جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "عملکرد اقتصادی" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

Introduction:

Water and plant density have a complex interaction. Determination of optimum density is an effective strategy to improve the efficiency of available resources usage and to increase the yield per unit area. Despite extensive research on the effects of different levels of irrigation and plant density for different crops, including corn, information on the optimization of these resources, using response-surface methodology (RSM) is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of irrigation and plant density in corn production based on central composite design (CCD).

 An experiment was conducted by using response-surface methodology with the central composite design and two replications on corn at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during the 2015 growing season. The experimental treatments were the highest and lowest levels of irrigation volume (6000 and 14000 m-3.ha-1) and plant density (5 and 9 plants.m-2). Grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY) and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured as response variables in a full quadratic polynomial model. Consumption rate of irrigation and density were optimized based on three scenarios: economic, environmental and eco-environmental. Grain yield of corn and WUE were considered as the main factors to determine the optimum level of treatments under the economical and environmental scenarios, respectively. In the eco-environmental scenario, the main factor was WUE and grain yield.

The results indicated that at low level of irrigation (6000 m3.ha-1) plant density and grain yield correlated with others as quadratic so that by increasing the density from 5 to 7 plants.m-2,grain yield first increased and then decreased with enhancing density to 9 plants.m-2.It seems that at low levels of irrigation, reduction and enhancement of plant density, respectively, as a result of increasing evaporation from soil surface and increasing competition in resource uptake (light and water) has reduced grain yield. Grain yield at high levels of irrigation showed a relatively linear relationship with incrementing plant density, and the highest grain yield with 1324.9 g.m-2was obtained from treatment of 14000 m3.ha-1 of water and density of 9 plants.m-2. Nevertheless, the results of model fitting showed that the highest grain yield with 1318.4 g.m-2 was attained from the density of 7 plants.m-2 and 14000 m3.ha-1 of water. Therefore, it seems that with the simultaneous enhancement in plant density and irrigation, vegetative growth due to lack of light has increased, as a result of grain yield than optimum densities (7 plants.m-2) has shown a decrease.The regression model could significantly indicate that impact of independent variables on the grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency (dependent variable). In economic scenario with considering 8 plants.m-2 and irrigation of 14000 m3.ha-1 the maximum of economical yield with 1345.8 g.m-2 was achieved in which biological yield and water use efficiency were 4534.7 gr.m-2 and 0.98 kg.m-3 of water, respectively. In environmental scenario also the choice of the density of 7 plants.m-2 and irrigation of 7939 m3.ha-1 the highest water use efficiency (1.21 kg.m-3) was attained in which grain yield that was 988.6 g.m-2. Based on eco-environmental scenario with choice of the density of 7.5 plants.m-2 and irrigation of 10848.5 m3.ha-1 the maximum grain yield and water use efficiency was obtained in 1240.7 g.m-2 and 1.16 kg.m-3 of water, respectively.

Due to lack of water resources and environmental problems caused by the excessive use of water, applying appropriate management practices such as proper planting density to optimize these resources is essential. The best way to achieve the highest economic yield and water use efficiency and, to reach sustainable agriculture is the choice of eco-environmental scenario in which by application of the density of 7.5 plants.m-2 and irrigation level of 10848.5 m3.ha-1 the maximum grain yield and water use efficiency with 1240.7 g.m-2 and 1.16 kg.m-3 of water was obtained, respectively.

Intercropping due to better use of environmental resources, has led to this type of agronomic system in livelihoods farming having an important role in providing food and has a special place in the design of sustainable agro-ecosystems. The superiority of yield in intercropping cultivation is due to the combination of various factors such as better use of soil moisture, light and nutrients. Organic fertilizers such as vermi compost and animal manure lead to improve the performance of plant by increasing the availability of moisture and nutrients available to plants, and consequently increase soil organic matter. Considering the importance of suitable cropping pattern and determining the optimal feeding systems agricultural systems, the current study aimed to evaluate intercropping systems of Roselle and cowpea with organic fertilizers and the introduction of best cultivation model as well as the optimal amount of fertilizer. The experiments were carried out in the Sistan region.

In order to investigate the effects of vermicompost and cow manure on morphological characteristics in Roselle and cowpea, the experiments conducted at the Research Institute of Zabol University during growing season of 2016. Treatments experiment included three levels of organic fertilizers as the main plot including cow fertilizer (30 t.ha-1), vermicompost fertilizer (15 t.ha-1) and control as well as 5 levels of intercropping patterns including (100% Roselle, 100% cowpea, 50% Roselle+ 50% cowpea, 25% Roselle+ 75% cowpea and 75% Roselle+ 25% cowpea). As subplot agent, from the middle of each plot five plants were harvested randomly at the end of the growing season to determine yield. Finally, data analysis was performed using SAS version 9.1. Comparison of mean treatments was performed using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level. Irrigation was performed every day (7 days) on average according to the requirement of both plants. Relative performance of each component was calculated to calculate the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER).

The results of variance analysis showed that the interaction of organic fertilizers and intercropping except for the traits of stem height and chlorophyll content (a,b) of cowpea, is significant for all traits measured Roselle and cowpea. The highest dry sepal yield Roselle (1170.58 kg.ha-1) was obtained in vermicompost and 50% Roselle and 50% cowpea and highest Seed yield of cowpea (2418.3 kg.ha-1) was for vermicompost+ cowpea 25%+ Roselle 75%. The use of organic fertilizers improves vegetative growth and yield components by releasing nutrients gradually. Intercropping is useful when the yield of the intercropping product is greater than the maximum single craft product. Yield increment can be attributed to the better use of the available resources by the two plants, the morphological differences between them and the lower weed in the intercropping system. The results showed that plant systems have a significant effect on the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The highest LER (5.37) of Treatment Vermicompost+ cowpea 25% + Roselle 75%, showed the advantage of intercropping over sole crop. Concerning the superiority of intercropping to sole crop, it can be argued that increasing yield is due to increased resource efficiency in intercropping system.

In the present study the highest sepal yield of Roselle was obtained in intercropping system with vermicompost with 50% Roselle and 50% cowpea and highest seed yield of cowpea was observed in intercropping system with vermicompost with cowpea 25%+ Roselle 75%. The results of the experiment indicate that the performance of both species was influenced by different ratios of cultivation and fertilization. Intercropping cultivation in Roselle and cowpea is much more profitable than single cultivation, because of the significant and beneficial interactions that make use of environmental resources (such as water, nutrients, and sun light).

Chemical fertilizers have a significant effect on food production in the world and are one of the essential components in today's agriculture. It has been reported that the doubling of agricultural food production up to the 1990s, partly attributed to the increasing the use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers by 6.9 and 3.5-fold, respectively. Increasing the use of chemical fertilizer in crop production systems, resulting in many environmental problems such as water, soil and air pollutions and also increasing the vulnerability of the agricultural ecosystems through the declining biodiversity. Therefore, conventional agriculture approaches in today's world are not acceptable because of relting onapplication of too much on artificial inputs and auxiliary energy infusions such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides creates an unstable farming system.. Organic fertilizers, such as animal manures, are able to increase soil water holding capacity, reduction drought stress, increase soil microbial diversity, improve the physical structure of the soil and prevent soil erosion. Various reports suggest that the combination of chemical and manure fertilizers to improve the quantity and quality of crop production is more effective than the separate application. Oikeh (1998) found that in five varieties of corn that are affected by nitrogen fertilizer, grain yield and 1000 seed weight for all varieties increased. Therefore, the present study was designed and carried out in order to determine the effect of chemical and manure fertilizers and combination of them on grain yield and yield components of corn and to obtain the optimal composition of these fertilizers. In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of chemical and animal manure fertilizers and the combination of them on grain yield and yield components of corn (single cross 704), a field study was conducted in 2004-2005 growing season in agriculture experiment station of Zabol University Iran. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental treatments were T0 (no fertilizer), T1 (90 t.ha-1 cow manure), T2 (200 and 150kg.ha-1, nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), T3 (45t.ha-1 cow manure+100kg.ha-1 N and 75kg.ha-1 P), T4 (30t.ha-1 cow manure+133.32kg.ha-1 N and 100kg.ha-1 P), T5 (60t.ha-1 cow manure +66.66kg.ha-1 N and 50kg.ha-1 P). Sowing was carried out in the first half of March.  Filed irrigation during the growing season was carried out every 7-10 days. Results showed that yield dry matter, plant height, number of grains per ear, number of grain per row, economic yield, biological yield, and harvesting index were affected by different fertilizer treatments. The highest grain yield (4825kg.ha-1), biological yield (7850kg.ha-1), length of ear (23.9cm), number of kernel per ear (36), 1000 seed weight (176.1g) and plant height (198.3cm) were obtained at T5 (60t.ha-1 cow manure +66.66kg.ha-1 N and 50kg.ha-1 P) treatment. There was a significant difference between T5 with other treatments. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and ear length (r=0.86**), seed weight (0.61**), biological yield (0.67**), number of the kernel per row (0.97**) and plant height (0.86**). In addition, combined chemical and animal fertilizer treatments compare with single chemical and animal fertilizer treatments had more effect on yield components. There were no significant differences between T1 (chemical fertilizer) and T2 (animal manure) in terms of grain yield. Based on our results, It can be concluded that the combination of 60t.ha-1 cow manure + 66.66kg.ha-1 N with 50kg.ha-1 P was the best treatment to produce corn in the studied region.

  In the corn and peanut intercropping system, the organic amounts of carbon, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil were affected by sowing system after harvest and changes in each element varied according to the percentage of plant and different morphological structure between two plants. Intercropping of Roselle and mung bean was modeled based on different percentages of mix-culture and the results showed that, by increasing the cultivation area of Roselle would cause negative effects on soil properties and increasing in the mung bean cultivation area in comparison with the Roselle had a positive effect on the amount of nitrogen and carbon. To determine the best intercropping patterns and effect of vermicompost in corn, peanut and borage intercropping, a split plot test based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Institute of Zabol University in 2015. The study factors consisted of various proportion of vermicompost as a major factor in three levels, including: 0, 2.5 and 5 tons per hectare, different patterns of intercropping as a sub-factor in 9 levels including monoculture of corn, peanut, borage, and mix cultivation which are including: 50% corn plus 25% peanut plus 25% borage, 100% corn plus 50% peanut plus 50% borage, 40% corn plus 30% peanut plus 30% borage, 100% corn, 75% peanut plus 25% borage, 60% corn plus 20%peanut plus 20% borage plus and 100% corn plus 25% peanut plus 75% borage. Soil sampling was conducted after harvesting three plants. Soil elements including organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sodium were measured in soil sampling. The effects of intercropping patterns and vermicompost on the amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in the soil were significant at 1% probability level. Statistically, the mutual interaction between these two treatments also showed a significant effect on the amount of the elements. In the analysis of intercropping patterns, the cropping patterns of %100 corns plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare resulted the maximum amount of organic carbon (%41). By increasing the amount of peanuts to %50 in the cropping pattern, the amount of carbon also increased and in the pattern with the least peanuts percentage, the amount of the element (carbon) decreased. The different root system among three plants, and their competition to absorb more of soil nutrients. The legumes in intercropping with positive effect increased the amount of phosphorus. Among different patterns of intercropping, the least amount of sodium in the soil (8.2m.e.l-1) was observed in %100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage treatments, while fertilizers were not used. As a result, by increasing borage percentage, the amount of sodium in the soil decreased. The highest yield rate of corn (17.3 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of % 100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage, and the highest yield rate of peanut (15.5 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of %100 corn plus %75 peanut plus %25 borage and usage of 2.5 ton vermicompost per hectare, and finally the highest performance rate of borage was observed in sole crop, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare. Furthermore, due to the physiological and morphological differences among the three plant species, the use of environmental resources efficiency in pattern designing increased in intercropping. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of all the intercropping patterns was more than 1, which showed the advantage of intercropping over sole crop. Not only does choosing a suitable planting pattern increase the diversity in agricultural ecosystems, but also it plays an important role in both soil reclamation and protection. Both selection of plants and determination of appropriate intercropping percentages in a pattern are possible with respect to the reduction of competition between species and achievement of multiple ecological, economical, and agricultural goals. According to the results, intercropping pattern including %100 corn plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, increased amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, and moisture in non-fertile soils and dry lands, hence it was the best model

  Predicting the yield of strategic crops such as wheat and barley can provide liquidity to purchase products from farmers, suitable space for storage, sufficient pricing, and estimating the import and export needs of the agricultural products. Crop yield forecasting can be estimated using different methods. Artificial neural network is one of the methods recently has been considered and has high accuracy in crop yield estimation. In this approach the relationship between independent and dependent variables as well as their complex interactions will be studied and hidden correlatioins between the variables is discovered. Crop yield, particularly in case of rain-fed crops, severely affected by climatic factors such as rainfall, humidity, temperature fluctuations and solar radiation during the growth season. On this basis, it seems that in case of relationships between climatic data (as independent variables) and crop yield (as dependent variable) it would be possible to predict agricultural production. Considering the importance of forecasting agricultural production, an experiment was conducted in Kermanshah province, with the aim of estimating rainfed and irrigated barley yield using artificial neural network approach,. Barley yield data of 25 years (1991 to 2015) as well as raw and corresponding standardized meteorological data (total annual rainfall, average annual temperature, humidity annual average total sunshine hours, average annual evaporation and the number of frost days) were used as input data networks. To find the best network, performance of different types of neural networks was tested to barley yield evaluation. To evaluate models the statistics indices of correlation coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2), mean squared error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. The results showed that the best neural network built for rainfed barley was Modular Neural Network with Momentum learning law. The network had a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and 0.92, and coefficient of determination of 0.85 and 0.92 for raw and standard data, respectively. The best neural network built for irrigated barley was also Modular Neural Network with Momentum learning law. The correlation coefficient for the raw and standard input data was 0.78 and 0.72 with coefficient of determination of 0.60 and 0.51, respectively. The results showed the less efficiency of artificial Neural Network in predicting irrigated compared to rainfed barley yield. Comparison of MSE and RMSE between the models also revealed that networks related to rainfed barely with more accuracy had more correlation coefficient compared to irrigated barely. It seems that the managing operations such as watering in irrigated barley has reduced the effect of climate factors on barley yield. So that the sensitivity of irrigated barley yield was much less than the rainfed barley. In fact, in irrigated cultivations, depending on the amount of available water, crops were irrigated regularly. This would be in addition to supplying the needed water of crops, also reduce the impact of other climatic factors such as temperature. Generally based on the results of this study, the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network to predict the yield of rainfed barley was more acceptable than irrigated barley in Kermanshah province. Rainfed cultivation are more affected by climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature, which would be the reason of the achieved results. Hence, the accuracy of neural network for rainfed barley was more than irrigated barely, which represents more relationship between yield of rainfed barley with climatic factors as inputs of the model. So the sensitivity test of the yield to climatic factors revealed more sensitivity in rainfed than irrigated barley. Moreover, the accuracy of neural network showed that neural network was built for barley than wheat.

Increasing our knowledge of environmental hazards and resistance to herbicides while avoiding high costs has led to the use of applied approaches that pose minimal danger to the agroecosystem and reduce herbicidal pollution. Living mulches are plants from the Fabaceae family that are used as cover crops. Since cover crops uptake water and nutrients from the soil, they require appropriate management to reduce their competition with the main crop and prevent lost yield. Thus the growth rate, density and other effective growth factors of living mulch is important. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate the impact of using berseem clover (Trifolium alexanderinum) and trigonella (Trigonella foenum-graecam) as cover crops on the yield and yield components of wheat as well as weed reduction.
Material and In order to investigate the effect of using berseem clover (Trifolium alexanderinum) and trigonella (Trigonella foenum-graecam) as cover crops on the yield and yield components of wheat and weed control, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replicates in the autumn of 2011, in Behshahr, Iran. Treatments included a wheat planting distance of 20 cm and 30 cm with and without the presence of berseem clover and trigonella as cover crops. These were planted both in areas with weeds and without. The weed flora of the field included wild oat (Avena fatua L.), Milk thistle (Silybium marianum) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). A sampling was carried out in order to evaluate wheat dry matter and density, the biomass of weeds, and the dry matter of cover crop. Variations in wheat and cover crop height were investigated by using the Gompertz sigmoidal model (Draper and Smith, 1981). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared with Duncan's test.
The results of the experiment showed that wheat in the presence of trigonella had a higher level of dry matter (419.39 g m-2), and higher economical (5,390 kg ha-1) and biological yield (16,256.70 kg ha-1). The wheat yield from the 20-cm plantings in all treatments was more than in the 30-cm plantings. The root of Fabaceae plants, by penetrating the soil deeply, improve and enhance the microorganism population and by biological nitrogen fixation that supply the nitrogen requirements of the main crop (Naghizadeh and Ghalavi, 2012). Moreover, cover crops through the uptake of nitrogen and nutrients prevent their leaching (Ranells and Wagger, 1984). The dry matter and height of trigonella both in the 20-cm and 30-cm plantings was higher than berseem clover. The reduction of weed biomass in the treatment with trigonella was higher than the treatments with berseem clover used as a cover crop. This result shows that trigonella is better able to adapt to the environmental growth conditions in wheat canopy compared to berseem clover and could be a suitable cover crop for wheat (Sabahi et al., 2006). Weed biomass in the 20-cm wheat planting was lower than in the 30-cm planting.
Generally, both cover crops were successful in weed control and enhancement of wheat yield compared to a wheat monoculture. Trigonella, however, was more efficient than berseem clover in reducing weed growth and enhancing wheat yield. The results obtained from the research could be used in sustainable management practices to reduce weed growth and herbicide application in wheat fields.

In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in the long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources.
The use of organic and biological fertilizers are important strategies to reduce harmful effects of chemical fertilizers in sustainable management of agroecosystems.
Spent mushroom compost is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry. It is readily available and its formulation generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together. It is an excellent source of humus, although much of its nitrogen content will have been used up by the composting and growing mushrooms. It remains, however, a good source of general nutrients, as well as a useful soil conditioner.
Most mineral soils contain mycorrhizal fungi, but often at levels that are too low for adequate colonization, especially in disturbed soils. Mycorrhizae are host specific and will only colonize certain plants; so in some soils, there are no native mycorrhizae that will benefit these plants. Therefore, most plants would benefit from mycorrhizae addition to the soil. Symbiosis begins when fungal spores germinate and emerging thread linke structures, called hyphae, enters the epidermis of plant roots. After colonization of the root, the fungus sends out a vast network of hyphae throughout the soil to form a greatly enhanced absorptive surface area. This results in improved nutrient acquisition and uptake by plant roots, particularly elemental phosphorus, zinc, manganese and copper and water. In return, the plant provides carbohydrates for the fungi.
In order to study the effect of mushroom compost and mycorrhiza on yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted in 2010-11 growing season in research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) (use and non-use) and spent mushroom compost levels (SMC) (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 t ha-1) were considered as the main and sub factors. In order to determine the physic-chemical properties of soil, sampling was done at a depth of 0 to 30 cm. Distance on and between rows was considered 10 and 20 cm, respectively. In order to weeds control, manual weeding was done three times. At the end of the growing season, economic yield, biological yield, plant height, shoot dry weight, bulb diameter, bulblet weight per plant, bulblet volume per plant and bulblet number per plant were measured. Analysis of variance was done with SAS Ver 9.1 software.
Result and The results showed that the effect of different levels of mushroom compost was significant on the most studied traits, but mycorrhiza had no significant effect on yield and yield components of garlic. Based on the results, highest diameter and length of the bulb and bulblets were observed in application of 100 t ha-1 SMC. The highest economic yield (12760 kg ha-1) was observed in application of 100 t ha-1 SMC, so that the application of SMC increased economic yield by 48 percent compared to control. The highest dry matter production and harvest index also were observed in application of 100 t ha-1 SMC.
Organic and biological fertilizers are among the most significant resources for development of agricultural soil quality and increase in the yield of different medicinal plants. It has been reported that this ecological inputs provide favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Cabrera et al., 2009), therefore, it can be concluded that improvement of the most studied traits in the present study were due to use of organic fertilizers.
In general, the results showed that it seems use of SMC can improve quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic, thus it can be considered as a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers.

Cultivation of medicinal plants in agricultural ecosystems plays an important role in the diversification and sustainability of these systems (Rezaei-Chiyaneh & Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, 2014). Therefore, the application of ecological principles such as multi-ship system seems essential in the production of these plants. Zarifpour et al. (2014) in intercropping arrangements of cumin and chickpea showed that different cropping patterns had a significant effect on chickpea and cumin yield and the highest essential oil and land equivalent ratio achieved by planting ratio 50% cumin 50% chickpea. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to examine the effect of different intercropping patterns of black cumin and basil with bean on their yield and qualitative traits.
In order to evaluate some quantitative and qualitative traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different intercropping patterns with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and land use efficiency, a field experiment was conductedbased on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province in Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason about 2013-2014. Cropping patterns included row intercropping (one row of black cumin one row of bean one row of basil) and strip intercropping (one row of black cumin two rows of bean one row of basil, two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil, three rows of black cumin six rows of bean three rows of basil, four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil) and their solecropping.
Black cumin was harvested when they turned brown, dried and shelled, and bean was harvested when the first pod of the plants fully matured and dried. Basil was harvested in the first and the second harvest at 50% of flowering.
Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
Land equivalent ratio of basil, black cumin and bean was calculated using equation 1 (Koocheki et al., 2014): Equation 1: Where, Y1, Y2 and Y3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in intercropping, respectively and B1, B2 and B3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in solecropping, respectively.
Results revealedthat the economic yield of three plants was significantly affected by treatments and theaverage yield was higher in solecropping than intercropping. By increasing in strip width seed yield of black cumin, dry matter yield in the first,and the second harvest of basil were decreased 30, 29, and 24 percent, respectivelycompared to monoculture. However, seed yield and biological yield of bean did not indicate any significant differences at solecropping with four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil. Higher seed yield and biological yield of sole cropped may be due to the fewer disturbances in the habitat in homogeneous environment of monocropping systems. Moreover, no significant difference between sole cropping of bean with combinations of 4 rows black cumin 8 rows bean 4 rows basil may be due to facilitative interaction in this combination. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments was higher than solecropping. Higher essential oil yield in intercropped could be due to the positive effect of bean such as nitrogen fixation for black cumin and basil. The essential oil content of black cumin and basil are, furthermore, positively affected by intercropping with bean.The maximum land equivalent ratio (1.93) was obtained in two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil that represents an increase advantages in intercropping than solecropping.
The results showed that quantitative and qualitative yield of three species was affected by planting ratio. The maximum seed and biological yield of three species were obtained at solecropping. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments were higher than solecropping. The LER index was higher than one in all intercropping treatments compared to solecropping systems. Generally,it seems that the cropping pattern “two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil“ is remarkably effective to increase the economic income and land use efficiency.

To study the effects of biological and manure fertilizer on quantity and quality characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.)، an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Zabol University، Iran during growing season of 2012-2013. Treatments included three manure level; 0، 10 and 20 t. h-1 and eight levels of biofertilizer such as control، nitroxin، bio - sulfur، biological phosphorus، nitroxin+ bio - sulfur، nitroxin+ biological phosphorus، bio - sulfur+ biological phosphorus، nitroxin+ bio - sulfur+ biological phosphorus. Different levels of manure and biofertilizer inoculation were considered as main plots and subplots، respectively. Add manure to the soil and seeds of rossel inoculant treatment was performed with bio - fertilizers before planting. Traits including plant high، stem diameter، number of branches، number of fruits per plant، biological yield and economic yield based on results، levels of manure and fertilizer treatments and their interactions on biological traits were significant. Bio- fertilizers treatments caused significant differences on all meantioned traits. Interaction between treatments showed that the maximum economic yield equal to 1290 kg. h-1 roselle consumption combined with 10 t. h-1 manure+ nitroxin. The results showed that combined use of manure and biological، rather than taking them separately in increasing economic yield and growth characteristics roselle can play an effective role.

In order to study the sowing system, row distance and weeding effect on yield and yield components of intercropped maize with peanut, this experiment was conducted, as factorial based on a RCBD with three replications at the research farm of agriculture center of Zabol University (Iran) during growing season 2011- 2012. Sowing system were four levels including sole maize, sole peanut, 50% maize + 50% peanut, 100% maize + 100% peanut as the first factor and row distance as the second factor in two levels 40 and 50 cm and weeding as third factor in three levels of non-weeding, once weeding, twice weeding. The results showed that effect of the sowing system was significant on plant height, stem diameter, Number of kernel/ear-1, Number of kernel/row-1, Number of ear/plant-1, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, economical yield and harvest index of maize. Effect of weeding was significant on studied characteristics excluding of biological yield, economical yield and harvest index. The highest economical yield was obtained from sole maize, twice weeding and density of 50 cm. The highest LER was observed from 100% maize + 100% peanut.

To investigate the relationship of plant density and grain yield of two pinto bean cultivars at four different sowing dates, a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted in Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, the University of Guilan in 2009- 2010. Two pinto bean cultivars (seed coat with black and red mottles) were sown at four different sowing dates (20 August, 30 August, 9 September, and 19 Sept.) and three plant densities (15, 25, and 35 plants/m2). Pods and seeds per plant, plant height, pod weight, and grain yield were significantly affected by sowing date and plant density. The interaction effects of sowing date and cultivar were also significant for pod length, pods per plant and pod weight but interaction effects of sowing date and plant density were only significant for pods per plant and grain yield. All these traits were decreased with delaying in sowing date. Number of sub branch, number of node brunch and pods per plant decreased, but pod weight and grain yield per unit area increased, with increasing plant density. The results indicated that delayed sowings reduced grain yield of low densities more than that of high densities. Consequently, estimated optimum economic densities for delayed sowings were more than those for early sowings. Therefore, it is necessary to increase seeding rate at delayed sowings, in order to prevent or to reduce the yield loss.

In order to evaluate response of Pishgam wheat cultivar to manure and biological substrate, a factorial experiment based on RBCD (randomized complot block design with 3 replications was done. The first factor was manure with three levels including 0, 7.5 and 15 ton per hectare, and second factor was biological substrata consumption including 0, 3 and 5 times. Traits under study were plant height, ear length, number of ear per square meter, number and weight of kernel in ear, 1000 kernel weight, biological and economical yield and also harvest index. Analysis of variance showed that manure had significant effect on all traits except plant height and ear length. By increasing of manure consumption from 7.5 to 15, yield component were increased. Effect of biological substrate on plant height, kernel weight in ear and 1000-kernel weight, was significant (P≤0.01). Maximum economical yield was obtained from 3 times biological substrate consumption and 15 tons manure with 26.6% increase compare to check treat. Highest biological yield was gained from 7.5 tons manure and 3 times biological substrate treatment and also the highest harvest index was earn from 7.5 tons manure and 5 times biological substrate treatment with 24.6% and 5% increasing respectively compare to check. It seems biological substrate effects in fertile soils is lower than non-fertile soils.