جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "landrace" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

In order to study the foliar application effects on yield and yield components and essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) an experiment  was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications and  twenty five treatment at the research farm of agricultural education center, Urmia, Iran during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. First factor included five landrace of Fennel Gaziantep, Hamadan, Urmia, Yazd and Shiraz and the second factor included five foliar applications as Nano-nitrogen, magnetic water, urea, chicken manure and control. The result indicated that the highest height, umbel and number of lateral branches and umbel, were related to Y1A5B2 (first year, Shiraz landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y2A4B2 (second year, Yazd landrace with magnetic water treatment) and Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), respectively. The highest essential oil, 1000-seed weight and number of umbellate per umbel were recorded in A3B5 (Urmia landrace with control treatment), A1B1 (Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment) and a3b3 (Urmia landrace with urea treatment) respectively. The highest seed yield (1144 Kg.ha-1) and the lowest one (923 Kg.ha-1), respectively, were related to Gaziantep and Yazd landrace. The founding information's in the present study were elucidated that Nano-nitrogen in comparison of other treatment has highest effect on seed yield, weight of 1000 seed, umbrellas, essential oil percent and yield. Gaziantep landrace produced highest seed yield, 1000-seed weight and lateral branches and Urmia landrace has highest essential oil percent, essential yield and umbrellas. The highest height and umbel was recorded in Yazd landrace. Due to the importance of the essential oil, the Urmia mass along with the spraying of magnetic water and nano-nitrogen for the Urmia region is suggested.

Biochar which is producing by thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, produces with the intent to be applied as a technique for improving soil properties. Adding biochar to the soils boosts soil fertility and improves the porosity, moisture, cation exchange capacity, pH, and development and reproduction of microbes in the long term. Research indicated that biochar potentially enhanced soil water holding capacity. This infers that soil amendment with biochar may improve crop productivity by retaining more water from rainfall in arid regions and reduce the frequency/amount of irrigation water in irrigated regions. Currently there is no logical method to increase precipitation during drought periods, therefore using drought resistance cultivars and appropriate agricultural techniques are the best solution to deal with this problem. Using soil amendments like biochar to increase water retention has been considered for a long time to decrease the drought effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation.

To assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2015 at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran. Six branched fenugreek landraces including Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr were treated by biochar application and non-application under 2 different irrigation intervals. A split plot factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Each plot had the size of 4 m × 2.5 m with a plant density of 40 plant m-2. Biochar was derived from rice husk at 500°C in an oxygen depleted environment. Biochar application rate was calculated based on bulk density for the 30 cm layer of the soil (8:92 v/v) and added to the top layer of the soil. Increasing irrigation interval from 4 to 8 days applied from 50% of flowering stage. Seeds were sown on May 10th and mature plants were harvested on November 11th. Plant height, number of main and secondary branches, as well as yield and yield components were measured. Statistical analyses were done using SAS (9.2) software.

According to the results, assessed traits were not significantly affected by triple interaction effect of treatments and also double interaction effect of landrace and biochar. But biochar application increased the number of main and secondary branches, 100-seed weight, and seed yield on 4- days irrigation interval by 19.75, 18.13, 17.54, and 24.33%, respectively and on 8-days irrigation interval by 2.61, 19.52, 8.67, and 26.66%, respectively. Moreover, increasing irrigation interval decreased plant height by 22.42, 22.01, 27.23, 13.66, 27.13, 26.62%; the number of main branches by 6.18, 7.92, 31.84, 16.66, 24.22%, 32.97%; the number of secondary branches by 40.54, 39.09, 40.99, 39.83, 40.89, 40.88%; 100-seed weight by 20.43, 8.70, 17.22, 26.98, 26.44, 23.11%; and seed yield by 61.20, 47.55, 50.12, 44.71, 38.44, 46.24% in Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr landraces, respectively. However, the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were not significantly affected by interaction effects of treatments. Several studies showed the reduction of crop growth and production under water deficit. Baradaran et al. (2013) also indicated increase in irrigation intervals decreased plant height, the number of pods, the number of seeds pod-1, and thousand-seed weight in fenugreek. This results are due to increase in allocation of photosynthetic material to roots than shoot resulting in smaller plants with less leaf area as a key factor in receiving solar radiation, water and energy exchange, and biomass production. Several studies reported increased water holding capacity by biochar addition because of its high adsorption capacity and porous structure. Akhtar et al. (2014) also reported that addition of biochar increased the soil moisture content in deficit irrigation which consequently improved physiology, yield and quality of tomato compared with non-biochar control.

In conclusion, adding biochar at a concentration of 7-8% to a loamy soil reduced the effect of water deficit on fenugreek growth and seed yield. Biochar increase seed yield by increasing seed weight rather than the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1.