جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Water » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Water is a gradually scarce resource. This growing scarcity turns out to be even more substantial in climate change condition. On the other hand, erosion is a challenging problem not only since it leads to productivity losses, but also because it is related to desertification and rural poverty. As a consequence, conserving both water and soil are two of the most vital issues in water-constrained region such as Firoozabad plain. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of challenges surrounding the adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, this study investigates the impacts of economic, social, human, and financial variables as well as those of the individual properties of farmers on the adoption of SWC as a joint decision, using a Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression (SUBPR) model. Socioeconomic and production information were collected on a sample of 204 farms randomly selected in 8 villages. The result of diagonality test indicated that the residual terms of the two equations are correlated, which leads support to the use of the SUBPR model. In other words, SWC is a joint decision. Result also showed that 43.6% of farmers adopt water conservation, 44.1% adopt soil conservation and 24% adopt both. In the water equation, age, farm size, off-farm activities and access to credit, have positive and significant effects on the likelihood of adopting conservation. In contrast, family size and the number of land plots have negative and significant influences on adoption. In the soil equation, educations, farm size, family numbers working on farm and crop rotation have positive and significant effects on adoption. In contrast, Family size has a negative and significant influence. Finally, the result obtained from the equation for the case of joint adoption showed that farm size, education, access to credit, off-farm activities and family members working on-farm are important variables associated with the adoption of conservation measures. The findings of this study could help to improve the understanding of farmers’ behavior regarding conservation, and thus help the development of incentives and instruments focusing on soil and water programs.

Water and soil are two valuable natural resources, which, need high attenstion respect to protect against destruction or pollution. Various methods and techniques reduce the process of degradation and pollution of water and soil, which are generally common in water and soil conservation measures (WSCM). In this study, for the first time in Iran, the factors influencing the formation of initial trust in order to adopt soil and water conservation measures among paddy farmers located in the Lasht-e-Nesha district, located in northern Iran, were investigated.

Since the existence of any kind of relationship between two individuals or legal entities requires the existence of trust, we used the Initial Trust Model (ITM) as an independent conceptual model. The variables used in this study are firm reputation, propensity to trust, perceived structural assurance, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and age and farm size. To evaluate the conceptual model (Because most of this research is composed of attitudinal components) and the mentioned variables, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) and SMART-PLS3 software.

The variable Effort expectancy (EE) was found to have the greatest impact among the variables included in the conceptual model of this study.

 The article suggests that responsible institutions in the field of agriculture hold conferences and gatherings in rural areas with the presence of soil and water experts and paddy farmers in order to further clarify the efficiency and effectiveness of WSCM.

The purpose of this study, Investigate the differences between the villages of Gachsaran from the perspective of sustainable development by using a collection of indicators and to compare different methods of measurement and classification using indices combined. The reliability of the components of the top 6/0 of the questionnaire was to analyze the data was performed by software spss. The study population included 300 gardeners Gachsaran city. Considering Morgan - Jersey sample of 169 persons was estimated, the purpose of the random sampling method was used. For grading, the 19 indicators from the areas of economic, social and environmental identification and data corresponding to 11 villages in Gachsaran County were collected. To provide a composite indicator, the two methods were used Morris and Mr Granahan indicators combined for calculating villages and categorized. Based on this classification, the general Amamzadhjfr villages and Tlkhabshyryn ranked first and second were stable.It is suggested that the government prevent the drilling of wells for each garden and use the wells cooperatively to prevent excessive use of groundwater.

Water is one of the most essential components of the natural environment and at the same time one of the main inputs of the agricultural sector which its shortage has led to many communities have faced the serious challenges. In this regard, many researchers and experts consider human beings as the pivot of water resources conservation programs and believe that conservation of water resources depends on accurate understanding of the components and constructs affecting stakeholders' conservation intentions and behaviors in different sections especially in the agricultural sector. Considering the importance of the issue, the main purpose of this descriptive-correlative research was to identify of factors affecting farmers' intention to perform water resources conservation measures (WRCMs) based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). The statistical population of the study comprised farmers in the central district of Zanjan County among which 330 persons were selected through random sampling method. A questionnaire based on the extended TPB model was used to collect the data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The construct validity and the composite reliability of the research instrument were tested by estimating the measurement model and they were satisfied after making necessary corrections. The empirical results of the study indicated that the main components of the original TPB model including attitude, perceived behavioral control and social norms had statistically significant positive effects on the intention to perform WRCMs and explained about 45% of its variances. Furthermore, after the inclusion of the variable of moral norms in the TPB model, the predictive power of the model was found to increase up to 6%. According the findings, the main suggestions of this study to improve farmers' intention to perform WRCMs are: giving financial facilities and credits and providing technical advice by experts, implementing large-scale social awareness programs, and highlighting the importance of conserving water resources as an important moral norm.

The general purpose of this study is to develop a cultivation model based on reducing the level of chemical fertilizer application in the Pariz section of Sirjan city located in Kerman province. In order to explain the objectives of the study, a multi-objective planning approach was used. Also, due to the difference between the activity scale of farmers, first using cluster analysis and based on the activity scale were divided into two groups (farmers with less than 3 hectares of cultivated area and farmers with more than 3 hectares of cultivated area). Finally, the cultivation patterns were prioritized using the fuzzy approach. The results of optimal patterns for the first group of farmers showed that only two wheat and barley crops were selected in the optimal patterns. Based on the results, the optimal model for the first group of operators has less product variety than the current model. The results showed that for the second group of farmers, in the pattern of minimum chemical fertilizer consumption, the maximum gross yield remained at its current level while the amounts of water and chemical fertilizer consumption are lower than the current model for the second group of farmers. The results of ranking different patterns using fuzzy approach according to the objectives of increasing gross yield, reducing water consumption and chemical fertilizers in the second group of users showed that lower priority patterns are patterns that preferably maintain gross returns at its current level.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy that have various factors affecting its growth. Drought is one of the natural factors affecting this sector. Nowadays, knowledge is the main factor of growth, production and solving different problems in countries. Research and development (R&D) costs and the rule of law index are indicators of the knowledge economy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of drought, R&D costs and rule of law on the growth rate of Iran′s agricultural sector. For this purpose, the casual Bayesian network method was used and data were collected for the period 2002-2017. The results showed that increasing the growth rate of R&D costs, increasing the rule of law index and placing Iran in wet conditions increased the agricultural water productivity and growth of this sector. Increasing R&D costs showed the best performance in improving the drought index. The highest probability of drought index was in the high condition with probability of 24.2% with 100% probability of R&D. The Rule of Law scenario showed the best performance in reducing water use in agriculture. So, by placing the rule of law probability in high position, the highest probability of growth of agricultural water use was in the low position with probability of 50.5%. Therefore, increasing R&D costs and targeting them, as well as enforcing laws and policies in various fields such as water resources can help increase water productivity in the agricultural sector and growth this sector.

In this study, in order to save and improve agricultural water consumption in Neka county, the farmers' response to the policy of price change and the amount of available water in agriculture was studied. In this regard, the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) method was used to simulate the farmers' responses in Neka county. Data gathering was done by Simple random sampling method during the 2011-2012 crop year. The scenarios included increase in water prices per cubic meter of 4, 6 and 8 times, and 20, 30 and 50 percent reduction in the amount of available water and as a complementary policy, increase of 4, 6 and 8 times the price of water, with decrease of 50, 30, 20% of available water which was considered. The results showed that with the policy of raising the price of water up to 4 times and the policy of reducing the amount of water up to 20%, there is not Considerable change compared to the primary data. with regard to the policy of rising water prices, the shift in the pattern of cropping of irrigated products into rainfed products and the level of crops are allocated to products that require a lower water requirement and higher production value. In fact, this policy doesn’t reduce water consumption significantly. Also, in the policy of reducing the amount of available water, There have been no changes from cropping pattern of irrigated crops to rainfed crops, but Water consumption decrease significantly. In conclusion, water demand is elastic to its price.

The main problem of water resources management in the country, a balance between water supply and demand and to maintain this balance, the price or value of water is decisive role. The present study to determine the economic value of groundwater, for the long grain rice and long grain quality is high yielding. Information necessary to achieve the purpose of the survey of 205 rice farmers water their crops only for plain city water extracted from wells may have been collected in the crop year 1393-94. In determining the shadow price of water for the two varieties of rice in the way of positive mathematical programming (PMP), depending on the level of water available, farmers were divided into four groups studied and results showed that under scenarios of reduced 5 to 40 percent the amount of water, water prices respectively, in the first group (the most available water) and fourth (lowest available water) of 1810, 4370, 4770 and 4370 Rials was calculated to 3830 Rials is estimated at an average price of water is obtained

Abstract Proper pricing of water as one of the economic measures can play a role in reducing waste and optimizing water use in agriculture. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the appropriate price of water in irrigation and drainage network of the province, which is in line with the implementation of the targeted subsidies law. To achieve this goal by using linear programming, shadow prices of water for agriculture and using engineering economy, the cost of water from surface and groundwater sources were calculated, respectively. Then these prices were comprised with the water tariff determined by water companies and the prices that paid by farmers at current situation and according to this comparison, the some offers were proposed to determine the price of water in agriculture. The results showed that the average cost per cubic meter of water from surface and groundwater resources in Fars Province were 860 and 544 Rials, respectively, while each cubic meter of water in agricultural production provides a net benefit of 350 Rials. According to the findings, in a long-term schedule, it is possible to achieve real price in agricultural water. Also, it is recommended that water resources management policies in line with targeted subsidies law to be leads to the balance between full cost and full value of water.

Continue the policy of subsidizing input of production could be one factor contributing to the low efficiency of input and thus prevent the development of the country. In this study, positive mathematical programming approach according to maximum entropy was used to evaluate effects of eliminating the water subsidy on the production of ornamental flowers. Data were collected by from beneficiaries of ornamental flowers of Mahalat city, during crop year 2013-2014. The results showed that the policy of increasing prices of water lead to decline in production and benefit. The maximum decrease in production is related to wallflower, Lilium and is Gerber respectively. The results showed that the flowers of Lilium and Gerber have higher economic performance compared to other types of produced flowers and the most production decrease is related to Shabbo.

Today keep increasing the use of chemical fertilizer and water is an effort to improve yield, while overuse of fertilizer is making formerly arable land unusable but led to degrading the quality of water and serious problems for environmental. Hence, for accurate management, we require comprehensive and complete information on the economic and environmental impacts of different management methods. So, by using SWAT model were simulated the economic and environmental effects of each management strategies. Then, mathematical programming was used to determine the optimal cropping pattern subject to resources and environmental constraints in irrigation and Drainage Dorudzan. Based on the findings of this study, we can improve the economic and environmental benefits by moving from current status to economic or bio-economic pattern. Also, by moving from economic pattern to bio-economic pattern, 0.31 percent reduction of economic benefit is leading to improve nitrogen losses by 6.58 percent. In other words, we incur the cost equal to 64.5 thousand rials for reduction per kg nitrogen losses.

Water markets are instrumental in efficient allocation and pricing of scarce water by enhancing allocative and price efficiency of water use. The prerequisites for water market formation are tradable water rights independent from ownership of the land, extensive water canals, water use associations, and adequate market regulations. Mojen water market has been facilitating exchange of alternative water rights for more than 40 years accommodating among other things 30% of total farmers water demand. The total volume of water exchanged through the marker over the 3 year period of 1381-1383(2002-2004) are 38, 54,and 88 Q3, with average price of 555, 651, and 664 IR/Q3, respectively. The purpose of this research is to estimate water demand function and identify the roles that market plays in pricing and efficient allocation of water. The estimated demand price elasticities for single and joint production of potato and wheat are significant and negative. The differential among the absolute value of the estimated elasticities reveals that potato and wheat are the major and the minor crop choice in the farmers’ production plan. Producers are less sensitive to variation of water price when they produce potato and wheat jointly compared to their single plantation. The price elasticity of demand for the former joint outputs is -0.256 compared to that of potato and wheat alone which are -0.276 and -0.477, respectively. The difference between the average products of water for the said crops enforces the obtained elasticities results. Key Words: Water market, Water Price, Agricultural Water Demand, Water User’s Associations, Tradable Water Rights, Mojen Irrigation Corporation.

This study investigates impact of changes in final demand components on water use in various economic sectors in general and Agriculture in particular as well as their relationship. For this purpose، the input-output analysis table for different sectors of the economy in the Khorasan Razavi province is used، and the table is updated in RAS methodology. The study results show that any increase in the components of final demand would cause the increase in water consumption in different sectors، among which the share of agricultural sector would be considerable; in addition، any increase in exports and private consumptions of water would increase its consumption، so that a twenty percent increase in the exports and the same in the private consumption of water would increase its consumption by 860،342 and 712،746 thousand cubic meters، respectively; however، the same amount of increase in government water consumption and investment would increase its consumption by less than thirty thousand cubic meters. In this regard، the share of agriculture in water consumption per increase in private demand and the same in exports is high in the total consumption (95. 74 and 98. 05 percent، respectively)، while its shares in increasing the water consumption per the increase in government demand and investment are 69. 34 and 83. 41 percent، respectively. The results of water demand elasticity with respect to changes in final demand components indicate a low elasticity (less than one) in all of the components.

Water pricing is one of the important economic tools for water increasing demand management in the agricultural sector. In this study the economic value of agricultural water was calculated by using production function, in plain of Yazd–Ardakan. For this purpose, the required data through questionnaires from farmers producing wheat samples were collected in 1387-1388. After studying the results of different production functions, the generalized Leontief production function was selected as desired production function for wheat crop. The results of estimating water demand function shows that price elasticity of demand is equal to -2, that indicate demand of water is sensitive to water price changes. Therefore, using of pricing policies is an economic tool for reducing water use. Also, water economic value and water unit price per cubic meter were calculated 997.5 and 530,8 rials, respectively. The difference between economic value and unit price of water can be one of the reasons of excessive and unefficiency water use in wheat production.

Protection of vital water resources along with economic considerations has made a major revision in decision making of agricultural systems. Under such circumstances، it is necessary to use efficient planning approaches which allow decision makers to access multiple objectives. Accordingly، the present study applied multi-objective programming، cluster analysis، and compromise programming to develop an optimal cropping pattern providing gross margin maximization and water use minimization in Seidan-Farough Plain، Marvdasht Township. The required data is related to crop year 2010-2011 and collected from 106 [A1] questionnaires using two stage cluster sampling. Considering different combinations of weights for the objective functions، the optimal cropping patterns were presented in three scenarios. All patterns proposed by the model made it possible to increase gross margin and reduce water consumption. Moreover، when the objective weight of minimizing water use across patterns increased، crop combination changed in favor of the crops with lower water requirement. Comparison of current and optimal cropping patterns showed that farmers in both small and large farms had relatively similar performance in achieving the objective of gross margin maximization، while the objective of water use minimization was more successfully provided in large farms than that of small farms which in turn represents more efficient management of water use in large-scale farms. In addition، the tradeoffs between objectives، especially in small farms، indicated that decreasing a certain amount of gross margin would result in a more substantial reduction in water consumption providing farmers with a variety of acceptable options in order to reduce water use.

In recent decades most countries because of water crisis tend to manage water resources and water allocation well. Water, the crucial element, is the most important factor limiting of economic development and input in Iranian agriculture. This study estimates the economic value of water with applying positive mathematical programming between farmers in Quchan. The data, used of simple random sampling method, in this study completed by questionnaires between 118 of the farmers in Quchan. Then farmers were divided in 2 groups (farmers with less than 5 acres and more than 5 acres) with using analysis of variance that each group of farmers affected by the reaction of the three scenarios (decrease 30%, 40% &70% water resources for farmers group1 and decrease 10%, 25% & 75% water resources for farmers group2 also increase 70%, 80% & 100% in water price for farmers group1 and 75%, 80% &100% for farmers group2) were examined. The results showed that the economic value of water under scenarios of decrease water for farmers group 1 respectively equal 1100, 1340 & 3120 Rials and for farmers group 2 respectively equal 10, 1260 and 4730 Rials. Also the cultivation of products such as wheat, barley, potatoes and tomatoes has been less change than the existing scenarios.

Limited water resources in Iran and excessive use in irrigated farms, especially in rice cultivation has revealed necessary to increase valuable water factor productivity in rice cultivation. This study has been conducted to calculate and analysis of non-parametric indices of water partial factor productivity in rice cultivation in Mazandaran province, Iran. Thus, data were gathered from production cost of 690 rice farmers in the Jihad-e-Agriculture database of Mazandaran province in 2010 if that were selected by simple random sampling. The results of this study shows, with the increased acreage in the province, increase productivity of water consumption. Also, high-yielding varieties of rice seeds than other rice varieties its highest value is assigned in nonparametric partial productivity indices. These indicators can be compared to experts, managers and decision makers to identify existing problems and ways to help improve water productivity.

The serious obstacles to improve water supply، has caused world debates، seeking some solutions to tackle the problem of shortages in water supply. t. Therefore، programs and policies have focused mainly on appropriate pricing approachof. Since the water industry in Iran has been monopolized by the government، an effective pricing approach is assumed to maximize the social welfare with consideration to the cost.. To consider the mentioned aspects to price water، this study used the Ramsey approach. Thy study estimated the Ramsey price of water used for the agricultural sector in Hamadan province of Iran. To determine the price، the Agricultural water demand function was estimated using time series data for the years 1370-88. Using the estimated demand function the price elasticity of demand was calculated. The water production function was also estimated using time series data for the years 1370-88. In order to estimate supply and demand functions، the ARDL model and Microfit econometric software were used. Using production function and demand function، the marginal cost and price elasticity were calculated. Applying the calculated ratios through MATLAB software، the Ramsey price of water for agriculture was measured. According to the results of this study، in the year 1388 the Ramsey price of water for agriculture was more than the paid price for industry.

Looking back into the past shows that Iran has always been faced with water shortages, and this has not been a problem confined to a certain period or generation. Therefore, proper attention to optimal use of water resources and a move towards sustainable use of extant water resources is indispensable. In this study, using multi period mathematical programming model, the effects of the two goals of: water resource sustainability as well as optimization of multi period use on cultivation pattern, for the next five periods for Hamedan- Kabodarahang Plain, have been investigated. Results show that using modern irrigation methods can greatly solve the problems of water resources shortages and provide the water required for cultivation of the irrigated lands in the region. Also results indicate that, That application of modern irrigation methods can increase present value of revenues as well as return to water resources in all the models. In addition, water resources are indicated as the most restrictive production factor in the study region, with the value of this input, in the added-value maximization models, always being estimated as greater than that in the gross income maximization models.