جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Proline » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Salinity stress is an important abiotic stress threatening the production of cotton in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, which can be reduced by the proper use of organic materials. Cotton is the most important fiber product, which is widely cultivated for agricultural and industrial purposes in temperate and hot regions of more than 15 countries of the world. Although cotton is known as a salinity-tolerant plant, not only is the resistance to salinity limited in this plant, but different stages of development also show different reactions to salinity. One of the effects of stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant. Proper nutrition during times of stress can partially help the plant deal with various environmental stresses. In this regard, by using fertilizers containing micronutrient elements, firstly, plant yield increases, secondly, increasing the concentration of these elements in agricultural products plays an important role in improving the quality of food consumption. Using organic fertilizers, especially organic and animal manure such as humic acid, can improve the performance and performance components of different products under stress conditions.

To study the effect of manure and humic acid on some of the physiological qualities of cotton under salt water salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as factorial split plots (factorial split plot) in which different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) as the main factor and two treatments of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/100 kg of seeds) as sub-factor in 4 replications in a farm located in Boshrouyeh city in 1398 years. The software SAS (V9.1) and Excel were used to analyze the data and draw the figures. Means were compared using the FLSD test at a 5% probability level.

Analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of three experimental factors (salinity stress, manure, and humic acid) were significant on all studied traits (on the relative water content, Electrical conductivity and membrane stability, chlorophyll a and b contents, and proline content). With increasing salinity level, increased proline content (286.5%), membrane Electrical conductivity (4.2%) and carotenoids (88.79%) and decreased chlorophyll a (20.7 1 %) and b content (39.38%), relative water content (23.16%) and membrane stability (13.54%). The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the modifying effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. The interaction effects were significant, too.

The results of this research showed that the use of water with high salinity, such as salinity of 8 ds.m-1, caused significant changes in the physiological traits of the plant, including relative leaf water content, membrane stability, membrane electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls, and proline. With increasing salinity levels, the amount of proline, membrane electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid increased, and the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content, and membrane stability decreased. The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability, and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the moderating effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. Considering the positive effects of using organic fertilizers in this experiment, it is recommended to test and investigate the use of humic acid during the growing season in addition to the use of animal manure before planting and the use of humic acid in bulk Thus, it is suggested to use humic acid and animal manure in cotton cultivation to adjust the salinity levels.

Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's wide range of natural resources, which can play an important role in society's health, job creation, and non-oil exports if they are scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited properly. Iran is considered one of the world's best regions in terms of climate, geographical location, and medicinal plant growth, and it has been a source of production and consumption of medicinal plants in the past. Lemon balm is generally used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems, pain, and mental disorders. Drought stress is one of the most serious and widespread problems that limit plant productivity because it negatively affects plant physiology. The effects of drought stress depend on the duration, intensity and stage of growth and the genetic tolerance capacity of plants, which can reduce the growth of plants. It causes a change in morphological and physiological structures and the pattern of biomass distribution or even death.

To study the effect of foliar different growth stimulants on the growth characteristics and essential oil of balm at different levels of drought stress, an experiment was carried out in the crop year 2021. The experiment was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with four replications, where different levels of irrigation include irrigation after 80, 60, and 40 percent of the field crop capacity (FC) in the main plots and foliar application of different growth stimulants including control, melatonin, amino acid, and folic acid were placed in sub-plots. In this research, total chlorophyll, dry matter yield, relative water content, phenoline content, soluble sugars, essential oil content, essential oil yield, total phenol, and flavonoid were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using SAS.9.4 software. The obtaineds averages were statistically compared using Duncan's method (LSR) and at the five percent probability level.

The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on growth stimulants on all investigated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the interaction treatments in terms of chlorophyll content, proline content, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and flavonoid content at the probability level of one percent and in terms of relative leaf water content, dry matter yield, soluble sugars content and total phenol content at the probability level of five percent. The results showed the highest chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1 FW), relative leaf water content (88.12 percent), and dry matter yield (793.79 kg ha-1) was recorded in melatonin foliar application and irrigation of 80% of FC treatments. Also, the highest essential oil content (0.81%) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg ha-1) were observed in treating foliar application with melatonin under the irrigation treatment of 60% FC. This study allocated the highest total phenol content to melatonin foliar application at 40% of the FC conditions. In this study, 40% FC irrigation treatment increased the flavonoid content by 29.90% and 93.23%, respectively, compared to 60% and 80% FC. Furthermore, foliar application of melatonin, proline amino acid, and folic acid increased the flavonoid content compared to the control treatment by 17.64, 23.35 and 32.35%, respectively.

In this study, melatonin foliar application in all three irrigation conditions increased essential oil yield compared to the corresponding control. Under irrigation and foliar spraying of melatonin, the synthesis of secondary metabolites and essential oil has been accelerated and produced the maximum yield of essential oil. Therefore, foliar spraying of melatonin and mild water deficit stress can be recommended to achieve maximum economic yield in Lemon balm.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in the ecosystem of crops. In order to select potato tolerant genotypes to drought stress.

This experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with the method of strip chopped blocks in three replications during the two cropping years was performed in Ardabil region. Two levels of non-stress and stress irrigation were compared as vertical factor and 20 potato genotypes were compared as horizontal factor.

The results showed that all measured traits were affected by stress treatments. Under stress treatment, genotype 905675 had the highest tuber yield and tuber weight per plant. The lowest tuber yield and tuber weight per plant were obtained from Marfona cultivar. In addition, with the application of stress, the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants increased. The highest amount of reducing sugar with 122%, vitamin C with 63%, proline with 106% The percentage of catalase enzyme with 249% increase compared to non-stress conditions was observed in genotype 905675. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase with 214 and 42% increase belonged to genotype 901375, respectively.

In general, considering the amount of changes in tuber yield, tuber weight per plant, increasing the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, genotypes 905675, 901575 and 901375 were selected as tolerant and high yield potential genotypes in both stress and non-stress conditions, respectively, and Milva, Jelly and Marfona cultivars can be introduced as susceptible cultivars.

This study aimed to investigate some physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance in grain sorghum genotypes.

The experiment was conducted as a split plots design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Karaj. Irrigation regime as the main factor in three levels, including normal irrigation , mild stress, and severe stress and genotype as the sub-factor at five levels were evaluated.

Drought stress decreased biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductivity, and osmotic potential and increased the canopy temperature, proline, and soluble sugars. Under normal irrigation, the highest grain yield (8994 kgha-1) was obtained by cultivar Kimia. In contrast, the maximum grain yield under mild and severe stress conditions (7633 and 6275 kgha-1) was recorded in cultivar Fouman. Also, under stress conditions, cultivar Fouman showed the highest stomatal conductivity and the lowest percentage of yield reduction compared to normal irrigation. In addition, the lowest canopy temperature was recorded in Fouman cultivar under mild and severe stress conditions(32.40 and 32.63 °C, respectively).

Overall, cultivar Fooman with higher water uptake efficiency than other genotypes, which showed more stomatal conductivity and lower canopy temperature, was able to reduce the severity of water deficit stress in the plant and produce maximum grain yield under drought stress. Cultivar Kimia was able to increase its water absorption capacity and produce a relatively good yield under stress conditions by reducing the osmotic potential and increasing the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble sugars and proline.

This study is to investigate the effect of Thiobacillus inoculant and sulfur bio bacteria on less water stress in Khatouni melon plants.

the aim of the experiment was conducted with split plots in a three-replication randomized complete block design.Irrigation regime as the main plot with levels of 100, 75 and 50%of melon water requirements and fertilizer treatments as a sub-plot with three levels of thiobacillus (without inoculum, 250 and 500 kg sulfur per hectare along with 5 and10 kg of bacterial with a population of 107 bacteria per gram inoculum).

The results study indicate that all studied agronomic traits affected by stress, so that drought stress had a significant impact on all traits. On the other hand, sulfur plus thiobacillus reduced the negative effects of water stress and led to significant increases in total chlorophyll content, carotenoids, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight at various levels of drought.Thus,application Third level of sulfur, A significant effect of drought stress interaction with the sulfur application was seen on all traits studied except for conductance at level of one percent.

The application of sulfur and thiobacillus can improve growth traits and increase yield, irrespective of its irrigation level. Moreover, the use of sulfur and thiobacillus in the treatment of dehydration results in 75% of the water requirement of 500 kg sulfur per hectare with 10 kg of Thiobacillus. It was also observed that with increasing dehydration stress , effect of sulfur and thiobacillus on improving growth traits declined.

Background & Adjective:

 In the recent years, studies have been focusing on the use of safe and biocompatible compounds to reduce the damage caused by drought stress. In this study, the effect of exogenous application of methyl jasmonate in modulating the effects of drought stress on Physalis plants and improvement of antioxidant activity was evaluated.

In the present study, drought stress at 3 levels (100, 75 and 50 % of field capacity) and different concentrations of methyl jasmonate at 3 levels (0, 10 and 100 μM) were used as the experimental factors.

According to the results, drought stress significantly reduced fresh and dry weight, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and beta-carotene in physalis leaves while total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (fruits and leaves), soluble sugar, proline and malondialdehyde (leaves) increased under drought stress conditions. Foliar application with methyl jasmonate reduced the negative effects of drought stress in physalis plants by affecting the relative water content, chlorophyll content, membrane stability (decrease of malondialdehyde), and increasing compatible solutions (soluble sugar and proline), total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant activity so that the fresh weight of the fruit increased (54.73%) by spraying 100 μM methyl jasmonate in the second level of stress.

In general, the results of the study showed that foliar application of methyl jasmonate, especially at 100 μM concentration, reduced the effects of drought stress on the physalis plants, and improved antioxidant activity and fruit weight, thus improving the yield.

To evaluate the effect of different nitrogen splitting on yield and some eco-physiological traits of two maize cultivars (SC 704 and maxima) under normal irrigation and stress conditions an experiment was performed as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors include irrigation at two levels: Normal irrigation (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from Class A pan) and stress (irrigation after 120 mm evaporation) and nitrogen split at four levels (50% after emergence + 50% after 8 leaves, 33% after emergence + 33% after 8 leaves + 33% after appearance of tassel, 25% after emergence + 50% after 8 leaves + 25% after appearance of tassel and 25% after emergence + 25% after 8 leaves + 50% after the appearance of tassel) and cultivar as sub-factor at two levels (single cross cultivar 704 and Maxima cultivar) were considered.Normal irrigation with an average of 10351 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, which was 26% higher than stress conditions. N3 treatment with an average of 9541 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield compared to other treatments. Due to the improvement of physiological traits and yield, the use of single cross 704 with N3 treatment under water restriction condition in summer is recommended.

Limitation of water resources is one of the crucial factors that contributes to the decline in agricultural productivity (Zhang et al., 2012). Intercropping plays a pivotal role for increasing biodiversity, land use efficiency, nutrient and water use efficiencies, and enhanced ecological services. Intercropping could be one of the alternatives to address some of the associated obstacles with modern agriculture, including low yield, pest and pathogen infection, soil degradation and environmental deterioration, thereby promoting sustainable and productive agriculture. Naked-seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an herbaceous, monoecious, annual plant of the Cucurbitaceae family (Lewis et al. 1997). The plant is economically and nutritionally important and cultivated for oil and medical purposes all over the globe. Several studies have reported the chemical composition and oil characteristics of the pumpkin seed from different origins and varieties (Kostalova et al., 2009). Summer squash is used for treating Helminth and reducing bad cholesterol. There is no official data about summer squash cultivation in Iran, but many Iranian farmers cultivate summer squash in marginal lands.Due to the importance of two species of naked-seeded pumpkin and sunflower and the lack of sufficient and documented information on intercropping of these two plants under drought stress, the present experiment was conducted to measure the potential of intercropping of these two plants and investigate their response to drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of irrigation and planting pattern on yield quantity and quality and water use efficiency (WUE) intercropped of pumpkin and sunflower, an experiment was conducted as the split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at experiment station of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2019. The experimental treatments were irrigation levels (90, 60 and 30% of field capacity; FC) assigned to the main plot and planting patterns (sole cropping of pumpkin, sole cropping of sunflower, additive intercropping of 100% of pumpkin + 50% of sunflower on ridge and additive intercropping of 100% of pumpkin + 50% of sunflower in furrow) as the subplot.

The results showed that the highest fruit number, single fruit weight, fruit, seed and oil yields of pumpkin were obtained in additive intercropping of 100% of pumpkin + 50% of sunflower in furrow. With increasing drought stress level, the superiority of the furrow planting pattern relative to sole cropping was more evident for pumpkin. The largest head diameter (33 cm) and highest seed per head (1640) was found for additive intercropping of 100% of pumpkin + 50% of sunflower in furrow when irrigated with 90% of FC. In all irrigation levels, sunflower seed yield in sole cropping was significantly higher than both intercropping pattern due to its higher plant density. The maximum proline content for pumpkin (1.52 μmol g-1 FW) and sunflower (2.63 μmol g-1 FW) were observed at the two species sole cropping in severe drought stress condition. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was higher than one in all the irrigation levels and planting patterns. The highest value of WUE (0.64 kg m-3) was related to additive intercropping of 100% of pumpkin + 50% of sunflower in furrow when irrigated with 60% of FC.

The results of this study illustrated that pumpkin is a sensitive plant to drought stress, and deviation of water availability from the field capacity significantly declines the yield. The addition of sunflower in the middle of the furrow between the two rows of pumpkin could reduce the negative effects of drought stress on the plant. This planting pattern could also significantly improve the fruit and seed yields of pumpkin in both moderate and severe stress conditions. However, the addition of sunflower on the ridge and between pumpkin plants had no significant positive effect on improving pumpkin yield under drought stress, due to increased interspecific competition. Therefore, pumpkin intercropping with high height plants such as sunflower, which causes a shading effect on pumpkin and reduces evapotranspiration, can be a useful strategy under drought.

The goals of study were to investigate the inoculation effects of Enterobacter S16-3 on growth characteristics of canola cultivars under drought stress.

This experiment was conducted as factorial-experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at hydroponic system of greenhouse, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Inoculated and non-inoculated six canola cultivars were evaluated under two levels of drought stress conditions (0.6 and 1.2 MPa) and control.

Results showed drought stress caused a significant reduction in canola growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights of plant organs, height, root length, leaf relative water content and biological yield. Chlorophyll and proline content were suppressed under stress. Inoculation of canola cultivars with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria not only improved height and root length, but also increased biological yield by 57.5 %. Bacterial inoculation also increased chlorophyll content and the concentration of proline under different stress conditions. Inoculated canola cultivars have better growth characteristics and biological yield than non-inoculated plants under drought stress conditions. Among canola cultivars inoculated Hyola308 surpassed other cultivars in all parameters under drought stress and the lack of a negative response to increasing drought stress indicated enhanced drought tolerance of Hyola308.

Taken together, these results demonstrated that Enterobacter S16-3bacteria probably has moderated the negative effects of drought stress and reduced the negative response of rapeseed cultivars to increasing drought stress by modifying the plant growth.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on some biochemical and morphological characteristics of wheat under drought stress and reduction of drought effects under the influence of zinc nano oxide foliar application.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the University of Mohaghegh Ardebili in 2016-2017. The first factor was drought stress at three levels (35, 60 and 85% of field capacity), the second factor was wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heydari, Sysons and Gasogen) and the third factor included foliar spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles with concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1 g.l-1. The foliar application was performed in three-leaf stage and three days after foliar application, drought stress was applied based on field capacity and sampling was performed ten days after stress.

The findings showed that under ZnO treatment, the amount of soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline, plant height and grain weight increased. As the severity of drought stress increased, the amount of protein decreased, but the amount of proline and soluble sugar increased. Stress also decreased plant height, dry and fresh root weight, as well as grain yield (15.95% of grain size and 11.93% of grain weight). Spraying wheat plants with zinc nano oxide in the Mihan and Heydari cultivars moderated the effects of stress, and in the cultivars of Sysons and Gascogen increased the plant's defense mechanisms against the destructive effects of drought stress.

In general, foliar feeding of ZnO at a concentration of 0.5 g.l-1 makes wheat plants tolerant to drought stress.

In order to reduce the damaging effects of drought stress under pretreatment of Marigold seed (Calendula officinalis L.), a factorial experiment under randomized complete block design with three replicates (in place replication) in the field of Urmia Agricultural Research Center and Salmas performed. Experimental factors included irrigation regimes and seed pretreatment, with the first factor irrigated at two levels of regular irrigation and non- irrigation at the beginning of flowering stage and the second factor are seed pretreatment at pre-planting at seven levels including primed seeds with nano fertilizers (Iron oxide, Zinc oxide, Bor oxide was concentrated at 2% per thousand) and primed with organic matter (72 mg humic acid, 2000 μmol salicylic acid and 200 ppm ascorbic acid) and control. Results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of seed pretreatment with organic and nano materials on drought stress were significant at 1% probability level. Based on the results of comparison of mean data, oil percentage, oil yield and the weight of one thousand seeds increased with Zinc nano oxide pretreatment by 16, 12 and 8% respectively under drought stress conditions compared to control treatment. Salicylic acid treatment significantly reduced proline accumulation by 13% and soluble protein by 18% compared to control. By applying pre-treatment of nano iron oxide the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased by 39% and 57% compared to control (non-treated), respectively. Generally, seed pretreatment with different levels of salicylic acid and iron and zinc nano oxide significantly reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on most of the studied traits. Shrubs obtained from seeds treated with salicylic acid, iron nano oxide and zinc nano oxide had higher drought stress tolerance. Results showed that drought tolerance and increase yield of Marigold under drought stress with seed priming with salicylic acid, iron nano oxide and zinc nano oxide are recommended in sustainable and organic farming.

Selection of suitable canola cultivars for winter cultivation and tolerant to late-season drought stress, are the basic strategies for the cultivation of the rapeseed in cold temperate regions with semi-arid climate.

A factorial split-plot based on complete randomized blocks design was conducted with three replications for two years (2014-2016) in Karaj. In this regards, sowing dates were divided into two levels of fall cultivation (Oct. 7) and winter cultivation (Feb. 4); irrigation was carried out in three levels of normal irrigation (control), irrigation interruption from flowering, and after pod formation stages and five canola cultivars include Sarigol, Dalgan, Jacomo, Jeromeh and Hyola401.    

The interaction effect of sowing date × irrigation × cultivar was significant on the traits of number of pods per square meter, number of seeds per pod, biological yield, seed yield, relative water content (RWC) of leaves and proline at the level of 1%, and on the traits of 1000-seeds weight, canopy temperature and chlorophyll b content at the level of 5%. Here we show that Dalgan cultivar was obtained with a seed yield of 3657 kg ha-1 and RWC of 92.42%, in the winter cultivation date and normal irrigation condition. Moreover, in winter cultivation and in the late season drought stress condition (irrigation interruption after flowering stage onwards), the Hyola 401 hybrid was obtained with seed yield of 2376 kg ha-1‎ and a RWC of 83.11%.  

In The winter cultivation and normal irrigation condition Dalgan cultivar and in the late season drought stress condition (irrigation interruption after pod formation stage), the Hyola 401 and Jeromeh hybridscan be used in the development of canola cultivation in the new status of winter cultivation (Feb. 4) and various irrigation conditions.

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an annual medicinal herb, belonging to the family of Labiatae. This plant is native to the Mediterranean region and is cultivated extensively in France, Hungary, Spain, and Iran. Drought is one of the most important environmental factors responsible for decreasing global production and performance, especially in areas with low and irregular rainfall. Morphological indices such as plant height, stem length, yield, leaf area, and many of the growth traits of the plant are affected by drought stress.

A factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm at the Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran, during 2016-2017. Treatments included three levels of drought stress (Full irrigation (s1), Water cut at 50% of flowering (s2), and Water cut in early stages of flowering (s3) and four vermicompost levels (including 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 t. ha-1). Plants were fully irrigated until eight weeks after seeding, and then drought stress was started at the early stage of flowering and 50 % flowering of plants. Fully irrigated plants throughout the growing season considered as control. The sampling was performed from cultivated plants, by the random collection of 3 individual samples. Samples to evaluate the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics were taken at the full flowering stage. Traits such as plant height, dry stem weight, lateral branches, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, Catalase, and peroxidase antioxidant enzymes were measured and assessed. Data were analyzes using SAS V9.2. Mean comparison of results was made using Duncan's multiple range test at P≤0.05 levels.

Morphological traits: The results of the analysis of variance the effects of various vermicompost levels and drought stress and their interaction have been presented. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and vermicompost on plant height and shoot dry weight were significant at the 5% probability level. However, no significant effect was observed on the number of lateral branches. Also, the interaction of drought stress and vermicompost fertilizer treatments was substantial for plant height and dry weight of stem at a 5% probability level.The photosynthetic pigments: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction of drought stress and vermicompost on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid was significant at 5% probability level, but the total chlorophyll has a considerable effect. The highest chlorophyll a (23.33 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll b (17.24 mg.g-1) and carotenoid (8.08 mg.g-1) in full irrigation treatment and two tons per hectare of vermicompost and minimum chlorophyll a (17.73 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll b (96.6 mg.g-1) and carotenoid (5.5 mg.g-1) in Water cut in early stages of flowering and Without the application of vermicompost (control).Proline: Based on the results of the analysis of variance, the effect of drought stress and vermicompost on the proline content of Satureja plant was significant at 5% probability level. The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the amount of proline in leaf was raised. However, with the use of vermicompost, leaf proline decreased, with the highest amount of proline (0.226 μg.g-1) in Water cut in early stages of flowering (severe stress) and without application of vermicompost (control) and low proline (0.15 μg.g-1) in Full irrigation (control) and vermicompost treatment (2 t.ha-1) were obtained. Investigating the drought stress on German chamomile plant, researchers reported that drought stress increased proline accumulation in the leaf (Ghaedi Jeshni et al., 2017). It was reported that increasing the amount of drought stress in sorghum increased the amount of proline in the leaf (Esmaeilpour et al., 2013).

Based on the results, it can be concluded that vermicompost 2 t. ha-1 can improve the medicinal plant growth and yield under severe drought irrigation regimes.