جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Soybean » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

This research was undertaken to assess the impact of kinetin (Kin) and salicylic acid (SA) on alleviation of oxidative, ionic and osmotic stresses of different levels of salinity. the experiment with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The investigated factors included salinity (0, 4, 7 and 10 dS/m) and hormones (50 μM kintin and 1 mM salicylic acid). 20 soybean seeds (cultivar M7) were planted at a depth of 3 cm in each pot containing 1 kg of perlite. Hormones were sprayed in the vegetative and reproductive stages. One week after the final treatment, tests were performed. Salinity increased the contents of roots and leaves sodium, the amount of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, α-tocopherol, and the contents of soluble sugars and proline of soybean leaves, but decreased potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, membrane stability index, leaf relative water content and seed yield. Foliar spray of hormones, especially Kin + SA, reduced Na+ content, H2O2 and malondialdehyde and proline content, while enhancing potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, antioxidants avtivities, membrane stability index, soluble sugars and leaf relative water content. These superiorities of Kin + SA treatment led to considerable improvement in seed yield of soybean.

Drought stress is a major limitation in the production and sustainable performance of plant products, including soybeans, and identifying drought-tolerant genotypes can be a valuable solution in dealing with this problem.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 2019 in Ahar city. The treatments included irrigation levels (1- no stress, 2- stress after flowering, 3- stress after podding) as the main factor and 10 genotype of soybean as secondary factors were implemented in four replications.

With the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the fruiting stage, the yield and yield components decreased due to the increase in the duration of drought stress and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed conditions.The non-stress treatment (normal) had 11.75% more yield than the stress treatment after podding. Aryan line and DPX variety were selected as superior varieties and Kausar, Parsa and Saba lines were selected as weak lines. Under normal conditions, the trait number of fertile stems was entered into the model, under stress conditions, after flowering, the trait number of stems per plant was entered into the model, and under stress conditions, after seeding, straw and stubble yield traits and seed weight per stem were entered into the model, and the first The variable entered into the model at this level of stress was the yield of straw and stubble,

In this study,drought tolerance of advanced soybean lines has been investigated. In this study,14soybean lines Along with two control cultivars of Saba and Kowsardar were separately carriedout in two experiments of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years of2015-2016 in Karaj.These lines have been superior in preliminary experiments indicting in different regions.Both experiments were similarly irrigated until seedling establishment and the emergence of the V4-V5 stage,which coincided with the full development of the fourth to fifth leaves.Afterthat, the first experiment was irrigated weeklyand the second one aweek in between(50-55-and120-100-mm evaporation from ClassA evaporation pan,respectively).Different tolerance and sensitivity indices were used to evaluate the stress response.Indices were grouped by using principal component analysis and genotypes were grouped byusing biplot.Also,grouping wasperformed byusing SIIG indexand the resalt genotypes cluster was comparedwith Fernandez index.The resultsof mean comparison showed that three lines ColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45),CrafordxLan(L.44)and WilliamsxKatool(L.3)in numberof pods perplant, numberof seeds per pod and1000-seedweight andseedyield had the highest value andwere superiorto both sensitiveand tolerant control cultivars.Bioplate diagram showedthat lines WilliamsxKatool(L.3).NemahaxSavoy(L.3),ColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45)andSaba and Kosarcultivars were located near the vectorsof important drought resistance indices.Lines WilliamsxKatool(L.3)andCrafordxLan(L.44)tended tobe relatedto the yeildvector under stressconditions,indicating that the high values forthe drought tolerance index in these lines were mostly dueto its high yeild under stress conditions.Accordingto the SIIG index,the line WilliamsxKatool(L.3)was themost tolerant ofdrought stress.The results showedthat in each four methods,Sumof ranking,principal component analysis andSIIG index and fernandez diagram,linesWilliamsxKatool(L.3),CrafordxLan(L.44)andColumbusxKrasnodar778(L.45)werethe most tolerant and linesWilliamsxKatool(L.8),RVBxKatool(L.13)and were the most sensitive to drought stress.Therefore,using rankings for less complication can be effective in selecting tolerant genotypes.

Investigation of environmental factors and stresses on the fatty acid composition of soybean oil and identification of water deficit tolerant cultivars is one of the strategies to improve the fatty acid composition of its oil.Effect of water deficit stress on quality characteristics and oil yield of 13 soybean genotypes were evaluated as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replicates in Karaj in two years.In this work irrigation was conducted at three levels including routine irrigation (control),mild and severe stress were based on 50, 100 and 150mm evaporation from ClassA evaporation pan, respectively,in main plots and soybean genotypes in sub-plots.The results showed that effect of year×irrigation×genotype on oil yield, oil content, oleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidic acid was significant.Oilyeild of soybean decreased under mild and severe stress, 27 and 38%, respectively.Saba and Williams×A3935 had the highest oilyield with an average of 422 and 427 kg/ha, respectively. palmitic acid in mild and severe stress compared to control irrigation decreased by2.6% and 1.2%.While stearic acid increased by9.5% and 10.8%in mild and severe stress conditions, respectively.In control irrigation, L425002 line with 0.22%, in mild stress conditions,Williams×Century and L425002 with 24.6% and 24.1%, and in severe stress conditions, Saba and L425002 genotypes with 24.1% and 24.5%, had the highest percentages of oleic acid and high oil content.In control irrigation, Saba cultivar,in mild stress conditions,Saba cultivar and Williams×A3935 and in severe stress conditions Williams×A3935 had the highest oil yield.L425002 and Williams×Century had the highest oil quality in all stress conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different nutrition systems and cover crops on morphological traits, yield, yield components and competitive indices of sesame in competition with weeds.  

This research was carried out in the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2016 as a randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments. Experimental treatments include: 1- sesame + soybean cover crop + without fertilizer, 2- sesame + millet cover crop + without fertilizer, 3- sesame + soybean cover crop + vermicompost, 4- sesame + millet cover crop + vermicompost, 5- sesame + soybean cover crop + chemical fertilizer, 6- sesame + millet cover crop + chemical fertilizer, 7- sesame + without weeding + without fertilizer (control) 8- sesame + weeding + chemical fertilizer (control). Also, two treatments of monoculture of sesame were considered as control (weed infestation and weed free). The traits studied in this experiment include weed density and weed biomass, competitive indices, yield and yield components, as well as morphological traits of sesame. 

The results of weed sampling in three stages (10- leaf, seed dough and harvesting time) showed that the highest weeds density and biomass was in control with weed infestation and then in soybean cover crop with chemical fertilizer application. The results showed that fertilizer resources and cover crops had a significant effect on the grain yield, number of capsules per plant, seed number per capsule, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, as well as competition index (CI), so that the highest and lowest grain yields were observed in the treatment of millet with organic fertilizer (1630.22 kg.ha-1) and millet without fertilizer (413.33 kg.ha-1), respectively. The highest number of capsules per plant (41) was observed in weed control and the highest number of seeds per capsule (64.33 and 63.66) and 1000-seeds weight (2.56 and 2.53 g) in two treatments of weed control and millet cover crop with organic fertilizer application, respectively. Also, the highest rate of competition index (4.38%) was observed in millet cover crop with organic fertilizer, which showed significant effect of treatments on this index in sesame. 

The result of this experiment showed that millet cover crop, with decreasing weed density and biomass, increased sesame yield significantly. Furthermore, the use of organic fertilizers comparison to chemical fertilizers improves the properties of the soil and, also, the use of these fertilizers with the appropriate cover crops is a suitable strategy for sustainable agriculture in order to achieve greater yield and higher quality of the sesame. So, use of millet cover crop as well as organic fertilizer is recommended to improve sesame yield and proper weed management.

In order to investigate growth indices, yield, and nitrogen and phosphorous content in soybean under bio- and chemical fertilizer application, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out on the research farm of the Moghan College of Agriculture & Natural Resources during 2015. The first factor, Biosoy Bio-fertilizer containing different strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria, included inoculation of seed and non-inoculation; and the second factor, chemical fertilizer, included non-application of fertilizers (0%), 50 kg.ha-1 urea 66 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate (33%), 100 kg.ha-1 urea 132 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate (66%), and 150 kg.ha-1 urea 200 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate (100%). The results showed that the lowest leaf area index (2.17), total dry matter accumulation (374.17 g.m-2), crop growth rate (8.6 g.m-2.d-1), grain yield (3738.3 kg.ha-1), and leaf chlorophyll index (20.83) values were observed from the combined treatment of non-inoculation and non-application of fertilizer. The highest values of leaf area index (5.46), total dry matter accumulation (784.5 g.m-2), crop growth rate (21 g.m-2.d-1), grain yield (7602.8 kg.ha-1), and leaf chlorophyll index (38.16) were recorded from the combined treatment of inoculation by Biosoy and 33% of chemical fertilizer. Inoculation treatments significantly showed higher nitrogen content and nitrogen to phosphorus ratio than non-inoculated ones. All-told, soybean inoculation with Biosoy bio-fertilizer containing Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria not only increases soybean growth, development and yield, but also, reduces chemical fertilizers usage, production costs, and environmental risks.

Sustainable agriculture is a kind of agriculture to human interests, uses resources more efficiently, and is in balance with the environment. One of the key strategies in sustainable agriculture is diversity restoration to agricultural environments and its effective management. Intercropping is an effective way to achieve sustainable agriculture. In comparison to a sole crop, intercropping better utilizes nutrients, water, and land (Fuente et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2011). Conservation tillage also helps retain water and soil, and increases crop yield. This experiment was done to evaluate the effect of conservation and conventional tillage on biodiversity and water and nitrogen use efficiency in sole and additive intercropping of soybean (Glycine max (L.Merr.) with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
The experiment was conducted at the Bu-Ali Sina University, during the growing seasons of 2013-14. Tillage (conventional tillage and conservation tillage by chisel) and different planting patterns (sunflower and soybean sole cropping with weeding; sunflower and soybean sole cropping without weeding; and additive intercropping of 30%, 60% and 90% soybean with sunflower) were considered as main plots and sub-plots, respectively. Grain yield was determined for sunflower and soybean. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was calculated to measure efficiency of intercropping compared to pure cropping (Banik et al., 2006). Weed species, density and biomass were determined for weed infested treatments. Indices of Shannon-Wiener and Margalef for weed species were also used for studying biodiversity. SAS ver. 9.1 procedures and programs were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculations.
The highest total weed density (50.50 plant m-2) and biomass (312.50 g m-2) were obtained from sunflower sole cropping without weeding at chisel tillage. Intercropping significantly changed weed density compared to sole cropping, as weed density and weed biomass were decreased in the intercropping systems. Indices of Shannon-Wiener and Margalef for intercrops were also lower than those for sole crops. The lowest Shannon-Wiener (1.22) and Margalef (1.12) indices for weeds were obtained with the treatment of 90% soybean sunflower under conservation tillage. The highest grain yield of sunflower (363.00 g m-2) was achieved with a sole cropping treatment with weeding, but the intercropping system decreased this. Soybean grain yield also decreased with intercropping. Intercropping systems could increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in comparison with sunflower sole cropping without weeding. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.28) and relative value total (1.68) belonged to additive intercropping of 60% soybean sunflower. One of the important benefits of intercropping is the higher productivity and profitability per unit area (Zhang et al., 2011). When the value of LER is less than 1, the intercropping negatively affects the growth and yield of crops grown in mixtures. When the value of LER is greater than 1 (LER>1), however, the intercropping favors the growth and yield of the crops. (Zhang et al., 2011). Moreover, the total land use efficiency was higher in the intercropping system compared to the sole cropping system, indicating the advantage of intercropping over sole cropping in utilizing environmental resources for crop growth (Fuente et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2011).
Generally, weed density and weed biomass were lower in intercropping systems than in pure cropping. Intercropping systems also increased water and nitrogen use efficiency in comparison with sunflower sole cropping. Therefore, additive intercropping of soybean with sunflower was more useful than sole cropping in terms of weed control and land use efficiency.

The effect of inoculation of Bradyrhizobium and mycorrhizal fungus on root colonization, yield quantity and quality of soybean (Glycine max) in different levels of potassium, Studied by field experimental in Shahrood University Agricultural Research Station during growing season of 2012. The experiment was a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. The factors included mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculated and inoculated with Glomus intraradices), nitrogen fixation bacteria inoculation included (non-inoculated and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and potassium fertilizer (0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1). Results showed that mycorrhizal factor significantly affected all of studied traits except number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and grain yield.Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased pod dry weight, root colonization percent, protein percent, oil percent and biological yield. Bradyrhizobium inoculation factor significantly affected all of studied traits. The potassium fertilizer factor significantly affected all of studied traits except number of seeds per pod trait. In most cases between 100 kg.ha-1and 200 kg.ha-1of fertilizer was not significant difference. Dual inoculation of mycorrhizal and Bradyrhizobium bacteria interactions significantly affected number of pods per plant, oil percent and root colonization percent. Bradyrhizobium, mycorrhizal fungi and potassium interactions significantly affected all of studied traits except number of seeds per pod.

Given the importance of soybean oil as a valuable oilseed crop compatible with Iranian climate، this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of biological and organic fertilizers on soybean yield and yield components. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in the spring of 2011 in Yasouj، Iran. Experimental factors included five levels of organic fertilizer (10 and 15 t/ha manure، 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost and control without organic fertilizer) and two levels of bio-fertilizer (lack of bacteria and the use of the Bradyrhizobium japanicum bacterium plus phosphate Barvar 2). The results showed that the highest grain and oil yield were obtained using 15 t/ha manure (449 and 102 g/m2، respectively) and 5 t/ha vermicompost without bio-fertilizers (400 and 98. 6 g/m2، respectively) and the lowest were obtained in the control treatment without organic fertilizer. Application of 10 t/ha vermicompost decreased oil content significantly compared to treatment without organic fertilizer. The use of organic fertilizers increased pods per plant، biological yield، grain yield، oil yield، protein percentage and protein yield. Results showed that application of 15 t/ha manure and five t/ha vermicompost can caused higher soybean grain yield in Yasouj.

In low-input cropping systems، the natural roles of microorganisms in maintaining soil fertility may be more important than conventional system. In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting fungi on improvement of growth and development in soybean (cv: JK) an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was six levels of fungi: inoculation T. harzianum and AMF genus Glumus: G. mosseae، G. intraradices، and co-inoculation of T. harzianum + G. mosseae، T. harzianum + G. intraradices and non-inoculation (control). The second factor was three levels of phosphorus (0، 70 and 140 kg. ha-1) from superphosphate trip. Results showed that inoculation of T. harzianum and G. mosseae significantly had maximum chlorophyll content up to 17% and 16% at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage as compared to the control respectively. The greatest effect was recorded at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage significant increase in terms of chlorophyll content. In addition، the dry weights and chlorophyll content of soybean plants in reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and co-inoculated with T. harzianum + G. mosseae as well as conventional phosphorous dosage were significantly higher than the non-inoculated plants. In this experiment، at reduce phosphate fertilizer (P0%: 0) treatment، not affected of plant growth promoting fungi compared to control. But، reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) was more affected.

In order to study of effects of nitrogen fertilizer and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield، fertilizer use efficiency، rate and effective grain filling period of soybean (Glycine max L.)، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 25 km Gorgan at Golestan province in 2011. Factors were different rates of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (without nitrogen and application 25، 50 and 75 kg urea/ha) and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in five levels (without inoculation، seed inoculation with Pseudomonas putida strain 41، Pseudomonas putida strain 186، Azotobacter chroococoum strain 5 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer rates and seed inoculation with PGPR had significantly effects on grain yield، grain 100 weight، number of seeds per plant، plant height and all of grain filling parameters. Maximum of grain yield and grain filling period were obtained in application of 75 kg urea/ha × seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and Bradyrhizobium japonicum increased nitrogen use efficiency compared to no seed inoculation. Of course، the highest nitrogen use efficiency belonged to seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japonicum. Means comparison showed that maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 25 kg urea/ha×seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and minimum of it was obtained in application of 75 kg urea /ha × no seed inoculation. It seems that in order to increasing of grain yield and the other traits (except nitrogen use efficiency) can be suggested that be applied seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum × application of 75 kg urea /ha in second cropping of soybean.

The vertical distribution of leaf area and dry matter is considered to be an impact factor on light absorption, evapotranspiration of canopy, dry matter accumulation and seed yield. To study the vertical distribution of leaf area and dry matter of the maize canopy in competition with weeds and cover crops, an experiment was conducted at Sari in 2011. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and three replications. Three cover crops, namely bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max L.) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium), were planted on two dates: simultaneous with and 21 days after maize sowing (delayed planting). In addition, maize sole crop with weed control and weed interference was added to the treatments. The results showed that dry matter and leaf area index of bean and soybean were higher than for clover. The delayed planting of bean and soybean increased the leaf area index of maize upper layer canopy rather than sole cropping of maize with weed interference: this approach caused an increase in the competitive ability of maize against weeds. The leaf area and dry matter of weeds were reduced more by bean and soybean than by berseem clover. The cover crops caused the maximum amount of weed (in particular, veveltleaf and bermuda grass) dry matter to be accumulated in the primary layer. The cover crops reduced the number of layers and dry matter of per layers in the weed canopy. For maize, the dry matter was less in the presence of berseem clover than for the two other cover crops. The maximum amount of weed dry matter was accumulated in the primary layer. Grain yield in maize was higher in simultaneous sowing than in delayed planting of cover crops, especially soybean. The cover crops’ dry matter had a positive correlation with dry matter of maize and was negatively correlated with dry matter of weeds. The yield of maize in the present of crop cover was higher than for sole cropping of maize under weed interference. The grain yield of maize with a delayed presence of cover crop was higher than at the same sowing date.

In order to study the effect of different nutrition systems and nitrogen rates on some quantitative and qualitative traits of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill var Williams) grain yield، a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University on 2010 growth season. Factorial arrangement of treatments was arranged within RCBD with three replications. The experimental factors were different nutrition systems (Organic، Integrated، Conventional) and nitrogen rates (100، 150 and 200 kg/ha). In organic and conventional systems، nitrogen were obtained the form of zeoponix and urea، respectively. The results showed that the highest grain yield (5650 kg/ha) obtained from integrated nutrition system and in contrast، organic nutrition system produced the lowest grain yield (2617 kg/ha). The highest oil yield (1469 kg/ha) was obtained under interaction of integrated nutrition system and 150 kg/ha nitrogen and lowest oil yield (585 kg/ha) was produced with 100 kg/ha nitrogen in the organic nutrition system. Regarding to the effect of N rates on soybean grain yield، the grain yield increased by increasing the nitrogen rate in such a manner، amount of 200 kgN. ha-1 obtained the highest yield (4780 kg/ha) and application of 100 kgN. ha-1 produced lowest yield (3827 kg/ha). According to our finding، application of integrated nutrition system in soybean along using 150 kg/ha nitrogen with no rhyzobiom inoculation، could encourage the sustainable agriculture goals throughout reduced chemical nitrogen and increase soybean grain yield and quality.