جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Seed P » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

To evaluate the effect of planting density and harvest stage on dry forage production in alfalfa, an experiment was performed during cropping years2017-2018and2018-2019 in BuAliSina University of Hamadan.The experiment was performed as strip split plots design with randomized complete block design(RCBD)in four replicates.We studied planting density at three levels and forage harvesting time at four phenological stages.The results of the mean comparison showed that forage harvest at 10% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield in the first and second croppings and annual forage yield in the two years of the experiment.The results of mean comparison of interactions between planting density and forage harvest date in the first year of the experiment showed that increasing row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and forage harvest at 10% and 50% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield in the second cropping and annual forage yield.In this study in both years of the experiment, the delay in the forage harvest time led to a significant increase in the plant height. Harvesting at early flowering stage leads to a significant increase in the canopy height compared to harvesting at early budding stage.Reducing crop density through increasing row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and harvesting forage at 50% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield of first harvest.Therefore lower density planting and delay in forage harvest time up to 50% flowering is suggested aimed to increase the annual dry forage yield.

This research was conducted in order to reduce or replace phosphate fertilizer with humic acid to investigate growth characteristics, grain yield and absorption of macro and micronutrients in safflower plants in order to reduce costs and increase the harvest. Cultivation of safflower of Goldasht variety with 9treatments were carried out a randomized complete block design. Morphological, vegetative growth and Yield traits and nutrients were measured in safflower leaves.The P50H100 treatment had the highest values in plant height, stem diameter, number of main branches, photosynthesis, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, capitol number, 100-grain weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After P50H100treatment, H200andP25H150 treatments had better results in these indicators. P50H100treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf nitrogen, P50H100and P50treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf phosphorus, H200, P25H150and P50H100treatments have the highest significant amount of leaf potassium, H200treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf calcium, P25H150treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf magnesium, H200 treatment has the highest significant amount of iron and zinc in leaves, The H200 and P25H150 treatments had the highest significant amount of leaf manganese and the P25H150 treatment had the highest significant amount of leaf copper.This research showed that the most significant performance can be achieved with P50H100 treatment. After this treatment, H200 and P25H150 treatments had significant results and were appropriate. P100 and P50 treatments as well as H100 and P25H50 treatments did not have significant results compared to the superior treatments.

Background & ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nanosuperabsorbent treatments and biofertilizers on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of Spring Canola seed under different levels of irrigation.Methods & MaterialsThe field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The treatments include irrigation at three levels (irrigation after evaporation of 70, 120 and 170 mm of evaporation from the Class A pan in the main plots) and nanosuperabsorbent treatments at two levels (0 and 45 kg/ha) and fertilizer treatments at four levels: control, Chitosan, growth-stimulating bacteria and chitosan + growth-stimulating bacteria were factorially placed in sub-plots.ResultsNitrogen and phosphorus content, leaf water percentage, green cover percentage, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and consequently grain yield decreased, but the temperature Canola leaves increased. The application of fertilizer treatments, especially the combined treatment of biofertilizers + nano-superabsorbent under all irrigation levels, led to the improvement of these traits and rape seed yield, especially under severe stress. ConclusionImprovement of morphophysiological traits and product components ultimately increased seed yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined application of nanosuperabsorbent with biofertilizers can be an effective method to improve grain yield under drought stress conditions.

The goals of the study were to consider the possibility of delaying planting time of fall safflower from 11 September to 11 October in cold climates via increasing rosette plants growth for suitable cold tolerance and enhancing seed yield by using trichoderma fungi.

Methods and Materials:

 An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Khosrowshah station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2021-22 cropping season. The experimental factors included planting time (11 and 21 September and 1 and 11 October), and trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment included control, soil and seed treatments. The Ahmadi as a fall rapeseed genotype was used during the study.

Delaying the planting time from 11 September to 11 October led to diminishing leaf chlorophyll concentration, plant growth rate and increasing plant cold damage percentage and a significant decrease in seed and oil yields and seed yield components. The treatment of the soil and seed with trichoderma fungi increased the mentioned yield related traits, but these increases were significantly higher in seed treatment plots. The mean of the seed yield increased by 1005 and 613 Kg h-1 in 11 September and 11 December planting times respectively in the case of treating seeds by trichoderma fungi.

The rapeseed treatment with trichoderma fungi increased rosette plants growth, decreased cold damage percentage and increased seed yield significantly in early and late season cultivations at cold climate.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems including conservation and conventional on yield-related traits and seed quality of some autumn-seeded chickpea cultivars. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on a completely randomized block design during the 1399-1400 growing season. Tillage systems including conventional, reduced and no tillage were arranged as main factor and chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan, Aksu and Goksu) were arranged as sub factor. Among the traits under study only 100-seed weight was significantly affected by tillage systems and the interaction between tillage and cultivar. The highest 100-seed weight (42 g) was obtained for Aksu under no till system whereas, the lowest value was recorded for Arman and Hashem under all three tillage systems. However, the effect of cultivar on 100-seed weight, the number of pods per plant, harvest index, reproductive effort index and seed protein percent was significant. The highest harvest index (47%) and protein percent (19%) were observed in Adel and Mansour, respectively. Overall, the findings of this research showed that chickpea yield and related traits (excluding 100-seed weight) as well as grain quality were not significantly affected by tillage systems. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the studied cultivars, although the difference between them was significant in terms of some yield-related traits and grain protein percent.

Nowadays, to have a sustainable agricultural system, the application of inputs that improve the aspects of ecological systems and reduce environmental hazards are necessary.

In order to evaluate the effect of application of manure and growth promoting rhizobacteria on Cumin on yield and yield component, a factorial experiment conducted on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replicates at Payam Noor University of Fereydoonshar in the spring of 2020. Experimental treatments were seed inoculation with biofertilizer at two levels (seed inoculation and no inoculation) and nitrogen manure fertilizer at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha-1).

With increasing manure consumption from 0 to 30 ton/ha-1 of the recommended, significantly increased plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbellate per umbel, number of seed per umbel, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and seed yield up to respectively. Also, in comparison with non-inoculation treatment, inoculation treatment increased number of branches per plant, number of umbellate per umbel and 1000- seed weight up to respectively. Mean comparisons for interaction of manure × biofertilizer indicated that the treatment of seed inoculation with consumption of 40 kg/ha-1 recommended manure, produced the highest seed yield.

Yield components increased with increasing levels of manure and the presence of bacteria, but it seems that in soil that is in good condition in terms of nutrients (application of manure), there is not much ground for beneficial effects of bacteria.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of potassium nano-fertilizers, fulvic acid, and chitosan on quantitative traits of sesame under different irrigation regimes. A field experiment was conducted in Semnan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center as a factorial split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. In this experiment irrigation regimes (full irrigation: non-stress, irrigation cut off at the beginning of seed formation inside the capsule: moderate stress and the beginning of flower structure formation: severe stress) as the main plot, and potassium nano-fertilizer (0, 1.5, and 2.5 per thousand) and foliar application of chitosan (five g.ha-1) and fulvic acid (two kg.ha-1) in four levels were tested as sub-plots. The application of potassium nano-fertilizer along with fulvic acid and chitosan increased the photosynthetic pigments, seed yield, and oil and protein content, which was a significant increase under severe drought stress. Application of 1.5 per thousand potassium nano-fertilizer with chitosan under non-stress conditions resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, and protein yield. The highest oil and protein content (48.79 and 25.12%, respectively) were obtained using a combination of chitosan and fulvic acid under non-stress conditions. The highest seed yield (2249.2 kg.ha-1) was achieved in the application of chitosan along with 1.5 per thousand potassium nano-fertilizer under non-stress conditions.

Intercropping as an approach for development of sustainable agriculture systems is pursuing the purposes such as creating ecological balance, further exploitation of resources, increase the quantity and quality of yield and reduce losses due to pests, diseases and weeds and reduce the dependence of farmers to pesticides, to maintain product quality and marketability. Jahani et al (2007) reported that intercropping of lentil and cumin has significantly increased dry weight of vegetative organs, biological yield, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per cumin umbrella and seed yield. Legume/non-legume intercropping system due to the beneficial use of resources produces more yields. In review of about the fennel and fenugreek intercropping, intercropping of the two plants significantly increased the fennel seed yield compared with monoculture.

The experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 growing season based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental treatments were 25% mung bean + 75% fennel, 50% mung bean + 50% fennel, 75% mung bean + 25% fennel, monoculture of mung bean and monoculture of fennel. Species were sown at the same time in 12/06/2015 in rows with a distance of 50 cm. At harvesting time, dry matter, seed yield and yield components of these crops were measured. Yield advantages of intercrops over monocultures were compared by land equivalent ratios. Seeds of fennel were analyzed for essential oil content.  

The highest seed yield, biomass and essential oil of fennel for monoculture with 1460.4, 12286.4 and 50.4 kg per hectare respectively and the lowest values for 25% fennel + 75% mung bean treatment with 263.2, 5843.3 and 8.1 kg per hectare respectively were observed. Also, the highest seed yield and biomass of mung bean for monoculture with 2167.1 and 8900.5 kg per hectare respectively and the lowest values for 25% fennel + 75% mung bean treatment with 740.5 and 2540.5 kg per hectare respectively were observed. The highest essential oil contents of fennel with 3.56% was observed in ratio of 50% fennel + 50% mung bean and the lowest value was observed in 25% fennel + 75% mung bean with 3.1%. It seems that interspecific competition between fennel and mung bean due to the abiotic stresses (competition) led to increasing essential oil percent in intercrops. The highest essential oil yield of fennel was observed in monoculture with 50.4 kg/ha and the lowest value was observed in 25% fennel + 75% mung bean with 8.1 kg/ha. The highest mung bean harvest index was 28% in 25% mung bean + 75% fennel and the lowest was observed in 50% mung bean + 50% fennel with 23.5%. Also, the highest fennel harvest index was observed with 12% in monoculture and the lowest in 25% fennel + 75% mung bean with 4.5%. The highest value of total land equivalent ratio (1.07) was obtained in ratio of 50% mung bean + 50% fennel indicating 7 percent yield advantage of intercropping compared to pure stands of species of these two products compare to each other that represents of showing the more efficient use of land. The lowest value by intercrops of land equivalent ratio was observed in ratio of 25% mung bean + 75% fennel which was 9% lower than the monoculture.

In general, intercropping of fennel with mung bean, had positive effect on biological and seed yield of two species as well as percent and yield of fennel essential oil. So, in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture and as for nitrogen biological fixation ability of mung bean, intercropping this plant with fennel can be increased resources efficiency and improve of the quality and quantity yield of fennel.

Seed dispersal by ants is one of the methods of seed dispersal that leads to an increase in plant diversity and plant coexistence at the local scale. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the number of plant species, plant families transported by ants, and comparing the genus and species of ants transporting seeds, in Teng-e-Sayad area of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. Study areas for collecting ant nest samples include three animal grazing management zones: 1- National Park 2- Protected Area 3- Free Grazing Area. Sampling was done in each study area from the soil related to 3 ant nests in each of the sites from 0 to 5 cm deep. Sampling was done in 2018 during the three months of July, August and Septamber in the study areas. In this experiment, 5 genera and 12 species of ants were identified. The results showed that a total of 62 plant species belonging to 15 plant families were transported by ants, of which 36 plant species were jointly transported by ants in all three regions. The results showed that there is only a significant difference between the ant genera Camponotus and Cataglyphis and also between the two genera Camponotus and Tetramorium (P<0.05). The results showed that the genus Messor, as a predatory ant, has transmitted 19 plant species that have nothing in common with other ant genera, and this ant genus has transmitted a large number of plant species compared to other ant genera. According to the results of this research, Messor can be considered as an ant that transmits a large number of plant species and species seeds and has an important effect on the diversity and presence of species in the vegetation composition

In this study,drought tolerance of advanced soybean lines has been investigated. In this study,14soybean lines Along with two control cultivars of Saba and Kowsardar were separately carriedout in two experiments of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years of2015-2016 in Karaj.These lines have been superior in preliminary experiments indicting in different regions.Both experiments were similarly irrigated until seedling establishment and the emergence of the V4-V5 stage,which coincided with the full development of the fourth to fifth leaves.Afterthat, the first experiment was irrigated weeklyand the second one aweek in between(50-55-and120-100-mm evaporation from ClassA evaporation pan,respectively).Different tolerance and sensitivity indices were used to evaluate the stress response.Indices were grouped by using principal component analysis and genotypes were grouped byusing biplot.Also,grouping wasperformed byusing SIIG indexand the resalt genotypes cluster was comparedwith Fernandez index.The resultsof mean comparison showed that three lines ColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45),CrafordxLan(L.44)and WilliamsxKatool(L.3)in numberof pods perplant, numberof seeds per pod and1000-seedweight andseedyield had the highest value andwere superiorto both sensitiveand tolerant control cultivars.Bioplate diagram showedthat lines WilliamsxKatool(L.3).NemahaxSavoy(L.3),ColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45)andSaba and Kosarcultivars were located near the vectorsof important drought resistance indices.Lines WilliamsxKatool(L.3)andCrafordxLan(L.44)tended tobe relatedto the yeildvector under stressconditions,indicating that the high values forthe drought tolerance index in these lines were mostly dueto its high yeild under stress conditions.Accordingto the SIIG index,the line WilliamsxKatool(L.3)was themost tolerant ofdrought stress.The results showedthat in each four methods,Sumof ranking,principal component analysis andSIIG index and fernandez diagram,linesWilliamsxKatool(L.3),CrafordxLan(L.44)andColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45)werethe most tolerant and linesWilliamsxKatool(L.8),RVBxKatool(L.13)and were the most sensitive to drought stress.Therefore,using rankings for less complication can be effective in selecting tolerant genotypes.

To study the effect of temperature and moisture regimes on agronomical and physiological traits of canola cultivars, an experiment was conducted for two years (2015-17) in Iran (Karaj). In this experiment, the sowing dates were in two levels including timely cultivation (September 27) and delayed cultivation (October 27), and irrigation was in two levels including normal irrigation (control) and irrigation interruption from the podding stage as the main factors, and canola cultivars and hybrids included Kodiak, Traviata, Compass, Diffusion, Mehr2, Elvise and Tassilo were included as the subfactors. The interaction effect of sowing date × irrigation × cultivar on the seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, 1000 seed weight and seed number per pod were significant. In delayed sowing date and in the both normal irrigation and late season drought stress conditions, the Tassilo hybrid with a high seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, proline and chlorophyll content can be effective in the cultivation of canola in temperate cold regions with dry and semi-arid climates and is recommended for the delayed cultivation conditions together with late season drought stress.

In natural environments, plants are continuously exposed to diverse environmental conditions that may affect plant survival, development and production. Water deficiency considers as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and decreases water use efficiency and photosynthesis rate. Nowadays it is suggested to use bio-fertilizers as a tool to adjust adverse effects of water shortage in soil. Bio-fertilizers containing Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are supposed to use. Some plant species have the ability to form a symbiosis relationship with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can increase growth and yield of plants under water deficiency, and it is one of the most important bio-inoculant that can be used to adjust adverse effects of water stress in plants. AMF-symbiosis considerably increases root colonization which turns into improving water use efficiency. Also, it establishes a platform to increase phosphorus mobility between soil and roots in the rhizosphere. Lallemantia iberica (Dragon’s head) and Lallemantia royleana (Lady’s mantle) are medicinal plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family. Genus Lallemantia seeds contain mucilage, polysaccharide, fiber, oil, protein, and plenty of valuable secondary metabolites. Limited information is availiable about the ability of these two species to make symbiosis relation with AMF under water deficit condition.  Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana inoculated by mycorrhizal in the different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regimes (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination mycorrhizae (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycorrhizae) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana). 

Increasing water deficit significantly reduced plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and seed oil content However, the highest plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, mucilage, and oil seed content obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (mild stress). The application of mycorrhizae increased plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and oil seed content in cross all irrigation regimes. It has been reported that establishment a relationship of symbiotic AMF with roots of host plant, through spreading the hyphae and developing the root system, improves growth and provides more water for plants, which finally this ability leads to the yield, root colonization and water use efficiency. Inoculated and non-inoculated L .royleana had the greatest resistance to different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments than L. iberica. It has been reported that L. royleana was more tolerant to water deficit in compared to L. iberica  Also the results showed that the highest root colonization was in L. royleana species which was grown under different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments.

In general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, water deficit stress damages can be reduced in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application of mycorrhizae.

This research aims to investigate the yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in intercropping with dragon head (Lallemantia iberica).

Mixed cropping was done based on increasing series, where Carthamus tinctorius is the main plant and Lallemantia iberica is the Sub plant. The basic design of the experiment was in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. Different cultivation patterns include pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 15% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 30% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius cultivation with 45% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 60%Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 75%Lallemantia iberica. In this study, Carthamus tinctorius traits included number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield and biological yield.

The results showed that the effect of different cultivation patterns on the number of seeds per plant and seed weight was not significant, but it was significant on the number of pods per plant, seed yield and biological yield .The highest number of seeds according to the 100:30 mixed crop pattern (Lallemantia iberica- Carthamus tinctorius) and the highest seed yield and biological yield belonged to pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation.The highest land equivalent ratio belonged to 100:30 mixed cultivation (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius).

100:30 intercropping pattern (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius) was suggested as the suitable pattern of mixed cropping due to highest grain yield, biological yield and economic benefit.

Today, agriculture faced various challenges, such as the inadequate of agricultural products for growing human needs, in the other words, step down of food security, reduction of productivity, economic justification, the competitiveness of agriculture, etc. On the other hand, the excessive use of agricultural inputs, especially water, fertilizers and pesticides, excessive pressure on natural resources along with the consequences of climate change has affected the sustainability and stability of agroecosystems. Intercropping as the agricultural practice of growing two or more species in the same farm at the same time has been emphasized by many researchers around the world as one of the ecological approaches for crop production as an effective technique for achieving sustainable agricultural goals. Therefore, the objective of this research was to agronomic and economic evaluation of intercropping patterns of three different crops.

To comparing sole cropping and intercropping systems of barley, fenugreek and garlic, a field experiment was conducted in 2016-17 at the Research Farm of Gonabad University based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of sole cropping of barley, fenugreek and garlic; and 4 replacement intercropping series as barley + fenugreek, barley + garlic, fenugreek + garlic, and barley + fenugreek + garlic. Studied traits included of dry forage yield, plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index in barley, dry forage yield, plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield in fenugreek, plant height, leaf number per plant, clove length, clove diameter, clove number per plant, and bulb yield of garlic. In this research, intercropping advantage indexes included land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL), system productivity index (SPI), intercropping advantage (IA) and relative value total (RVT) were calculated. Analyses of variance were carried out at P≤0.05, using SAS 9.1 software. The means were compared using the Duncan's multiple range test.

The results indicated that the highest values of dry forage yield (8523 kg.ha-1), seed yield (3494 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (14111 kg.ha-1) of barley were achieved from the sole cropping system. Among intercropping treatments, the highest dry forage yield (6109 kg.ha-1) achieved from barley + fenugreek. While, the highest seed yield (2709 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (11081 kg.ha-1) obtained from barley + garlic intercropping. There was no significant difference between sole cropping and intercropping systems about yield components as the plant height, 1000-seed weight, and harvest index of barley. The plant height, number of pod per plant and number of seed per pod showed the highest value in sole cropping system, although there was no significant difference between sole cropping with fenugreek + garlic intercropping. The seed yield (1145 kg.ha-1) and dry forage yield (5100 kg.ha-1) of fenugreek in sole cropping were significantly higher than intercropping patterns. The garlic +fenugreek intercropping treatment with 4090 kg.ha-1 dry forage yield, and 569 kg.ha-1 seed yield had the highest values among intercropping patterns. Yield components of garlic included the plant height, number of leaf per plant, clove length and diameter, and number of clove in plant had the highest value in sole cropping however, there was no significant difference between sole cropping and fenugreek + garlic intercropping. The highest value of bulb yield (7194 kg.ha-1) was obtained from sole cropping and garlic + fenugreek intercropping with the value of 3381 kg.ha-1 ranked in second place. Among intercropping advantage indexes, the highest value of land equivalent ratio (1.16), actual yield increase (0.30), and system productivity (8414) achieved from barley + garlic intercropping system. The highest value of intercropping advantage (0.02) and relative value total (1.27) obtained from fenugreek + garlic and barley + fenugreek, respectively.

According to our findings, intercropping systems of barley + fenugreek and fenugreek + garlic can be selected as an appropriate approach for planting these crops to producing more forage than sole cropping. The results also indicate the better utilization of barley from intercropping advantages than other species and its competitive superiority in the use of environmental resources and economic yield enhancement. Based on the findings of this research, intercropping of barley with garlic and fenugreek is an appropriate approach for increase of land use efficiency and economic profitability that in overall, among cropping systems, barley-garlic intercropping system had more advantage. 

This study was performed to produce seed potato from transplant of microtuber, minituber smaller than 10 gr and tubers smaller than 10 gr with super-elite seed class for purposes storage, increase water use efficiency and reduction of environmental stresses. Potato transplants were produced in the greenhouse of Zar-Gostar-e-Arta Agricultural Company and then was moved to farm of Ardebil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. In this experiment, four kinds of transpalnt of Agria cultivar potato consisting of: 1. microtuber, 2.minituber smaller than 10 gr, 3. tuber cut with a bud in SE seed class and 4. tuber smaller than 10 gr in SE seed class in the planting medium, a mixture of cocopeat and perlite and two direct planting of 5. minituber larger than 10 g and 6. SE seed class between 35-35 mm, were investigated, based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019. The results of variance analysis showed significant differences among the treatments in terms of main stem number per plant, plant height, tuber number per plant, tuber weight per plant, tuber yield and water use efficiency. The tuber yield and water use efficiency were highest in transplantation culture from tubers with SE seed class and tuber with a bud in SE seed class and direct cultivation tuber of bigger than 10 gr, tubers with SE seed class between 35-55 mm.

The sunflower is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world that its oil has nutritional and high economic value. Therefore, the selection of high yielding genotypes is especially important in this plant. In this regard, 11 new hybrids along with four cultivars Golsa, Ghasem, Shams and Farrokh were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in agriculture research station of Dezful during 2018-2020. In this study, the methods of genotype × trait (GT) and genotype by yield × trait biplot (GYT) were used to identify interrelationships between different traits and selection of the best sunflower genotypes. Based on polygon view of GT biplot, the genotype No. 1 had good characteristics regarding seed yield and traits related to yield. The vector view of GT biplot showed high correlation between seed yield with stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and seed number per head. Based on average tester coordinate (ATC) view of GYT biplot, the genotypes No. 1 and 6 in terms of all positive yield-trait combinations were recognized as the best genotypes and genotypes No. 12, and 7 as the weakest genotypes. According to the results, a significant positive correlation was observed between stem diameter, head diameter, plant height and early maturity in combination with seed yield. Therefore, it seems that traits of stem diameter, head diameter, plant height and early maturity could be used as a suitable selection criterions for increasing seed yield in sunflower.

Conventional tillage can reduce infiltration and hydraulic conductivity by disrupting macrospore networks and increasing bulk density, porosity, water use efficiency, and soil organic matter. Conservation tillage is one of the practices of crop residue management on the soil surface. Reduced tillage is one of the conservation systems that amount remain crop residues on the soil surface. Reduced tillage has some benefits, including higher soil organic matter, soil moisture maintenance by reducing evaporation, better penetration of water, and controlling water and soil erosion. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers caused serious environmental issues globally, such as reduction of plant diversity, instability of economic yield, increased pest, and disease damages, and intensification of soil erosion. These increasing concerns regarding the negative impacts of these systems on the environment and human health suggest that more effort is needed to develop sustainable agricultural systems. The application of vermicompost and biofertilizers is regarded as one of the promising approaches to increasing crop productivity. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly cultivated as a rainfed crop, and water stress often affects both productivity and yield stability. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of different tillage systems and the application of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth, yield, and economic efficiency production of Cicer arietinum L.

A field experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications at Firuzabad, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019. The main factor was different tillage systems, including conventional tillage (moldboard plowing+ disking, tillage depth 25–30 cm- CT), reduced tillage (chisel plowing- tillage depth 15 cm- RT), and no-tillage (NT), and the sub factor was four different fertilization treatments (C: control, AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae), VC: vermicompost (at 1.5 t/ha), AMF+ VC: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi+ vermicompost). In AM fungi treatments, 80 g of the soil containing mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and the remains of the root and spores (1000 g spore.10-1 g soil) was added to the soil during planting times. Also, vermicompost (1.5 t ha-1) was applied to the soil before planting.

The Results demonstrated that the highest seed yield (116 g.m-2) and protein yield (24.2 g.m-2) was achieved in reduced tillage with the application of AMF+ VC. Also, reduced tillage increased the seed yield and protein yield by 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively, when compared with CT. Different tillage systems and applications of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly impacted the number of pods per plant, plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, and biological yield. The highest mentioned traits were obtained in reduced tillage and with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. Moreover, the application of AMF+ VC increased the number of pods per plant, plant height, and biological yield by 37.2, 35.2 and 19.7%, respectively, in comparison to control. The highest pod total weight (155.8 g.m-2), harvest index (40.5%), and seed protein content (21.2%) were obtained through integrative application of AMF+ VC, and the lowest these traits were reached in control. Based on the economic values, the best treatments were RT+ C, CT+ C, AMF+ RT, and AMF+ CT, respectively, with the highest net income and Marginal rate of return.

Overall, the results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between tillage systems. The highest number of pods per plant,  plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, biological yield, total pod weight, seed yield, and protein yield were achieved in reduced tillage that increased by 26.4, 16.8, 27.4, 28.6, 10.9 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively when compared with conventional tillage.  Also, integrative application of AMF+ VC increased harvest index, 100 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and seed protein content by 16.7, 21.1, 19.7, 40.1, and 21.8%, respectively, when compared with control. The highest values of the seed yield and protein yield were obtained in reduced tillage with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. In contrast, based on the economic values, the maximum marginal rate of return was achieved in reduced tillage without fertilizer, conventional tillage without fertilizer, reduced tillage+ AMF, and conventional tillage+ AMF, respectively.