جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زغال فعال » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

 Lily, a member of the genus Lilium, belonging to the Liliaceae family is one of the most important commercial pot and cut flower species and one of the three major bulb crops in the commercial market because of its large, colorful and fascinating flowers. Lily hybrids are the most economically important plants with varied flowers. Hybrid Eastern lily (Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Casablanca’) is a perennial bulbous plant that its propagation by bulb in natural condition is time-consuming, so produces 1–2 bulblets per bulb scale in one years’ time which is not sufficient for large scale cultivation of this plant. One of the most important and best methods for vegetative propagation and breeding of lilies is in vitro bulb scale culture. In vitro adventitious bud regeneration from scales of Lilium rely on many factors like cytokinin and auxin concentrations such as BA and NAA. The successful use of tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of some species of the genus Lilium including L. ledebourii, L. orientalis, L. longiflorum, L. japonicum, L. speciosum, L. concolor, L. nepalense, L. regale, L. oriental hybrid, L. Asiatic hybrid has been reported. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of BA and NAA on in vitro proliferation of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Casablanca’ using bulb scale as explant to establish a suitable protocol.
 Effect of various concentrations of 6-benzyle adenine (BA; 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l–1) and ɑ-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l–1) were evaluated on in vitro proliferation of L. ‘Oriental’. Bulb scale as explant and MS basal medium as culture medium were used. Activated charcoal was applied to inhibit the browning of the culture medium and explant. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD). The 16 treatments were applied, each treatment had 4 replications and each replication had 4 individuals. Therefore, in these experiments, a total of 192 bulbs were used. Traits including total plantlets fresh weight, leaf length, leaf number, bulblet weight, bulblet diameter, bulblet number, survival percentage, root length and root number related to in vitro proliferation were measured. All the statistical analyses were done by using SAS and Tukey’s test. Arcsin software was used for changing percent data.
 The interaction effect of BA and NAA was significant for all measured traits. Results showed that the maximum number of bulblet (8.66) and root (5.36) were obtained in culture medium enriched with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.4 mg l–1 NAA. Culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.2 mg l–1 NAA and 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA with induction of 7.33 bulblets per explant were suitable media. The largest number of leaf (4.33) was measured in culture medium containing 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA. The highest bulblet weight was measured in culture medium supplemented with 1 mg l–1 BA along with 0.2 mg l–1 NAA. The greatest survival rate (100%) was observed in medium enriched with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA. Survival rate (90%) in explants treated with 2 mg l–1 BA along with 0.4 mg l–1 NAA was high. Obtained results revealed that the presence of both BA and NAA in culture media for enhancement of most traits is necessary and critical. Plantlets were transferred to a growing medium containing cocopeat, peat moss and perlite in identical proportion for acclimatization following proliferation. Approximately, 90% of regenerated plantlets survived and were morphologically similar to the mother stocks. This study will help the producers and breeders for commercial and improvement purposes. The effective role of the simultaneous presence of both auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium in effective organogenesis was shown in the present study. Similar findings were reported for some lilies such as L. ledebourii (Baker) Bioss., L. longiflorum and L. regale. Auxin was effective in stimulating bulb production and growth of the aerial part of the eastern lily, and its presence along with cytokinin is essential for leaf induction. Some studies have reported similar results. The type and optimal concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the culture medium for suitable in vitro propagation varies in different species. Genetic variations (species type), differences in the amount of endogenous production of PGRs and their interaction with each other are among some reasons for this difference. The proper ratio of auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium is effective for inducing cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and finally for achieving a complete plant. Root production with appropriate quantity and quality leads to the suitable survival of seedlings resulting from the growth of cultured explants under in vitro conditions and adapted plants. Current study showed that the presence of both BA and NAA is better than the presence of one of these two PGRs for induction and growth of root. Some similar findings were reported, however in most studies, the presence of auxin as individual PGR has been found to be more suitable for root induction.

Application of stress-tolerant rootstocks is known as one of the effective methods to enhance the productivity of fruit gardens. Pear is one of the four or five major classes of fruits that are produced worldwide. Among pear cultivars, Pyrodwarf rootstock is tolerant to alkaline soil and low temperatures of winter. In addition, many cultivars of pear with high productivity could be grafted to this rootstock. These advantages result in widespread culture of pyrodwarf rootstock in pear gardens. The increasing market demand of this rootstock presents an opportunity to investigate alternative methods for efficient production of pyrodwarf. Therefore, this study has been conducted to increase the efficiency of pyrodwarf propagation through tissue culture methods. For this experiment, sterile plantlets of pyrodwarf rootstocks in a same growth phase were used. Plantlets were cultured in different 12 media including MS, WPM, KNOP, modified KNOP, QL and modified QL basal media supplemented with 0.5 mg.L-1 BA and 0.05 mg.L-1 IAA or IBA and solidified with 8 g.L-1 agar. After that, cultures were transferred to the growth room at 25 ± 1°C under a 16/8h light/dark photoperiod (light intensity 30 μmol.m−2.s−1, cool-white fluorescent light). In the next step for rooting optimization, two separate experiments were conducted. In the first, 10 different basal media containing various nutritional compounds were examined for rooting properties of pyrodwarf plantlets. The following experiment was performed to reveal the effects of IAA and active charcoal on the efficiency of plantlets rooting. All the experiments were carried out in acompletelyrandomized design. The study of propagation efficiency of plantlets was arranged in a factorial approach with twofactors including the type of basal media (sixlevels) and auxins (twolevels) with threereplications. The both experiments of plantlet rooting were performed with sevenreplications. Data were analyzed using JMP-8 statistical software and the meanswere compared by using LSD test at 5% probability. All explants were regenerated 15 days after cultivation. The number of buds per explants indicates that nutritional compounds significantly affected bud formation. MS basal media induced the most number of adventitious buds and decreasing amount of nitrogen in the culture medium (either in its ammonium or nitrate form) leads to 50%-decrease in the number of buds induced per explant. Previous reports mentioned that macronutrients have the most significant effect on bud formation of peach hybrid rootstock GF677. In addition, high amount of nitrogen is necessary to achieve the highest height of pyrodwarfin vitro plantlets. In contrast to the basal media, neither bud formation nor height of plantlets did not affected by the type of auxins, IAA and IBA. Also weight of plantlets was similar in all treatments and shows the effect of basal media and auxins were not significant on biomass production. According to the results of rooting experiment, plantlets that were cultured in MS and DKW had higher height than QL and Knop in rooting phase. Also, 1/2 MS-cultured plantlets have the lowest height among all treatments. These results showed that macronutrients have positive effects on the growth of pyrodwarf plantlets as decreasing concentration; the growth of plantlets was inhibited. In contrast to shoot growth, number of roots per explants in 1/2 MS medium was significantly higher than the other media. These results are expected as shoots and roots of plants have different response to environmental stimuli. Data obtained from the following experiment of rooting indicated that IAA improved root induction similar toother functional traits of plants but the presence of both of those compounds in medium have inhibitory effect on the functional traits of plants. These data suggest that macronutrients and hormonal compounds have impressive impact on the regeneration of pyrodwarf plantlets. In this regard, MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg.L-1 BA and 0.05 mg.L-1 IAA or IBA induced most number of buds and the regenerated plantlets hadthe highest height in that medium compared to the other treatments. Also, 1/2 MS medium containing 1 mg.L-1 IAA was identified as the best media in case of rooting parameters.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a cross-pollinated plant whose seed vigor is poor. Therefore, the vegetative propagation approaches like in vitro culture techniques could be the best choice for mass and true-to-type production of stevia plantlets. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of basal media (MS, B5 and LS) and physical parameters such as light (55 and 110 μmol m-2 s-1) and temperature (22, 25 and 27ºC) on in vitro culture of stevia. The nodal segments were cultured on basal media containing various combination of BAP and IAA or IBA. The ANOVA showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among treatments on micropropagation of stevia. In another experiment, the effect of mT (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l) was also compared with the best treatment from the first experiment. It was found that mT at 1 mg/l was the best concentration. The genetic stability of micropropagated plantlets relative to the mother plant was achieved by AFLP marker using 12 selected primers. In this study, 231 reproducible bands around 50-500bp were scored, indicating similarity of in vitro plantlets with the donor.

This research was aimed to achieve the optimal protocol for micropropagation of shallot (Allium stipitatum) via basal disc. For regeneration, the basal disc explants were cultured on Murashig & Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of Benzyladenine (BA) (0, 1 & 2 mgl-1) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5 & 1 mgl-1). The regenerated bulblets were rooted on MS and ½MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, NAA, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and activated charcoal (AC). The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized under ex vitro conditions. The results indicated that the maximum number of bulblet (12.66) was observed on medium containing 2 mg.l-1 BA and 1 mg.l-1 NAA. In addition, the highest root number (1.77) and length (2.55 cm) were observed on 1 mg.l-1 IAA and 1 g.l-1 activated charcoal and the survival rate was 100% in pots filled with a coco peat: perlite: peat moss (1:2:1 v/v) mixture. This research could be a suitable method for micropropagation of this endangered plant.Hence, the rapid micropropagation of shallot is compulsory because of its various applications and extinction.

Aloe (Aloe vera L.) is one of the most valuable plants in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and health industries. Due to the growing need for this plant, extensive research has been done on in vitro culture. In vitro propagation of this plant is a convenient and efficient way for the massive proliferation and the use of secondary metabolites. In this study, the best method of sterilization for the explants derived from Aloe vera seedlings and the effects of growth regulators BAP, NAA, and activated charcoal were investigated. The experiment was based on a completely randomized (CRD) design with 3 replications and 5 treatments. BAP at concentrations of 5 and 4 mg per liter, NAA at 0.2 mg per liter, and activated charcoal at 2 grams per liter were used in the MS-medium to induce the lateral buds of seedlings. Fungicide carbendazim 1% (20 min.), alcohol 70% (30 seconds), sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (20 min.), mercuric chloride 0.1% (10 minutes) was identified as the best protocol. In addition, MS-medium with 5 mg/L BAP and 2 grams per liter of activated charcoal was known to be the best environment to induce the lateral buds. The buds obtained in the MS-medium containing 2.0 ppm NAA were rooted and 85% of cuttings survived in the greenhouse.

Strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa L.) is an important horticultural product that is highly acceptable because of its desirable taste، flavor، mineral elements، vitamins and secondary metabolites. Conventionally، strawberries are vegetatively propagated by runners arising from axillary buds on the plant crown. Plant propagation through runner produces a limited number of propagules. In the view of mass propagation and transformation، it is highly desirable to optimize methods of rapid، efficient and large scale multiplication of Fragaria X ananassa Duch. through tissue culture. In present study، developing an effective protocol for regeneration of strawberry cv. Selva، different explants (leaf disk، shoot tips and hypocotyls) and media modifications were examined. The best response towards shoot induction was observed on shoot tip explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of BAP and IAA. Direct shoots emerged from hypocotyls grown on MS medium supplemented by 2،4-D، BAP and TDZ at 0. 01، 0. 1 and 1 mg/l respectively. Indirect shoot regeneration was produced from hypocotyls on MS medium containing 2 mg/l of BAP. Using activated charcoal enhanced explants proliferation on culture media due to decreasing the toxic metabolites، phenolic exudation and adsorption of inhibitory compounds.

Ferula gummosa Boiss. is an endangered plant species of the family Apiaceae and endemic to Iran whose mass production is exposed to serious problems due to being monocarpic and prolonged seed dormancy. The first step to improve this precious medicinal, industrial and economic plant is ability in production of numerous sterile plantlets in order to prepare explants of appropriate vigour. In this survey, in vitro culture of galbanum was performed in MS 1/4 medium by a factorial trial in the form of completely random design including A factor in 2 levels (embryo culture horizontally; and vertically so that half part of the embryo is inside the medium and cotyledons stand upward) and B in 4 levels (containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g/L char-coal) in 3 repeats. Several growth traits were measured during 5 weeks. Seed culture was also studied in 4 medium including distilled water, solid MS 1/4, soil and moist filter paper. Embryo culture ways were resulted in vigorous and numerous plantlets in shorter time, in comparison with seed germination ways. Finally the best option was vertically culture of embryo in MS 1/4 medium containing 0.5 g/L char-coal. Obviously this method will provide the plant with a very similar condition to growth in natural environment.