جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "biofertilizer" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofertilizer application on the performance of barley common cultivars and new line in the Tabriz plain.

The experiment was conducted in the lands of Mamaghn County, East Azerbaijan Province. Experimental factors include: biofertilizer treatment and cultivars. Materials and Methods The interaction of cultivar and biofertilizer had a significant effect on barley grain yield. The highest seed yield was obtained with 5.9 tons per hectare in the new promising line and with Barvar 2 biofertilizer application.In the new promising line and Jolghe cultivar, with the use of Barvar 2 bifertilizer, an increase in grain yield was observed by 36.6% and 55.2%, respectively. Therefore, Barvar 2 fertilizer caused a significant increase in barley grain yield, especially the new promising line. The number of seeds and weight of 1000 seeds of new promising (yield components) showed a better response to the application of Barvar 2 biofertilizer. This new line had more leaf area index, chlorophyll content index and number of days to maturity compared to the other two cultivars, so it had more photosynthetic capacity to produce yield.

Using Barvar 2 biofertilizer in the new promised and improved lines increased the yield in the Tabriz plain, but it did not show an effect on the yield of the native cultivar, so the use of Barvar 2 biofertilizer for the new promising line can increase the yield of barley seeds.

Sunflower is one of the plants that must receive nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and often responds positively to fertilizers. Optimizing fertilizer application in oil crops not only enhances grain yield but also leads to an increased percentage of seed oil. Furthermore, it improves plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and frost. Additionally, this optimization contributes to enhanced biological activity in the soil, early crop production, decreased concentrations of pollutants like cadmium in seeds, reduced toxicity, and increased efficiency in water consumption. Despite the crop's considerable potential, its cultivation has been confined to relatively poor soils and has suffered from inadequate fertilizer management, marked by unbalanced nutrient consumption, thereby limiting its overall performance. Considering the comparatively low organic matter content in Iranian soils and the environmental repercussions of continuous nitrogen fertilizer use, ensuring optimal nutrition for this crop is crucial. Hence, given the significance and necessity of proper and environmentally sustainable nutrition, this study aimed to explore the impact of various fertilizer types on the yield and components of sunflower. The investigation also incorporated diverse nutritional supplements through foliar spraying to identify the most effective fertilizer in combination with a nutritional supplement.

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and foliar spraying on sunflower yield and its components. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates on a research farm at “Khaje Marjan” village under the supervision of the Sophian Agricultural Jihad organization in 2019. Factors were soil fertilization (nitrogen fertilizer of urea, vermicompost, and mycorrhizae) as the main plot and foliar spraying (amino fish AMI-16, fulvic acid, and micro fertilizer) as the subplot. Soil fertilizers were used at the beginning of the growing season, and foliar sprayings were used before flowering and flowering stages. Data were subjected to ANOVA using Minitab ver. 17.0 and SAS ver. 9.2.0 statistical software. The main and interaction effects of experimental factors were analyzsed as a PROC GLM by slicing interactions in SAS software. The assumption of the variance analysis was tested by ensuring that the residuals were random, homogeneous, and with a normal distribution about a mean of zero using residual plots and the Anderson-Darling test. Means were separated using Fisher’s least significant difference (FLSD) test at a 0.01 significance threshold.

Results indicated that the highest yield and its components were obtained using mycorrhizae and vermicompost compared to nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, the highest yield and its components were obtained when micro fertilizer and amino fish AMI-16 were used as foliar spraying treatments compared to fulvic acid and control. Interaction effects showed that the highest yield and seed oil yield are related to micro fertilizer foliar spraying + vermicompost and micro fertilizer + mycorrhizae by 4292.90 and 2035.95 kg ha-1, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between these treatments and the application of amino fish AMI-16 as foliar spraying with mycorrhizae and vermicompost. Biological and organic fertilizers provide the required nutrients of crops during the growth period, and stresses are not imposed on nutrients and water deficit. Although fulvic acid is one of the effective sprays in increasing the yield and its components and increasing the performance of this industrial crop compared to control, its effect was less than micro fertilizer and amino fish AMI-16.

Therefore, it can be concluded that foliar spraying of micro fertilizer or amino fish AMI-16 with mycorrhizae and vermicompost can be provided water and nutrients required for sunflower plants in the sensitive growth stages especially seed filling periods, and resulted in increased yield and its components. The results of this study can be used in the extensive cultures of this industrial crop to achieve the highest grain and oil yield.

One of the major factors restricting the crop production is nitrogen. Nitrogen has an important role in achieving maximum yield and it improves the yield and quality of all crops (Ullah et al., 2010). In the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, the deficiency of organic matter in the soil as the natural resource required by the plant and the moisture tension, are the major factors of absorbing nitrogen and after moisture tension, nitrogen tension is the major limiting factor of crop production (Sadri, 2017). Nitroxin fertilizer contains nitrogen fixing bacteria that fix the air nitrogen, balance the high-consumption and micronutrient elements, synthesis and secretion of plant growth stimulants and as a result, protection of plant against pathogens, biological and non-biological stresses.One way to examine the efficiency of the fertilizers, especially nitrogen, is studying nitrogen use efficiency. This indicator shows the increase in yield by each unit increase in the input (Delbert and Ulter, 1989). One way to manage different nutritional resources is to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the function and indicators of nitrogen efficiency in manure treatments and different resources of nitrogen in safflower.

This experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of faculty of agriculture university of Jiroft in 2018-2019 year. The first factor included different sources of nitrogen fertilizer in six levels of urea fertilizer, urea with sulfur coating, ammonium nitrate, nitroxin, nano nitrogen and control, the second factor included animal manure in two levels of consumption and non-consumption was considered. The intra row and inter row distance was 30 and 10 cm respectively with 2×3 m2 plot size. Drip irrigation was used and during the different plant growth stages, no chemical pesticide and herbicide was used nitrogen of seed, leaf and shoot was carried out using Kjeldhal method. Data were analyzed by SAS software version 9.4. Mean values were compared according to Duncan test at P < 0.05.

The results showed that manure and difference resource of nitrogen has significant effect on the seed yield, seed nitrogen percentage, biomass, plant nitrogen content, the efficiency of use, physiological, absorption, productivity and nitrogen harvest index in safflower. The highest nitrogen in seed (3.46%), biomass (1.05%), seed yield (284 g.m-2), seed nitrogen content (1138.8 g.m-2), and biomass nitrogen content (752.5 g.m-2) obtained in manure + nitroxin treatment. the results indicated the positive and significant effect of manure and biological fertilizer on the improvement of yield and nitrogen efficiency. The interaction of manure and different nitrogen fertilizers on seed yield was significant. The highest and lowest seed yield obtained by manure + nitroxin treatment (284 g.m-2) and not using manure and control treatment (68.3 g.m-2) respectively.In safflower, using nitrogen fertilizers can increase seed yield by affecting the branches of the plant (Weiss, 2000). The researchers reported that the use of nitrogen, compared to control (not using nitrogen) increased safflower seed yield.According to the results, manure treatment compared to not using manure treatment showed 24.3% increase in seed nitrogen. Nitroxin and nano nitrogen fertilizers have the highest seed nitrogen percentage (3.46 and 3.21, respectively) and the lowestnitrogen was in control treatment (1.9%). Manure + nitroxin treatment had the highest nitrogen in biomass and plant. In safflower, the use of manure increased the absorbed nitrogen percentage compared to control treatment (Ghanbari et al., 2016). In this regard, the researchers observed the increase in absorption efficiency and use of nitrogen in saffron through using organic fertilizers compared to chemical fertilizers. The results of this research showed that using biological fertilizers, especially nitroxin, has positive effect in increasing seed number in plant, seed yield, days to maturing, nitrogen percent, absorbed phosphorous by plant and nitrogen physiological efficiency (Arab-Niasar et al., 2019).

The results of this experiment showed that using manure and biological fertilizer improves nitrogen efficiency compared to not using manure condition. It seems that the combined use of manure with chemical fertilizers reduces the loss and washing nutritional elements, especially nitrogen. The use of organic fertilizers to improve soil structure, maintain water and access to required elements by plants should be considered as a priority. Regarding the highest yield in manure + nitroxin treatment, it is suggested to use nitrogen fertilizers with biological origin.

Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium, is an important medicinal, edible, and industrial plant that grows in different regions of Iran, especially in the Central Zagros. Since this plant is harvested from its natural environment for consumption, it is necessary to cultivate and study various factors that affect its quantitative and qualitative yield, such as the use of sustainable agriculture. Additionally, genetic and environmental factors, as well as the use of fertilizers and nutrients, affect the growth, development, and yield of medicinal and edible plants, including Iranian shallots. Therefore, creating the best substrate for cultivation, protection, and harvesting is necessary due to the use of these plants in human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in two years on the yield and biochemical traits of Iranian shallot.

In this study (in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) investigated the effect of chemical fertilizer application (including: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus 90, 70 and 60 kg/ha, respectively), chemical fertilizer inoculation with fertilizer Vermicompost (10 tons per hectare), Vermicompost inoculation with bio-fertilizer, manure (including sheep manure 10 tons per hectare), manure inoculation with bio-fertilizer (Including Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi including: Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae and growth-promoting bacteria including: Azospirillum spp, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) on Iranian shallot biochemical and yields traits such as: size and weight of Bulb, Amount of phenol, Flavonoid Antioxidants, Starch, Glucose, Total protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium of this plant, as an randomized complete blocks design with three replications in two consecutive years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) was conducted and The simple(year and fertilizer) and combined analysis(year* fertilizer) of variance were done. Data analysis was performed using SAS9.1 software, and LSD test at 5% probability level was used to compare the mean of treatments.

The results of the variance analysis showed that the effect of year on all traits was significant, including size and weight of bulb, phenol, flavonoids, antioxidants, starch, glucose, total protein, nitrogen, and phosphorus, at the level of 1%. The effect of fertilizer on all traits (except starch and glucose) and their interactions (year x fertilizer) on all measured traits except antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose were also significant.In the second year, antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose had the highest amounts at 42.71%, 2.30%, 0.40, and 0.38, respectively, while in the first year, they had the lowest amounts at 29.05, 1.44, 0.23, and 0.23 mg/g fw, respectively.According to the results, the highest bulb size (8.04 cm), potassium (1.88% and 1.89%), bulb weight (0.095 and 0.096 kg), and total protein (15.05 and 15.72 mg/g fw) were obtained in the vermicompost treatment in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year. Additionally, the highest amount of phenol (1.15 and 1.19 mg/g fw), respectively, in the treatment of vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in the second year, flavonoids (107.1 mg/g fw), and phosphorus (1.623%) in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year were obtained.Moreover, the results of comparing the means showed that the highest percentages of antioxidant activity percent (36.24) and nitrogen content (2.29%) were in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year, respectively. The lowest bulb size (3.16 cm), bulb weight (0.037 kg), phenol content (0.168 mg/g fw), flavonoids (48.99 mg/g fw), total protein (6.81 mg/g fw), phosphorus (0.753%), and potassium (0.811%) were observed in control.

According to the results of this study, organic fertilizers can be used in inoculation with bio-fertilizer to increase the production of Iranian shallot as organic fertilizer and not impose a negative effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this plant instead of, excessive use of chemical fertilizers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Sugarecane residue compost,Trichoderma Fungi and Bacillus bacteria inoculation on some agronomic characteristics and yield of quinoa, which is valuable in terms of nutritional value and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.

The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental factors included amount of sugarcane residue compost at five levels (zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t.ha-1) and biofertilizer at three levels (no inoculation, Trichoderma asperelloides and Bacillus subtilis inoculation).

Results :

The highest biological yield (5152 kg.ha-1) was obtained from Trichoderma inoculation treatment and the lowest (4234 kg.ha-1) from non-inoculation treatment. The highest grain yield (1908 kg.ha-1) was related to Trichoderma treatment. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus increased grain yield by 27% and 19% compared to no inoculation, respectively. Maximum grain yield was obtained from treatments of 20 and 30 t.ha-1, respectively.

Considering that the best treatments of this experiment in most traits were 20 and 30 tons of sugarcane residue compost per hectare, to reduce the cost, it is recommended to use 20 tons of this organic fertilizer to achieve maximum quinoa grain yield. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus bacteria, especially Trichoderma, is also recommended to improve the growth and yield of quinoa.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium and phosphorus biofertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of alfalfa (cv. ‘Nikshahri’) at different ages.

This combined experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during two consecutive years under the climatic conditions of Jiroft, Kerman, Iran. The studied factors included alfalfa age (one, three and five-years old) and bio-fertilizers (Control, Pota-Barvar, Phosphate Barvar II, Pota-Barvar + Phosphate Barvar II). The biofertilizers were used along with irrigation water.

The results of the combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between different ages of alfalfa in terms of some growth characteristics and yield. The highest yield and growth characteristics were related to three-year-old plants and the yield significantly decreased by increasing the age to 5-years old. Based on the results, the highest growth characteristics (except internode length) and yield were related to Pota-Barvar + Phosphate Barvar II treatment, which was not significantly different with Pota-Barvar treatment in term of leaf area index and leaf: stem weight ratio. The interaction effect of age and biofertilizer showed that the combined application of biofertilizers improved the growth characteristics and yield of the older alfalfa plants and the highest yield was found in 3-years old plants treated by combination of both biofertilizers.

The combined application of both biofertilizers (PotaBarvar + Phosphate Barvar II) can be an effective way to prevent alfalfa yield decline in old farms.

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

In tobacco, chemical fertilizers are used to achieve the desired yield like other crops. In recent years, with the aim of maintaining soil fertility, improving physical and chemical properties, and creating a balance in environmental factors, the use of biofertilizers and compounds such as biochar has been considered in line with the goals of sustainable agriculture. Biochar improves soil's physical and chemical properties, increases microbial activity, and provides microorganisms with carbon, energy, and mineral elements. The positive effects of using biochar with some beneficial microorganisms can be intensified. In some studies, the effect of biochar on the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the positive effects of these in increasing yield have been reported. Mycorrhizal fungi can be considered a suitable solution to improve the plant's nutritional status by absorbing nutrients and more water, decomposing soil organic matter and improving the growth and development of host plants. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase water uptake by entering very small pores that even the plant roots cannot penetrate. Applying other useful soil organisms such as Azotobacter in tobacco fields due to its ability to dissolve phosphates and produce vitamins can improve plant growth and development. Considering that no research has been done in Iran on tobacco production without chemical fertilizers, in this study, the possibility of economic production of tobacco using biofertilizers and modifying compounds such as biochar is evaluated.

This experiment was carried out as a factorial based 3×2×2 on randomized complete block design including biochar (B) at three levels (0, 4, and 8 ton/ha), mycorrhiza (M), and Azotobacter (A) at two levels (without and with application) with four replications. The seedling roots of Azotobacter-containing treatments were inoculated ten days before transplanting. Also, mycorrhiza inoculum was mixed with the soil bed in a ratio of 1 to 10. The biochar was also distributed manually on the surface of the plots and mixed with field soil by a disc. The total weight of four picks of each experimental plot was calculated as fresh yield and after curing as dry plot yield. The leaf nitrogen content was measured by the Kjeldahl method, phosphorus was measured by spectrophotometer, and the amount of absorbable potassium was measured by reading potassium ions by flame photometer. Phillips and Hayman's (1970) method was used to calculate the mycorrhizal symbiosis of the root. The nicotine and sugar content was determined using the standard method Nos. 35 and 38 of the world organization of Corseta. 

Application of 4 ton/ha biochar increased fresh yield by 11%, cured yield by 12%, the leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content by 13, 20, and 15%, respectively, and leaf nicotine and sugar content by 18 and 24% compared to zero level. The leaf nitrogen enhanced by increasing biochar consumption level. The highest amount of leaf nitrogen was obtained at the B8. The same trend was observed in leaf phosphorus content. But in terms of potassium content, the lowest amount was obtained at B0 with 2.6% and the highest at B4 with 3%. Application of mycorrhiza inoculum increased the fresh and dry yield by 6%. The positive results of this study in the simultaneous use of biochar and mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on the mycorrhizal symbiosis can be due to the positive effect of biochar in increasing the activity of other microorganisms such as mycorrhiza or reducing the negative effects of harmful chemical compounds in soil. In this study, although using Azotobacter increased the leaf yield, this increase was not significant. Also, the Azotobacter application had a positive and significant effect on nicotine content and increased it by 32%. The application of Azotobacter can be a desirable solution to increase tobacco nicotine content. 

Due to the lack of significant differences between 4 and 8 tons per hectare of biochar on the evaluated traits in terms of economic aspects, the use of 4 tons per hectare of biochar along with the use of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter to achieve acceptable yield while maintaining chemical quality in tobacco farms is recommended.

Organic fertilizers such as compost and vermicompost improve soil's physical and chemical properties that enhance beneficial microbe's activity in soil and nutrient availability by plants. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum as biofertilizers also have the ability of nitrogen-fixing and release phytohormones which could stimulate plant growth, absorption of nutrients, and the photosynthesis process. Production of medicinal plants with using from biofertilizers leads to an increase of the quantity and quality of active substances such as essential oil. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial herb that grows wild and is cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and America. The essential oil of hyssop is widely used as a traditional drug in some the parts of Asia and Europe to treat respiratory diseases. Hyssop is also used in food, pharmaceutical, flavor, and cosmetic industries throughout the world. The main constituents of hyssop essential oil have been reported as pinocamphone, pinocarvone, and phellandrene. 

In order to study the effects of compost, vermicompost, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria as sustainable nutrient management on the essential oil composition of Hyssopus officinalis, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications at the research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkooh of Iran during 2012. The treatments were 20 t.ha-1 compost, 12 t.ha-1 vermicompost, biofertilizer (inoculated seeds with Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum), 10 t.ha-1 compost  + 6 t.ha-1 vermicompost,  20 t.ha-1 compost + biofertilizer, 12 t.ha-1 vermicompost  + biofertilizer, 10 t.ha-1 compost + 6 t.ha-1 vermicompost + biofertilizer and control (without fertilizer). Studied traits were contained herb yield and percent, yield, and composition of essential oil. The essential oil extraction was done by the hydro-distillation method in Clevenger’s apparatus, and essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis of variance was conducted by SAS software, and the means were compared by the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% probability level.

Results showed that the highest herb yield (2601.6 kg.ha-1), essential oil percent (0.20%), and essential oil yield (5.21 kg.ha-1) were obtained in integrated application of 12 t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)(2 lit/ha). The maximum cis Pinocamphone percent (63.56%) and beta Phellandrene percentage (9.71%) and the minimum trans Pinocamphone percent (2.50%) in an essential oil by integrated using of 10 t.ha-1 compost, six t.ha-1 vermicomposts, and biofertilizer and the highest Valerianol percentage (5.36%) and Phytol percentage (2.19%) in essential oil with the application of  20 t.ha-1 compost were obtained.   Integrated application of vermicompost and biofertilizer through the high ability for absorption of mineral nutrients like N, P, and K by plants and then increase of biomass amount has a positive effect on essential oil content. Increased essential oil yield in treatment of the integrated application of vermicompost (12 t.ha-1) and biofertilizer can be owing to the improvement of yield attributes such as; essential oil percentage and herb yield. Some studies have reported that the application of bio and organic fertilizers can increase the content and yield of essential oil in a few medicinal plants such as basil, chamomile, and coriander. Integrated application of bio and organic fertilizers through the improvement of biological activities of soil and nutrient elements absorption such as nitrogen and phosphorus, caused more growth and biomass production, which leads to improvement of the essential oil quality. Several studies have shown a beneficial effect on the essential oil composition of medicinal plants by the integrated application of bio and organic fertilizers.  

Generally, the highest essential oil quantity with the integrated application of 12 t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer and the highest essential oil quality with the integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 compost, six t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer were obtained.

Application of biofertilizers is one of the most important tools to increase yield and improving the quality of horticultural products. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers, especially in greenhouse cultivation with sustainable agriculture potential and maintaining the consumer health. The effects of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on yield and quality of cucumber as a highly growing greenhouse crop with considerable performance were detailed objectives of present study. 

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on the quality and quantity of cucumber fruit in greenhouse conditions, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three types of fertilizers Essential plus, Fertigofol and Stimplex at three levels(Control. Foliar application of watrer, 2 and 4 g/litr ). 

The results revealed that the used fertilizers could improved most of measured parameters including fresh and dry weight of leaf, root and fruit organs. Furthermore, tested fertilizers significantly (p≤0.01) improved all measured postharvest parameters such as TA, TSS and chlorophyll content ( a and b) and vitamin C of cucumber fruit compared to untreated plants. Potassium and iron levels were also positively affected by fertilizers. 

Overalls,  based on the results from the present study, using all three fertilizers were beneficial considering the yields and quality attributes. However, Fertigofol was even more noticeable taking into account the expand shelf life and postharvest quality of fruits comparing other two biofertilizers. All in all, biofertilizers of diverse source would be advisable to test and practice instead or integrated with other chemical compounds.

Introduction

Demand for food in the world is likely to be nearly two times the current level by 2030, while the amount of new land for cultivating area is very limited (Marzban et al., 2014). Therefore, the design and implementation of systems with stability and performance are highly felt (Hosseini et al., 2016). In agriculture, there are different perspectives for imitation of nature, one example of which is sustainable agriculture. Intercropping is defined as a sustainable agricultural operation in which two or more species grow simultaneously during a season on a piece of land (Amani Machiani et al., 2018). By the way, the use of bio-fertilizers is a method to revive the natural flora of the soil and it is considered as a path to sustainable agriculture (Baqual & Das, 2006). Unfortunately, most conventional agricultural systems based on the high consumption of chemical fertilizers, are deprived of the benefits of coexistence of useful microorganisms with the plant, such as mycorrhiza coexistence. Therefore, it seems that using the intercropping and bio-fertilizer inoculation can be an effective step towards sustainable production in the agricultural lands.

The experiment was conducted as factorial mode based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. Using and non-using of mycorrhiza and 5 cultivation patterns including the pure crop of pumpkin, pure bean cultivation and additive intercropping of 20, 40 and 60% beans with pumpkin were the experimental treatments. The cultivation of both species was carried out on 9.3.2017. At the end of the growth period, harvest was done from each plot after removing the marginal effect, and oil percentage, oil yield, Pepo equivalent yield )PEY(, water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE), the percentage of root clonization, as well as the usefulness indices of the intercropping were measured. The data were analyzed by SAS9.1 and the means were compared using LSD test at a probability level of 5%.

The results indicated that the effect of crop pattern in both application and non-application of mycorrhiza were significant on the number of fruits per plant, seed weight, seed yield, oil yield, equivalent yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in pumpkin, as well as number of pods per plant, the weight of 100 seeds and grain yield of the bean. The percentage of oil in pumpkin and the percentage of root clonization in both plants were also significant in the case of mycorrhiza application. The highest amount of pumpkin equivalent yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency were obtained from additive intercropping of 40% bean with pumpkin under mycorrhiza application. The partial land equivalent ratio in the pumpkin was higher than that of bean, which can be concluded that the pumpkin cropping is influenced positively by the intercropping with the bean. The highest values of land equivalent ratio (LER(, relative value total )RVT( and Cumulativerelative efficiency index )REIc( were obtained from 40% bean incropped with pumpkin treatment. According to the results of CC, CR, and AG, it can be concluded that the bean is suitable for intercropping with pumpkin. ATER values of more than 1 were obtained in all treatments, except for the additive intercropping of 60% bean with pumpkin in both application and non-application of mycorrhiza. The highest amount of LUE and SPI in the case of application and non-application of mycorrhiza were obtained from additive intercropping of 40 and 20% bean with pumpkin, respectively, indicating the ability of the mycorrhiza to modify the competition of pumpkin with beans.

According to the results of this study it was indicated that in the case of mycorrhiza application, the amount of all traits in the same treatments increased, and the 40% bean intercropped with pumpkin together with the application of mycorrhiza was determined as the superior treatment, which could be considered for the sustainable agriculture development and maintaining the ecosystem health.

 Using the potential of soil microbes such as mycorrhizal fungi in the form of biofertilizers is an environmental friendly way to help reduce the use of chemical inputs and reduce the damage to the environment and humans. In this study, the effect of inoculation of coriander with two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Diversispora versiformis and Rhizophagus irregularis) and one species of mycorrhiza-like fungus (Piriformospora indica) on the yield and phosphorus uptake was investigated in a pot culture experiment.

 The results showed that the application of all three species of fungi were significant in terms of the effect on growth indices (shoot and root dry weight) and phosphorus concentration compared to the control treatment (p <0.01). Compared to the negative control, the enhancement of shoot dry weight in PC was 36.13%. Accordingly, the root dry weight in R. irregularis, PC and D. versiformis treatments (48.04%, 45.65% and 42.94%, respectively), the chlorophyll index in P. indica (32.18%), the root colonization in P. indica + R. irregularis (91.75%), the shoot phosphorus concentration in P. indica (34.50%) and root phosphorus concentration in P. indica + R. irregularis (25.88%) were higher compared to the negative control treatment.

 According to the results of this study, mycorrhizal fungi can be used in vegetable cultivation to reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers to increase plant yield.

The objectives of this experiment include determining the appropriate solid medium in terms of bacterial viability, growth improvement, canola oil percentage, as well as determining the amount of oil and type of canola fatty acids in different treatments.   

Methods and Materials:

 Accordingly, this experiment was performed to chek the effect of  a few combination of solid inoculant of bacteria Enterobacter cloacae S16-3 on growth of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivar hayola 308. Solid inoculants of this bacterium were prepared using different carriers including: bagasse, peat, hydrochar, biochar, sawdust, perlite and bagasse:perlit, hydrochar:perlit, biochar:perlit, sawdust:perlit (with ratio 1:1 w/w), then after six months, bacteria population was counted and finally the effect of biofertilizers inoculant was checked with rapeseed inoculation in a pot culture. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in greenhouse by considering 10 treatments of solid carriers, a negative control treatment, a positive control containing 100 and 70 percent of NPK. During the growth period, the pots were irrigated at 0.7-0.8 FC and during the growing season the leaf chlorophyll index was measured. At the end of the experiment, plants were harvested and number of seeds per plant were counted, then the silique height, stem diameter, root volume per plant, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, total fresh and dry weight, silique weight per plant, the weight of one thousand seed were measured. The oil content and fatty acid analysis were measured in seeds using Soxhlet extractor and GC, respectively.  

The results of this study showed that the effect of Enterobacter cloacae in carrier-based formulation (10 formulations) increased the number of seeds per plant, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, roots volume, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, weight of silique, total fresh and dry weight and the weight of one thousand seeds. The inoculation effect of solid inocula of Enterobacter on 1000 seed weight was not significant. The results of oil content and fatty acid analysis showed that in all treatments except for peat and bagasse:perlite, oil content increased. GC results indicated that oil quality was affected by bacterial inoculation and bagasse: perlite treatment increased the percentage of oleic acid.  

Based on the experimental findings, the use of Enterobacter in the form of solid carriers improved many agronomic characteristics, increased the percentage of oil and fatty acid of rapeseed. But to finally confirm the effectiveness of this research, in addition to in-vitro and greenhouse experiments, it is better to test their effectiveness in field conditions with different plants. According to the results obtained from the used carriers, hydrocard, biochar-perlite and bagasse-perlite showed better results and are recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combined application of nitrogen and potassium biofertilizer at different levels of nitrogen and potassium chemical fertilizer on leaf yield and qualitative characteristics and of tobacco PVH19 cultivar.

a field study was done in 2016-2017 cropping seasons. A randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and three replications was used at Tobacco Research Institute in Rasht. Treatments were combined of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, potassium biofertilizer (Potabarvar2= BK) and nitrogen biofertilizer (Azetobarvar= BN). Treatments include: T1: control, T2:FK100+ FN100T3:FN100+FK75+BKT4:FN100+FK50+BKT5:FK100+FN75+BNT6:FK100+FN50+BNT7:FN75+BN+FK75+BKT8:FN75+BN+FK50+BKT9:FN50+BN+FK75+BK T10: FN50+BN+FK50+BK T11: BK+BN.

Mean comparison showed that maximum yield of green leaf (47867 kg.h-1) was obtained from FN100+FK50+BK treatment. Maximum dry matter income FN50+BN+FK50+BK treatment was 6695.5 kg.ha-1. Result of qualitative analysis showed that the highest percentage of nicotine, reducing sugars and nitrogen percentage treatments were in FN75+BN+FK75+BK combined treatment. Result showed that maximum of percentage of potassium in leaves was obtained from FN50+BN+FK75+BK treatment.

Results of this experiment showed that, using integrated biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer without significant decline in leaf yield of tobacco, could be reduce chemical fertilizer and its impacts on environment. Based on the results obtained from this study in order to increasing leaf yield and qualitative characteristics and of tobacco PVH19 cultivar was obtained from FN50+BN+FK50+BK treatment and was suggested in Rasht reign conditions.

The use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost is a major component of organic farming practices. Vermicompost can provide the essential plant nutrients and enhance crop productivity, but also leave a beneficial residual effect on succeeding crops. Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops in such a way that they interact agronomically. Intercropping legumes with non-legumes is particularly important in organic farming because it enhances yield stability, concentrations and uptake of nutrients and on the other hand reduces disease and weed pressure. There is no information available about the effects of fertilizer source in intercropping system on the ecophysiological characteristics of linseed and chickpea in dry conditions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of the eco-physiology responses of linseed and chickpea plants to fertilizer source and cropping pattern.

The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental in a farm located in Naqadeh, West Azerbaijan, Iran (longitude 45°24' E, latitude 38°52' N, altitude 1318 m) in 2017. The first factor included six cropping patterns consist of 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed, 2 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea + 4 rows linseed and monocropping of each crop and the second factor was included four levels control (no use fertilizer), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar -1+ PhosphateBarvar -2+ PotaBarvar-2+ Sulfur Barvar -1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha1-).  In order to measure different elements in seed of linseed and chickpea, dry ash method was used. Concentration of potassium (K) was analyzed by a flame photometer. Nitrogen measurements by Kjeldahl and phosphorus were calculated by yellow method, in which vanadate–molybdate is used as an indicator. Phosphorus (P) content was determined at 430 nm using a spectrophotometer. To measure the microbial respiration of the soil, the Anderson and Dumasuch methods were used and microbial biomass carbon was determined by fumigation- extraction method.

Chickpea: According to the results of the experiment, intercropping and fertilizer source had a significant effect on improving nutrients uptake of linseed and chickpea plants. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed and four row chickpea + two rows of lineseed, respectively and the lowest amount was related to sole cropping. The results of fertilizer treatments showed that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carotenoid were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the lowest amount of these photosynthetic pigments was obtained in non-fertilized conditions. In addition, the results showed that nutrients uptake were affected by cropping pattern and fertilizer treatments. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in chickpea were achieved from vermicompost fertilizer and these values were obtained from control treatment.Linseed: Mean comparison of data showed that photosynthetic pigments were affected by different fertilizer treatments. So that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the least amount of these photosynthetic pigments were achieved from control treatment. Among the applied fertilizer treatments, the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium were obtained from biofertilizer treatment and the lowest values ​​were recorded from control (non-usage of fertilizer. Soil microbial respiration and microbial soil biomass were only affected by cropping patterns and fertilizer source. The highest Soil microbial respiration and soil microbial biomass were recorded in two rows of chickpea + two rows of linseed with vermicompost application.

The use of fertilizer source plays an effective role in increasing the uptake nutrients of chickpea and linseed, which is probably due to the supply of water and improved activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Soil respiration and microbial biomass increased under the influence of fertilizer treatments (both biofertilizer and organic fertilizer), however the activity of soil microorganisms was the main reason for the increased soil respiration under application of vermicompost fertilizer.