جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گلرنگ » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

This research was conducted in order to reduce or replace phosphate fertilizer with humic acid to investigate growth characteristics, grain yield and absorption of macro and micronutrients in safflower plants in order to reduce costs and increase the harvest. Cultivation of safflower of Goldasht variety with 9treatments were carried out a randomized complete block design. Morphological, vegetative growth and Yield traits and nutrients were measured in safflower leaves.The P50H100 treatment had the highest values in plant height, stem diameter, number of main branches, photosynthesis, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, capitol number, 100-grain weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After P50H100treatment, H200andP25H150 treatments had better results in these indicators. P50H100treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf nitrogen, P50H100and P50treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf phosphorus, H200, P25H150and P50H100treatments have the highest significant amount of leaf potassium, H200treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf calcium, P25H150treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf magnesium, H200 treatment has the highest significant amount of iron and zinc in leaves, The H200 and P25H150 treatments had the highest significant amount of leaf manganese and the P25H150 treatment had the highest significant amount of leaf copper.This research showed that the most significant performance can be achieved with P50H100 treatment. After this treatment, H200 and P25H150 treatments had significant results and were appropriate. P100 and P50 treatments as well as H100 and P25H50 treatments did not have significant results compared to the superior treatments.

One of the ways to sustainable agriculture is to increase the diversity in the ecosystem of agricultural systems by using intercropping of crops. The aim of this study was to control and manage weeds, evaluate the growth characteristics and yield of safflower mixed with lentils.

The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, in the 2019-2020. Main plots include weed control at two levels (weed control and non-weed control) and sub-plots include different intercropping patterns (monoculture safflower, monoculture lentil, additive intercropping 100% safflower + 25% lentils, 100% safflower + 50% lentils, 100% safflower + 75% lentils, 100% safflower + 100% lentils and replacement pattern 50% safflower + 50% lentils).

The results showed the lowest number of species (3.5 and 6.2 species per m2, respectively), density (32 and 26 plants per m2, respectively) and weed dry matter (64.2 and 76.6 g m-2, respectively) in additive intercropping 100% safflower + 75% lentils and 100% safflower + 100 lentils. Monoculture safflower and lentils had the highest density and dry matter of weeds. The highest radiation use efficiency in safflower and lentils (4.44 and 4.67 mj m-2, respectively) was obtained in the additive intercropping 100% safflower + 100% lentils under weed control conditions.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of selenium application on yield, yield components and oil yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under water deficit irrigation conditions as factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Mahalat province, Arak, Iran during 2013-2014 crop season. The main factor included complete irrigation during growing season, cutting irrigation at flowering stage and cutting irrigation at head forming stage. Sub factor was considered application of selenium (including 0, 20 and 40 k/ha) and safflower cultivars (Sina and Mahaly Esfahan). The results showed that the plant height, leaf area, yield and yield components and oil yield of safflower cultivars decreased under water stress treatments. Discontinuation of irrigation in the pollination stage led to the greatest reduction in grain yield and oil yield by 31.6% and 39.7% compared to full irrigation, respectively. The highest grain yield, biological yield and oil yield with average of 3987, 9514 and 609 k/ha by application of 40 g/ha selenium and complete irrigation obtain, respectively. Application of selenium in discontinuation of irrigation regimes due to decrease negative effect of water stress on yield components, grain yield, biological yield and oil yield. The Mahaly Esfahan cultivar had the highest number capitulum per plant, number grain per capitulum, grain yield, biological yield and oil yield. In general, 40 g/ha application of Mahaly Esfahan safflower cultivar with selenium not only can decrease water stress effect but also increase grain yield and oil yield under optimum conditions.

This research aims to investigate the yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in intercropping with dragon head (Lallemantia iberica).

Mixed cropping was done based on increasing series, where Carthamus tinctorius is the main plant and Lallemantia iberica is the Sub plant. The basic design of the experiment was in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. Different cultivation patterns include pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 15% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 30% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius cultivation with 45% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 60%Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 75%Lallemantia iberica. In this study, Carthamus tinctorius traits included number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield and biological yield.

The results showed that the effect of different cultivation patterns on the number of seeds per plant and seed weight was not significant, but it was significant on the number of pods per plant, seed yield and biological yield .The highest number of seeds according to the 100:30 mixed crop pattern (Lallemantia iberica- Carthamus tinctorius) and the highest seed yield and biological yield belonged to pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation.The highest land equivalent ratio belonged to 100:30 mixed cultivation (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius).

100:30 intercropping pattern (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius) was suggested as the suitable pattern of mixed cropping due to highest grain yield, biological yield and economic benefit.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative traits of forage of three safflower cultivars in dual-purpose cultivation.

The present experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two cropping years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Karaj. Experimental treatments included 9 treatments: three safflower cultivars (Parnian, Goldasht and Golmehr cultivars) and two forage harvest times (stem and branching stage).

The results showed that forage harvesting in the branching stage leads to a significant increase in safflower forage dry matter. On the other hand, different safflower cultivars were different in terms of low-quality and quality forage traits and grain yield in dual-purpose cultivation. The results of mean comparison showed that safflower seed yield was significantly higher in forage-free treatments and the highest grain yield was obtained in forage-free treatment and Goldasht cultivar with an average of 2226 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield was observed in the forage harvesting treatment at the stem stage in Golmehr cultivar with an average of 1310 kg.ha-1. Forage harvest in the branching stage increased the digestibility of dry matter and forage protein compared to the rapid stem growth harvest stage in all three cultivars tested.

Forage harvest at the stemming stage in Golmehr, in addition to forage production, had the lowest reduction in grain yield compared to the other two cultivars in Alborz province, which can be economically justified in the case of dual-purpose cropping.

safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production, dyeing and cosmetics industry. This research was carried to evaluation response of safflower in water deficit and foliar application of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide in the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Tabriz.

This research was carried out in 2019 as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, to investigate the responses of safflower to different levels of irrigation (I1, I2, I3, I4: Irrigation after 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan) and foliar sprays of water (control), putrescine, (60 µg/l) and 24-epibrassinolide (25 µg/l). All plots were irrigated regularly until seedling establishment and thereafter irrigation intervals were applied according to the treatments. Foliar spays were undertaken slightly before flowering.

Chlorophyll content index, relative water content, leaf per plant, plant height, green cover percentage and grain yield were decreased, but leaf temperature was increased significantly under moderate and severe water limitations. Foliar sprays of growth regulators improved all these traits under different levels of water supply.

Application of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide at the end of vegetative growth at one stage under water stress conditions had a significant effect on safflower property and increased seed yield in all irrigation treatments, especially in normal irrigation. Application putrescine and brassinolide in water deficit conditions can be produce a suitable yield.

Safflower is known as valuable oil plant due to its high quality of seed oil and the presence of more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Coexistence with mycorrhizal fungi increases growth, improves yield, and increases plant resistance to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coexistence with mycorrhiza on the tolerance of spring safflower cultivars at different levels of drought stress by measuring some quantitative and qualitative traits.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design at research farm of Urmia agricultural high school during 2014 with three replications. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three levels of irrigation including optimum irrigation, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress and factor B included mycorrhiza in two levels: non-inoculation (control) and inoculation with mycorrhiza species Glomus mosseae. Sub plots (factor C) consisted of five spring safflower cultivars (Padideh, Gol Mehr, Goldasht, Safheh and Mexic).

The results of variance analysis showed that Severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation reduced 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, number of head per plant, seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by about 29, 30, 33,58, 62 and 63%, respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculation increased seed yield, chlorophyll index, protein yield, 1000-seed weight and biological yield by about 14, 13, 14, 5 and 39%, respectively.

One of the best methods for improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of safflower cultivars, especially under drought stress conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Also, in all three different levels of drought stress conditions, among the cultivars studied, Padideh cultivar was superior to other cultivars for yield and this cultivar is suitable for cultivation in this area.

The effect of bio fertilizers of Mycorrhiza and phosphate Barvar2 on yield of safflower cultivar soffeh under drought stress were investigated in a Research Farm Faculty of Agriculture at Yasouj University in 2016, as split plot Experiment randomized complete block design with three replications. Main factor included droughtt stress in three stages (full irrigation, flowering and pollination stage, and grain filling stage) and bio fertilizers as sub factor were included control or no application Bio fertilizer, Phosphate Barvar 2, Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and Arbuscular mycorrhiza + Phosphate Barvar 2. Application of bio fertilizers increased the grain yield components including number of fertilie head, number of grain per head and 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield (3413 kg.ha-1) was obtained in conventional irrigation treatments and the combined application of biofertilizers, arbuscular myrrhiza and phosphate Barvar2, and the lowest grain yield (1451 kg.ha-1) in stress at flowering stage and in the absence of bio fertilizer application. Stress at flowering stage reduced the grain yield. The highest percentage of grain oil was obtained in conventional irrigation treatments and integrated application of bio fertilizers, and the lowest percentage of grain oil was due to grain filling stage stress and non-application of bio fertilizers. Drought stress at flowering and grain filling stages reduced grain yield, oil yield and grain oil content. Application of biofertilizers in drought stress conditions with improvement in yield components increased the mentioned traits in compared with non-application of biofertilizers.

The effect of organic fertilizers, chemical nitrogen and phosphorus on oil content and some of agronomic traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), was studied in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Animal manure treatments (M1= Control, M2= 20 ton.ha-1, M3= 40 ton.ha-1), and Chemical fertilizer treatments (F1= Control, F2= 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5, F3= 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 50 kg.ha-1 of P2O5, F4= 150 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 75 kg.ha-1 of P2O5) were assigned in plots. In this study characteristics such as: stem diameter, number of sub branch, number of kernels per m-2, biological yield, phosphorus agronomic efficiency, grain weight of capitol, phosphorus physiological efficiency, oil content, nitrogen content of grain, number of unfertile capitol, phosphorus appear recovery and capitol diameter were assessed. Results indicated that the interaction effects of chemical fertilizer and animal manure on the characteristics such as: number of sub branch, biological yield, and nitrogen content of grain, phosphorus agronomic efficiency, phosphorus physiological efficiency and phosphorus appear recovery was significant. The maximum and minimum of phosphorus physiological efficiency (65.88 and 6.21 kg.kg-1) were obtained in treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 40 ton.ha-1 of animal manure and 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure, respectively.

Introduction Crop sequencing with a particular arrangement in a 2-3 or more yearly period is known as crop rotation. Considering crop diversity and soil fertility crop rotation is essential because it prevents soil degradation which is a result of sequential cultivation of one crop causing nutrients imbalance, exudation of different compounds and antibiotics from crop roots. Determining crops sequencing, affects crops yield and its quality. It was reported by many researchers that including the forage crops and legumes as a winter crop in rotation either for forage production or green manuring, i.e. growing two or three crops annually was a necessary practice for improving the soil fertility as well as increasing the annual revenue. So, this study was conducted to investigate effects of different crop rotations on grain yield and some agronomic traits of wheat in dryland conditions.
Materials and methods The experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in two neighbor sites in dryland agricultural research sub-institute Sararood - Kermanshah during six years from autumn 2006 fall to 2012 summer. Treatments were concluded five crop rotations as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - wheat, fallow - wheat, chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) - wheat, vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten.) - wheat and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) - wheat. All crop rotations were included wheat so in one site the first year wheat was cultivated in all plots and in other site the other components of crop rotations were cultivated. Plot area was 10×20 m2. Plant height (10 randomized plants), number of spikes per meter square, number of seeds per spike, thousand seeds weight, biologic yield and grain yield were analyzed.
Results and discussion Main effect of year on wheat plant height and yield components were significant and showed different climatically conditions in experiment years. Interaction effect of rotation × year was significant on wheat plant height and number of spikes per m2, and in the end of rotation period (2011-12) effect of continuous wheat appeared on number of spikes per m2 as in this year the lowest number of spikes per m2 in continuous wheat observed compare to other rotations. Ghaffari (2002) considered the rotation of chickpea, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and fallow with wheat and reported no significant effect on plant height of wheat in three period of rotation. The results of thousand kernel weight showed non significance difference among rotations and year × rotation interaction that were similar to results of Dogan et al. (2008) in two rotation period of wheat and sunflower, canola (Brassica napus L.), chickpea and forage pulses. Results of composite ANOVA for biologic and grain yield of wheat showed significant effect of year and treatment × year on these traits; and continuous wheat had the lowest yield and other rotations were located in higher classes. Continuous wheat treatment at the last year had the lowest spikes per meter square among rotations. Stevenson and Kessel (1996) stated an increasing trend in wheat grain yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) – wheat rotation compared to continuous wheat due to breaking of diseases cycles and availability of potas, phosphorous and sulfur. Correlation between wheat grain yield in different rotations with total precipitation showed that in all rotations except continuous wheat, there was a positive significant correlation between precipitation and wheat grain yield. So, it can be concluded that continuous wheat has reduced the potential usage of optimum growing conditions.
Conclusion Rotation of wheat with each of these crops (chickpea, vetch and safflower) can be proposed, considering the importance of crop diversity and additional yield of these crops.

In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi on oil، yield and yield component of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in different irrigation، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications، Irrigation at four levels (Field capacity at 20%، 40%، 60% and 100%) and biologic fertilizers at four levels included Non-inoculated (control)، inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter، inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with Azotobacter. The experiment carried out in greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University، Agicultural Faculty. Results showed that with reduction irrigation levels، head diameter، number of seeds per head، number of heads per plant، chlorophyll، seed weight and seed yield were reduced. Azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi at all levels of irrigation have positive effects on chlorophyll، seed yield and yield components and oil percentage and greatly reduced the negative effect of drought stress. The combined application of Azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi have the highest grain yield per plant، number of heads per plant and number of seeds per head. Biological treatments increased the number of heads per plant، number of seeds per head and seed weight at all levels of drought stress. According to our results it can be stated that in water shortages condition، application of Azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi greatly improved the growth and seed yield of safflower.

Salicylic acid is a plant hormone which had enhancing effects on growth and yield of plantsunder different environmental conditions. It is proposed, salicylic acid could be used as growth regulator for improving plant growth under water stress conditions. The effects of salicylic acid on yield and growth indices on safflower plants was investigated in a split, split plot in complete randomized block design. Water stress in two levels, normal irrigation and cut off irrigation after flowering, as main plot, safflower genotypes in four levels, including Isfehan Local, Gilla, Lesaf and Dincer, as sub plots and priming in five levels, including 0, 700, 1400, 2100 and 2800 μM salicylic acid as sub, sub plot were studied. Results showed that plants in normal conditions had highest leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), seed yield and seed and oil harvest index compared to plants in stress conditions. Water stress leads to rapid decrease in leaf area and decrease of greenness period. Among the genotypes, Dincer and follow it, Lesaf in both irrigated and stress conditions had highest LAI, specific leaf weight, LAD, NAR, seed yield and seed and oil harvest index. Also, Dicer had lowest leaf area ratio (LAR). By contrast, Gilla had highest LAR and lowest seed yield. In irrigated plots, plants which primed with 2800 μM salicylic acid had highest seed yield and growth indices. On the other hand, under stress condition treated plants with 1400 μM salicylic acid had better performance. It is possible in higher priming levels, plants had more leaf area and because of higher transpiration and rapid loss of storage soil water, they had not enough moisture in grain filling period. Therefore, treatments with lower leaf area had better performance.

In order to investigate the genetic polymorphism among 18 important Iranian and two foreign cultivars of safflower, RAPD marker was used. In this experiment 17 primer sets (ten mer) were used for amplification in reactions. Out of 279 markable bands, 256 bands were found in the range of 100 to 3000 bp. Cluster diagrams produced by means of the unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) divided the lines into 4 main classes. Class 1 included two exotic genotypes and class 2 included two Iranian landrace lines and one bred cultivated Iranian. Class 3 included 13 wild and local domestic Iranian genotypes. One improved Iranian line (kw4) and Isfahan line placed in class 4. The most genetic diversity (0.863) was observed between Iranian landrace (KW4) and exotic genotype (S710). But in most Iranian landraces, the genetic diversity was low (0.241). The result showed that there is a relationship between the genetic diversity and geographical distances in exotic and indogenous genotypes. But this reletion is not among indogenous cultivars. That might be due to originating from the same parent.