جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گندم دیم » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

The need for assessing the relationship between productivity and sustainability is being become more and more visible due to the key role of productivity improvement in development process. Conservation of production resources and paying attention to sustainable agriculture operations are the next important issues.

To achieve the objective of this research, Kendrick Productivity Index and Senanayake approach were used for measuring the productivity and evaluating the sustainability of wheat cultivation operations, respectively. Finally, factors affecting on the agricultural sustainability were identified using a regression model. Furthermore, the required data and information were collected with filling the 271 questionnaire forms farmers Saqqez County during 2020-2021. .

The results revealed that the mean productivity of wheat production factors for the study area is 14.88. Also, application of Senanayake approach showed that the farmers were classified as: I) very unstable (1.84%); ii) unstable (15.13%), iii) moderately stable (65.31), iv) stable (16.24%), and v) very stable (1.48%). Further assessments using estimation by a regression model demonstrated that some variables e.g., level of education, cooperative memberships, the method of production, type of supplied seeds and total productivity have significant effect on sustainability of agricultural operations.

There is a positive relationship between total productivity factors and the index of agricultural operations sustainability. Thus, a set of action plans which will increase the productivity (including efficiency improvement and changes in scale as well as technology) due to economic efficiency, amplifies the motivation of wheat farmers to follow the principles of sustainable agriculture.

Energy efficiency in wheat cultivation in agro-industry Company of Mazrae Novin Iranian (Agh Ghalla in Golestan province, Iran) was investigated. The aim was comparison of the wheat production method in this company, according to calculated energy efficiency indices, with reported values from other places.

The company has four units each with an area of 323, 59, 857 and 673 ha, namely A, B, C and D units, respectively. These units were categorised according to their location and farms integration. All farms were rain-fed. Energy efficiency indices were calculated according to direct culled data from each unit.

The weighted average of energy input for farms was estimated to be 31.7 GJ.ha-1. Almost 60% of the energy input was indirect energy (in the form of fertilizers, seed, pesticides and machinery) and 40% was direct energy input from tractor fuel. The weighted average for grain yield in farms was 2244 kg.ha-1. The energy intensity of only grain production was 14.12 MJ.kg-1. This high energy intensity results from extra high inputs to achieve the mentioned high yield from rain-fed farms. By converting the grain yield to energy equivalent, the energy output/input ratio was about 1.04 MJ.MJ-1.

Optimisation of nitrogen fertiliser consumption and reduction of machinery operations make opportunities to reduce energy input in company's rain-fed farms without reducing the grain yield. The use of straw as the by-product should be considered by the company.

Carbon is the most important of greenhouse gas that in recent decades increasing of it has been caused earth warming in the atmosphere. Warming has devastating effects on lives and was caused destruction of natural ecosystems, occurrence of drought, climatic and ecological imbalance. Carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soils under the biomass is the most simple and cheapest possible way to reduce levels of this atmospheric gas. Since agricultural lands cover the most of area of countries such as Iran, This study was performed with aim of assessment of wheat (Triticum aestivum) carbon sequestration potential. Sampling of vegetation and soil were performed with random-systematic method with 30 plots 0.5 × 0.5 m2 and along 3 transect of 100 meters. The evaluations of shooted and rooted organs of wheat were performed complete sampling. Also for study of soil carbon sequestration were attempted to 5 profiles digging with depth by 30 cm under plant samples along each transect. After transfer to the laboratory, the different organs of plant were separated from each other that were obtained 120 samples. After drying in oven, carbon sequestration coefficients each of the four plant organs (spikes, stems, leaves, roots) were determined with combustion method separately. Organic carbon of soil samples was determined using the Walcky- Black. Results showed that the amount of carbon sequestration in different organs had significant difference (P>0.05) and spikes and roots had the largest and lowest carbon sequestration potential respectively. Also, the amount of carbon sequestration in plant biomass was 1.884 ton/ ha, and in the soil was 16.332 ton/ ha which shows the ability of this plant in carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas in the study area. According to results of this research and area of under cultivation of this plant in Iran, it with high power of carbon sequestration have important role of reduce greenhouse gases.

One way to evaluation of sustainable developing in agriculture is using of energy flow method. This method in an agricultural product system is the energy consuming in product operations and energy saving in produced crops. In this article، evaluation of wheat energy balance under rain fed farming in Kermanshah is investigated. By using of consumed data as inputs and total production as output، and their concern equivalent energy، energy efficiency is calculated. Energy value of used inputs of this type cultivation was 6130900 kcal/ha and output (production) energy of value of wheat grain yield and straw were 5018000 kcal/ha and 4316000 kcal/ha، respectively. Also، energy efficiency value was 1. 521 and that of grain and straw separately was 0. 818 and 0. 703، respectively. Results showed that the highest input energy was due to machinery using، nitrogen fertilizer and fuel; and lowest ones were related to human muscle power and herbicide. Using of combination machines، doing timely required repairs and services for tractors and representing a fit crop rotation are suggested to decrease energy consuming for dry farming wheat in Kermanshah.

Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. is the most important pest of wheat and barley in Borujerd, north of Lorestan province, Iran. The most commonly employed methods of sampling for this pest are the use of quadrate (absolute estimate) and sweep net (relative estimate). Sweeping is the most convenient sampling method for many arthropods. In this research, spatial distribution and Green’s sequential sampling plan were investigated using a standard sweep net to estimate of population density of sunn pest in rainfed fields of wheat in Borujerd during 2004-2005. Results show that, Taylor's Power Law regression model, provided a more adequate description of variance-mean relationships for sweep net. Taylor's was significantly >1, indicating that nymph stages and new generation adult sunn pest population were aggregated in rainfed fields of wheat. Green's fixed-precision sequential sampling plans were designed for estimating 3rd, 4th nymph instars and 5th nymph instar + new generation adult at three fixed precision levels (0.1, 0.15 and 0.25). These models were validated using 11-13 independent data sets ranging in density 0.4-6.92, 0.91-30 and 0.34-24.21 individual per sample, respectively. To achieve a precision of 0.25 which is generally accepted in IPM programs, it is necessary to take an average sample number (ASN) of 23, 22 and 35, respectively. As the precision level was increased to 0.10, ASN increased to 166, 127 and 190 in above mentioned stages, respectively. Therefore, Green’s fixed precision sequential sampling plan using sweep net, was the most preferred and convenient method to monitoring of nymph instars and new generation adults of E. integriceps in rainfed fields of wheat.