilizer input, about 2904.54 kg/ha has been obtained in Bayesian method. the average optimal consumption of potash fertilizer in the production of irrigated wheat and irrigated barley in Iran was estimated 39.68 and 81.81 kg/ha, respectively, while the current average consumption of potash fertilizer in the production of irrigated wheat and barley is 50.64 and 134.18 kg/ha, respectively. In other words, during the years 2007 to 2017, the amount of potash fertilizer used in the production of irrigated wheat was 10.96 kg/ha (equivalent to 21.65%) and in the production of irrigated barley was 52.37 kg/ha (equivalent to 39.02%) more than the optimal level.

According to the results of present study, farmers in the production of wheat and barley use chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate and potash) more than the optimal amount, so that the average optimal use of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphate and potash in the production of irrigated wheat, respectively 28.52, 20.59 and 78.36, and in the production of irrigated barley, the average optimal use of nitrogen and potash chemical fertilizers, respectively 74.84 and 39.03% per hectare, are less than the current amount of chemical fertilizer use in the country. According to the results of the study, in order to more efficiently use of chemical fertilizers and to reduce environmental pollution caused by their use in agricultural production, the government should reduce the direct payment of chemical fertilizer subsidies. Regarding the elimination of subsidies and pricing of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate and potash), the importance of the type of fertilizer in crop production, input production elasticity and input demand elasticity should be considered.

In today’s traditional agriculture and trade, it may not be possible to increase yields per hectare without applying some types of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. By producing 950 thousand tons of rice Mazandaran province supplies 42% of rice of the country. In the internal and external studies, it has been dealt with the study of entering nitrate into water technically. According to the destructive effects of nitrogen water-soluble on health and to the fact that Mazandaran province is the main producer of rice in Iran and applying the fertilizers containing nitrate is common in rice cultivation; the purpose of this study was to examine the effective factors on the entrance of nitrate into groundwater in cultivating rice in Sari. The aim of the present study is also to examine the effective factors on absorption pure nitrogen in the water used to cultivate rice.
The dependent variable in this study indicates the amount of pure nitrogen used water by i th farmer that has been divided into three categories. Calculating the dependent variable is such that the total amount of urea consumed by farmer is obtained by interview with farmers, the dependent variable of the amount of Nitrate pollution used groundwater was divided into three classes of low, medium and high. Considering such studies and the nature of dependent variable of the present study, that is as ordered discrete, the best model to respond the research objective is to use logit ordered pattern, but if the parallel regression assumption has not been considered, the advanced generalized ordered logit pattern should be used. In generalized ordered logit, the estimating parameters of independent variables that have rejected the assumption of parallel regression, cannot be same for different groups or levels. In other words, each level not only has separate intercept but also different coefficients. In order to select the samples, simple random sampling method has been used. Data used in this section has been collected by survey research method in 2015 for Sari. In order to determine the sample size, a pre-study has been conducted based on Cochran relation. The sample size of farmers’ was set at 98 farmers but finally 106 questionnaires were completed. Estimating the model and their results were conducted through Stata v.12 software.
According to the results, the dependent variable has been divided into three groups. About 43% of rice producers are the farms who used a moderate amount of nitrate into water, but 64% of them used medium and high amount of nitrate pollution that should be noticed. The results of parallel regression test for individual independent variables showed that among 17 independent variables, seven variables have been violated the condition of parallel regression. Therefore, the generalized ordered logit model was used. The variable income that has not been violated the assumption of parallel regression, has the coefficient of 0.83 in the first and second groups, that has been significant at the level of 10%. It means that, by increasing the level of farmers’ income and stability of other conditions, the possibility that the farmer will be in the group with more pollution will increase. As expected, the significant variable such as applying animal fertilizer, paying water expenses and agreement with omitting subsidy have negative and significant effect on the amount of nitrate used water. In other words, by increase in each variable, the possibility of placing farmers in the group of more pollution decreases. If farmers’ income increases as one unit, the possibility of placing the farmer in the group of low pollution decreases 0.2 unit and placing in the group of high pollution increases 0.17 unit. Being familiar with cultivating organic production will increases the possibility of placing the farmer in the group of low pollution in 0.55 unit, while the possibility of placing in the group with high pollution increase in less amount. On the other hand, the more positive attitude in rice cultivator towards supportive and public organization, the possibility of their placing in the group of low pollution of Nitrate decreases 0.13 units and the possibility of their placement in the group of high pollution on Nitrate increases 0.11 units.
Based on the obtained results and coefficient for every level of dependent variable, entrance of Nitrate in to groundwater in cultivating rice in Sari and interpreting the final effects of significant variables, the recommendations are offered for optimal utilization of fertilizers containing Nitrate and improving health of groundwater in cultivating rice as follows According to the factors effective on income and this variable that cultivating rice could not afford life express of 77% of the surveyed people, public supportive, private and insurance organizations should pay specific attention to this significant and important section. Revising supportive policies of the supportive public and private organizations for rice cultivators can be effective so that the policy making should have been lead into facilitate solving production and improving the farmers’ income than subsidiary supports of fertilizers. Revising in owner share and share on transaction under the supervision organs of agriculture are recommended. Of course income support and facilitating the sales of owner farmer can avoid renting the farm. Applying natural fertilizers and being familiar with cultivating organic and healthy products, have placed the rice cultivator in the level of minimum usage of chemical fertilizer as well as nitrate entrance into groundwater. Therefore, promoting, advertising and encouraging farmers to cultivate organic can be a strategy accompanied with financial and security incentive and finally, it is recommended to design and perform efficient policy making of water market in Mazandaran province to approach the real price of water.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used to analyze the efficiency of farmers, discriminate efficient farms from inefficient ones and to identify wasteful uses of energy for orange producers in Khouzestan region. Data were collected from 125 watermelon producer by using a face-to-face questionnaire. Results revealed that total energy consumption in plasticulture and open-field watermelon production systems was 39.64 and 38.92 GJ/ha, respectively. The Highest share of total energy for watermelon production in plasticulture system were plastic whit 34% , fertilizer with 22% and diesel fuel with 17%. While the highest share of total energy in watermelon in open-field system were observed for diesel fuel , fertilizer and irrigation water whit 37%, 27% and 14%, respectively. The average of technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency for watermelon production in plasticulture system were 0.82 and 0.98. whereas for watermelon production in open-field system was calculated 0.76 and 0.98. The results also revealed that about 4.69 and 10.21 GJ/ha in all inefficient units in plasticulture and open-field watermelon production systems could be saved if the producers follow the input package recommended by the DEA respectively.

Today keep increasing the use of chemical fertilizer and water is an effort to improve yield, while overuse of fertilizer is making formerly arable land unusable but led to degrading the quality of water and serious problems for environmental. Hence, for accurate management, we require comprehensive and complete information on the economic and environmental impacts of different management methods. So, by using SWAT model were simulated the economic and environmental effects of each management strategies. Then, mathematical programming was used to determine the optimal cropping pattern subject to resources and environmental constraints in irrigation and Drainage Dorudzan. Based on the findings of this study, we can improve the economic and environmental benefits by moving from current status to economic or bio-economic pattern. Also, by moving from economic pattern to bio-economic pattern, 0.31 percent reduction of economic benefit is leading to improve nitrogen losses by 6.58 percent. In other words, we incur the cost equal to 64.5 thousand rials for reduction per kg nitrogen losses.

Farmer's behavior can be affected by different socio-economic factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of interpersonal information sources on grape farmers’ behavior in terms of optimum use of fertilizers in their vineyards. The data for this survey were collected using a questionnaire through structured interviews. A sample of 260 out of 3942 grape farmers of the Khoramdareh township was selected using a stratified sampling technique. The content validity of the questionnaire was obtained through a panel of expert discussion and the questionnaire constructs were validated using the convergence analysis technique. The instrument reliability was also analyzed by a pilot test and measuring the Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (0.71-0.91). Results showed the highest percentage of optimum use of fertilizers belonged to micro element fertilizers and livestock manures, while the lowest optimum use of fertilizers was related to the Boric Acid, vermi-compost and green fertilizers. Less than half of the farmers used appropriate amount of other fertilizers. Farmers’ behavior regarding the use of optimum amount of fertilizers can be explained by variables such as farmer age, government interventions for improving orchards, and information obtain from the township Jihad-e- Agriculture Directorate specialists, particularly the Horticulture Office, from visiting the vineyards outside their village, from pesticide and input sellers, and from model and experienced farmers. Thus, farmer's behavior can be affected by both formal and informal interpersonal information sources.

To investigate the biological effects of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on crop yield, protein and oil Sunflower Nuts (Use landrace) Cultivated land in the city Sonqor falcon factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications were evaluated. Treatments, four levels of fertilizer Biological nitrogen include: Nitro Ksyn, Super Nitro Plus, Nitro Kara, and control of biological phosphorus fertilizer levels include: Phosphate2 fertilized, bio zar, Super Plus and control. The results showed that the highest protein content of sunflower Efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer, biological Nitro Kara (%19/95) and phosphor bio zar (%19/76) Obtained. The highest yield of sunflower protein in biological nitrogen fertilizer Nitro Kara (To the 134/74 grams per square meter) and phosphor bio zar (To the 130/13 grams per square meter) And the combined effect biological fertilizers bio zar* Witness (To the 135/53 grams per square meter) Obtained. Most of sunflower oil on biological nitrogen fertilizer Super Nitro Plus (%29/03) and phosphor bio zar (%29/40) The highest percentage of sunflower oil and fertilizer combination Nitro Kara * Phosphate2 (%31/17)) Obtained. Sunflower oil yield of biological nitrogen fertilizer Nitro Kara (To the 195/93 grams per square meter) and phosphor bio zar (To the 193/18 grams per square meter) And the combined effect biological fertilizers Nitro Kara * Phosphate2 fertilized (To the 213/45 grams per square meter) Obtained.

In order to study the effect of organic food systems، fusion، increased chemical and bacteria growth (PGPR)، on the growth stages of corn silage single cras 704 in order to reduce consumption of chemical fertilizers، improve soil and plant nutrition improvement، in the year 2010 Farm Research، Islamic Azad University of Arak as factorial experimental design based on randomized complete block with three replications was performed. To test treatments، inoculated seeds by stimulating the growth of bacteria in four levels، B0= rhizobiom، azsprliom، Azotobacter and Pseudomonas، B1=rhizobiom، azsprliom and Pseudomonas، B2= rhizobiom، Azotobacter and Pseudomonas، B3= azsprliom، Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and use of nitrogen fertilizers،nitrogen، phosphorus and potasiom four levels، A0= no consumption، A1= 1/3 the recommended amount، A2=2/3 the recommended amount، A3 = 100 % of the recommended amount، were applied. The results showed that chemical fertilizer on the characteristics such as plant height، number of leaf، number of grain rows، number of grain per ear and forage yield level was statistically significant in a percentage. Also، different levels of biological fertilizers on the characteristics such as: ear leaf length، number of seeds per row، plant height and forage yield made a positive impact on the statistical level was a significant percentage.

Harmful economic, environmental and financial impacts of fertilizer distribution through subsidies as well as its contradiction with regulations of WTO, it makes necessary to adopt a new policy. In this study, by combining Positive Mathematical Programming and Maximum Entropy technique, the impacts of cancellation of fertilizer subsidies and applying proposed direct payment policies on gross margin, output and input levels were simulated under four scenarios.Results show that replacing fertilizer subsidy with direct payment policy leads to decreasing of fertilizer use up to 17.38, 9.39 and 13.59 percent in first, second and third group of farmers, respectively. In view of the fact that results show the current policy of fertilizer subsidy isn’t efficient, applying a proposed direct payment policy is suggested to increase the economic and benefits environmental safety of fertilizer use.