جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « national park » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Seed dispersal by ants is one of the methods of seed dispersal that leads to an increase in plant diversity and plant coexistence at the local scale. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the number of plant species, plant families transported by ants, and comparing the genus and species of ants transporting seeds, in Teng-e-Sayad area of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. Study areas for collecting ant nest samples include three animal grazing management zones: 1- National Park 2- Protected Area 3- Free Grazing Area. Sampling was done in each study area from the soil related to 3 ant nests in each of the sites from 0 to 5 cm deep. Sampling was done in 2018 during the three months of July, August and Septamber in the study areas. In this experiment, 5 genera and 12 species of ants were identified. The results showed that a total of 62 plant species belonging to 15 plant families were transported by ants, of which 36 plant species were jointly transported by ants in all three regions. The results showed that there is only a significant difference between the ant genera Camponotus and Cataglyphis and also between the two genera Camponotus and Tetramorium (P<0.05). The results showed that the genus Messor, as a predatory ant, has transmitted 19 plant species that have nothing in common with other ant genera, and this ant genus has transmitted a large number of plant species compared to other ant genera. According to the results of this research, Messor can be considered as an ant that transmits a large number of plant species and species seeds and has an important effect on the diversity and presence of species in the vegetation composition

National parks are particularly important in terms of conservation of genetic pools and providing different economic and ecological services and goods. Evaluation of economic values of these services gives insight to policy makers for better understanding of the importance of these assets. Today evaluation of ecosystems services and goods is given momentum in the context of ecological economics worldwide. Besides other important services provided by the natural resources such as national parks including genetic conservation, soil protection, enhancement of hydrologic cycle, carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate change, outdoor  recreation is an important service which mostly demanded by urban population of big cities. Different methods can be applied for evaluation of these services. In this case it has been observed that in Tabriz, each individual is willing to pay 41140 Rials (Rls) for protection of environment. It is also reported that for recreation purposes each family was willing to pay 20000 Rls per night to be allowed to camp in a natural environment. It was shown in an evaluation that for recreation in northern forest areas, 65.8 percent of the people were willing to pay a reasonable sum of money which was 15153 Rls per month to entry. Estimated recreational value of Sisangan National Park is 52.235 million Rls per day. In another study it was observed that willingness to pay for visitors of the same park was 2477 Rls for each visit. Protecting value and also recreational value of this park was estimated to be 5.8 and 2.5 million Rls per hectare, respectively. There are numerous studies on this issue in other countries. As an example, Maille & Mendelsohn (1991) estimated recreational values of Madagascar forests to be 360 to 468 dollars per hectare. Tandooreh National Park is located in a mountains area of Khorasan Razavi with an area of 37800 hectares. It is a part of Harirrood and Khashafrood rivers catchment and sub-catchment of Daroongar River. In this study, contingent valuation method was used. This method is normally used for none consumable and none marketable of natural and environmental goods and willingness to pay of individuals under an assumed market is assessed. For assessing willingness to pay, Double-Bounded dichotomous questionnaire method was used. In our study the aim of 77.1 percent of the interviewed persons visited the park for recreation and 22.9 percent was for other purposes. From the total of 144 samples, 18.1 percent replied that the purpose of visiting the park is clean air and a favorable environment, 6.9 percent to collect medicinal plants, forage and other special plants, 13.9 percent for animal watching and hunting birds, 4.2 percent for use of mineral water and 56.9 percent for all services mentioned. The average number of days that a family stayed was 1.56 and total coast of travelling was 397375 Rls for each family. The amount of money willing to pay per month for each family household was 7098.2 Rls for recreation and 241819.5 for mineral water, 74062.5 for hunting, 15013.9 for forage and 14402.1 Rls for medicinal plants.
Willingness to pay for hunting was rather higher than other services and for recreational willingness to pay this was the lowest.  Willingness to pay is a tool to evaluate the economic and ecological benefits of the natural environment. This was apply to the present study and the results showed that most of the visitors are willing to pay a sum of money based on their purpose of the visit either for recreation or collection of plants or even bird hunting, the latter seems to be more attractive to some individuals.
Acknowledgement
This research (16794.2) was funded by vice chancellor for research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged

Considering the importance of biodiversity conservation and protection assessment activities، the present filed study was conducted with aim to compare vegetation diversity of two areas with different levels of protection including Ghorkhod protected area with seasonal grazing and Golestan National Park without grazing، during spring and summer of 2011. Four replications were selected in each area and a modified Whittaker plot with four spatial sampling scales was fitted. Results showed that mean species richness had significant differences between two studied areas. In addition، mean species richness trend between different sampling scales at two study areas were significantly different. Moreover، plant canopy cover also showed significant differences between the two studied areas which it was higher in Golestan National Park. However، comparing the evenness and diversity indices of Shannon، Simpson، Smith-Wilson and Camargo were not different in two studied areas. For a more detailed review، as well as understanding of the distribution of species، SHE analysis method was used at species and family levels. Based on the results of distribution pattern in both areas، the study was followed by a lognormal model. The proportion of the component of the species richness was greater than component of the evenness. Distribution pattern of plant families followed by log series and lognormal models، also the proportion of the components of the species richness and evenness on the diversity in families were almost similar. In general it can be said that the more protection level of Golestan National park were lead to greater protection of species diversity.