جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "south khorasan" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

Considering the poor condition of most rangelands of Iran, evaluation of rangeland potential and determination of suitability for continuous and optimal utilization seems necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rangeland suitability for sheep and goat grazing using FAO and GIS methods. Therefore, three criteria including vegetation cover, water, and soil were studied. The vegetation cover characteristics were measured using four transects of 200 meters and 2 m2 plots. The location and volume of water resources were recorded and the water quality (EC and TDS) was measured. The soil erosion was studied using the MPSIAC method. The final suitability model for common grazing was prepared by integrating different layers of criteria. According to the results of the final suitability model, 7810.11 ha (61.5%) of the study rangelands were of a low suitability (S3) and 4899.16 ha (38.5%) had no suitability (N). The low forage production as well as soil erosion was recognized as the most important factors limiting the rangeland suitability of the study area; however, abundant water resources with an acceptable quantity and quality were the positive points of the area for grazing. Regarding the low suitability classes in the study area, livestock management plans should be fully and carefully performed to increase the development of palatable species. Overall, to compensate the beneficiaries’ income it is recommended that other rangeland capacities such as exploitation of by-products, tourism, and beekeeping be considered as supplementary livelihoods.

IntroductionThe discussions on environmental sustainability have eventually come to include agricultural products in recent years. LCA is an ISO-standardized method, in which an inventory is used to determine the inputs and emissions associated with each stage of production life cycle and to express their quantitative share in a specific impact category. Southern Khorasan Province is the most eastern province in Iran. Drought and increased price of forage in this province have turned the growing of silage corn into an economical attraction for this province. Consequently, it is necessary to environmentally evaluate this crop in order to have more comprehensive understanding of its production, in addition to its economical evaluation. In this study was tried to examine the environmental impacts of silage corn production by an integrated LCA and DEA method to better understand its production and to recommend approaches for mitigating its environmental impacts.
Materials and MethodsData were collected by questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with farmers and agriculture experts and analyzed using DEAP2.1 and Simapro software. An LCA project has four phases include goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, and Interpretation. An important part of goal and scope definition is to select system boundaries. The focus of the present study is on production phase and on-farm processes. In fact, farm gate is selected as system boundary and all of environmental impact estimated for the production of one tone of product. Various methods have been introduced by different institutions and countries for environmental impacts assessment. One of them is IMPACT 2002 method which is a combination of three methods of IMPACT 2002, Eco-Indicater 99andCML. This method is selected because it assesses 15 impact indicators, and it assesses four end point indicators (damage category) by combining these impact indicators. The consumption of inputs within the studied system boundary will result in direct emission of pollutants into air, water and soil. These emissions have been calculated according to the literature.
Results and DiscussionResults for efficiency showed that mean technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were 0.80, 0.93, and 0.86, respectively. In CCR mode, 13 units and in BCC mode, 22 units were efficient. Technical efficiency varied in 0.33-1 range with 0.20 SE. The lowest pure technical efficiency was 0.64 with 0.10 SE. If inefficient units could approach efficiency boundary by adjusting their consumption pattern, the results for impact categories could be reduced by 3.2-28.2%. The lowest reduction( 3.3%) was the indicator of carcinogens, and the highest reduction ( 28.2%) was terrestrial ecotoxicity followed by mineral extraction with 25.01% reduction and land occupation and ionizing radiation with 20.8% reduction. Normalized results showed that the highest environmental burden in silage corn production was related to Respiratory inorganics followed by global warming, non-renewable energy and carcinogens. Environmental burden of electricity had the highest impact on environment pollution in five impact indicators (carcinogens, non-carcinogens, aquatic toxicity, global warming, and non-renewable energies). The assessment of damage categories revealed that the highest effect was on human health and then, on climate change and resources. Electricity, manure and on system emissions also played the most important role in environmental impacts of silage corn production in this region.
ConclusionsAccording to the results of the present study on the one hand and the necessity for silage corn production in the region to meet livestock sector’s demand on the other hand, reform in irrigation system and water pumping system to reduce water and electricity use as well as motivating farmers to analyze soil to determine the optimum fertilization rate and increasing their understanding of how to apply this input are the most important factors to reduce environmental impacts of silage corn production in the region.