جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "2" در نشریات گروه "باغبانی"

Pistachio is one of the most important strategic products of Iran, which is extremely important from various economic and social aspects. In unfavorable conditions during storage, the quality of pistachios decreases due to adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pre- harvest foliar application of chitosan (500 and 1000 mg.L-1), Nano-chitosan (250 and 500 mg.L-1) and distilled water (control) on the quality and shelf life of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’) at four different times (0, 25, 50 and 75 days after harvest) in a cold room at 4±0.5 °C and 80±5 % RH. The findings showed that in the treatment of Nano-chitosan containing 250 mg.L-1, the lowest weight loss (WL), the highest amount of total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein, and oil were observed on the 25th day after harvest. The highest amount of flavonoids was observed in Nano-chitosan treatment containing (500 mg.L-1) on day 25. Nano-chitosan treatment containing (500 mg.L-1) increased shell firmness and had the highest amount of shell firmness. Also, the parameter of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content showed a different trend in four measurement times, and pistachios coated with chitosan and Nano-chitosan had higher NDF than the control. The highest amount was observed in chitosan treatment containing 500 mg. L-1 on day 50 after harvest. Considering the increase of 30 days of shelf Life post-harvest of nano-chitosan treatments compared to the control, therefore the application of nano-chitosan per-harvest at a concentration of 250 mg.L-1 can be recommended as a safe and low cost strategy to increase the postharvest life of Pistachio fruit 'Ahmad Aghaei ' cultivar.

Polyploidy is a condition in which organisms possess more than two sets of haploid chromosomes, resulting from abnormal chromosome separation during cell division. It can be used as a breeding technique to optimize vegetative and reproductive parameters in crops by changing the total nuclear genome content. To determine the optimal concentration of oryzalin for polyploidy induction in the grapevine cultivar 'Askari', as well as to assess its impact on the morpho-physiological parameters, this research was carried out in a completely randomized design. The experiment comprised three treatment groups, including 0, 30, and 60 μmol of oryzalin. The oryzalin treatments were applied by gently dabbing the buds with a cotton swab at the bud color change stage, just before to the bud break. The results of the research indicated that a concentration of 60 μmol of oryzalin was more efficient for polyploidy induction than the 30 μmol (11.66% compared to 3.66%, respectively). A comparison of the original diploid plants and the induced tetraploids revealed that the diploid plants exhibited enhanced shoot growth in contrast to the tetraploids. Conversely, the tetraploid plants demonstrated advantages in terms of stomatal density (26.1 per mm2 compared to 15.33 per mm2), leaf length (3.82 μm compared to 2.26 μm), and leaf width (3.67 μm compared to 1.51 μm). Additionally, tetraploid plants had higher chlorophyll content than their diploid counterparts. There was no difference in the accumulation of soluble sugars and starch in the leaves of diploid and tetraploid plants, while diploid plants demonstrated higher quantity of total phenols. In summary, the use of the anti-mitotic agent oryzalin could be used as an efficient method for inducing polyploidy in the grapevine cultivar 'Askari'. Although polyploidy can improve certain leaf traits and it may also decrease grapevine growth rate. This research provides preliminary insights into the effects of oryzalin-induced polyploidy on morpho-physiological traits of grapevine cultivar 'Askari'; however, further investigation is required to fully understand the implications of this method.

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) has been listed in threatened species in Iran. It has been used for treatment of a wide number of health disorders. The herb was used for wound healing, anticarcinogenic, mental illness and revitalizing the nerves and brain cells. In vitro culture and micropropagation are basic tools for conserving this medicinal plant. The purpose of this study is to achieve a suitable protocol for propagation of this plant in in vitro. In the first experiment, interaction of different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mgl-1) and NAA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mgl-1) were examined on leaf explants. The results of the callogenesis experiment showed that MS medium with 1.5 mgl-1 BAP and 0.5 mgl-1 NAA, produced the best callus. In the next step, the interaction of BAP at 0, 1, 2, 3 mgl-1 and IBA at 0, 0.5, 1 mgl-1 was investigated in proliferation of node explants. Rooting of amplified explants was investigated by using two types of auxin IBA and NAA. The results of the micropropagation experiment indicated that MS medium of 2 mgl-1 BAP and 1 mgl-1 IBA was determined the most suitable medium for micropropagation. In the comparison of the effect of auxin treatments in MS medium on rooting, MS medium supplemented with IBA 1 and 2 mgl-1 were chosen as the best rooting treatment.

Due to climate situation of Iran, there is a high diversity of garden species such as Blackberries. Blackberry is one of the most important sources of anthocyanin, antioxidant, phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The present study was conducted to investigate the variation of phytochemicals and photosynthesis pigments traits in Iranian blackberry genotypes. For this purpose, four genotypes of R. sanctus were selected from the blackberry collections of the faculty of agriculture of Shiraz University and examined in a randomized complete block design in two-years. Then, at three different sampling dates (June (Khordad), August (Mordad) and October (Mehr)), the samples were harvested from both leaves and stem organs and transferred to laboratory. Finally, samples extracts used for measurement of traits including, IC50, flavonoid, total phenol, anthocyanin, flavanone, chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoids. Based on the results, there was a significant variation between the studied individuals for IC50 (33.17-72.95 (leaf), 101.07-139.68 (stem), total phenol (117.77-172.17 (leaf), 79.16-138.79 (stems), flavonoid (275.79-389.76 (leaf), 100.03-151.44 (stem), flavanone (35.30-54.06 (leaf), 30.38-54.17 (stem), anthocyanin (50.33-73.34 (leaf), 35.34-48.25 (stem), along with other traits. The highest antioxidant activity (minimum IC50), phenol, Flavonoid, flavanone and anthocyanin were observed in August sampling date and both stem and leaf organ. According to correlation and regression analysis, there was a significant and positive correlation between the amount of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Over all, with increasing the temperature especially in August, the IC50 was decreased, which it could be due to an increase of other phytochemical traits. So, the increase of phytochemical composition could be a criterion of tolerance to the harsh environmental condition such heat stress in August. In this regard, Babolsar were selected as bets genotype in terms of studied traits and tolerant genotype to heat stress as well.

In order to determine the chilling and heat requirements of blackberry cultivars, three thorny (Tupi, Marion, Silvan) and thornless (Merton) cultivars were collected from the blackberry collection of Sari of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) placed in the refrigerator. Treatments were included cultivars and chilling hours (300,500,700,900, 1100 and1300) in three replications and 10 samples. Then the floricanes were placed in the greenhouse under 16 hours of light and 24 ° C and the number of days to flowering of the first bud, the number of days to flowering of 50% of buds and the final percentage of bud breaks were recorded and the heat requirement was calculated. The results showed the highest rate of first bud burst occurred in the thorny cultivars of Silvan, Marion and Tupi in 700 hours of chilling and the cultivar thornless Merton in 500 hours of chilling. Among the thorny cultivars, two very early and late cultivars (Silvan and Marion) in 700 hours and late cultivar (Tupi) in 300 hours of chilling reached 50% full bloom earlier. While thornless Merton cultivar reached this level with 1100 hours of chilling. Examination of heat requirements of different cultivars showed in thorny cultivars, with increasing chilling hours, the need for heat decreases. So that all three cultivars of Silvan, Marion and Tupai in 300 hours of chilling, needed more heat, which has decreased with the increase of chilling hours until reaching 700 hours. In thornless Merton cultivar, from 300 hours of chilling to 700 hours, the need for heat has decreased, but after that, reaching 900 to 1300 hours of chilling, the need for heat has also increased. In general, thorny cultivars needed less chilling than thornless cultivars to open the first bud and achieve full flowering. Therefore, cultivation of thornless cultivars in areas with chilling units of less than 500 hours is difficult and requires additional treatments.

RNA extraction from hardwood tissues, especially in date palm flowers, is very hard because they have high concentrations of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, fibers, proteins, and secondary metabolites(tannins, fatty compounds, and lignin); Some RNA extraction methods yield that are poorly soluble, indicating the presence of unknown contaminants, whereas others are gelatinous, indicating the presence of polysaccharides. RNA can make complexes with polysaccharides and phenolic compounds render the RNA unusable for applications such as the RNA-Seq technique. Therefore, it is important to a suitable extraction method to produce a good quality RNA. Therefore, in this study, to obtain quality RNA for RNA-Seq studies, seven RNA extraction methods (including three kits (Column RNA Isolation Kit, Total RNA Extraction Mini Kit, and Neasy Mini Kit) and four extraction buffers (Triazole, Phenol-Chloroform, Lithium Chloride, and RNX-PlusTM)) were compared and the nucleic acid extraction method from the flowers of this plant was optimized. Modifications for optimization of RNA extraction were preheating treatment of extraction buffer, and decreasing centrifuge rounds to eliminate DNA contaminations and DEPC. For genomic DNA and protein elimination, extracted RNA was treated with DNase and Proteinase-K enzyme. After RNA extraction, its quantity and quality were assessed by spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis. Based on the results of this study, it was found that among the kits and methods used, Lithium chloride method after DNase and Proteinase-K treatment and modifications for optimization had high quality and quantity in terms of extracted RNA concentration (247.5 ng/µl) and resolution of 28SrRNA and 18SrRNA bands on agarose gel as well as high absorbance ratios of A260/A280 and A260/A230. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be said that the selected optimized method has overcome the problems of extracting RNA from tissues rich in polyphenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites such as date palm flowers and the samples of RNAs extracted by this method were sent by these researchers for sequencing for RNA-Seq studies.

Persian sage (Salvia mirzayanii L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the mint family, which has been of interest since ancient times due to its many medicinal properties. In order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of amino acids (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 gr/L) and storage duration (0, 2, 4 and 6 months) on the amount and changes of Iranian sage essential oil, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. Amino acid foliar application had a positive effect on the measured vegetative and reproductive traits of Iranian sage plant as well as the percentage of compounds after harvest. In this study, the most important compounds found in Iranian sage essential oil after harvesting were 5-neo-sedranol (20.11%), Lnalyl acetate (16.52%) and alphaterpinyl acetate (14.28%). The content of total phenol increased by increasing the level of amino acid foliar application up to the level of 1 mg/L (82.6 mg/L) and after that it decreased, and by continuing storage for 6 months after harvesting, it increased by 23.15% compared to four months. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from foliar spraying of amino acid with a concentration of 1 mg/L, and storage for 6 months after harvest reduced it by 29% compared to the time of harvest. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use amino acid up to a concentration of 0.5 gr/L in order to achieve the maximum fresh and dry weight of the plant.

The majority of Citrus species and some related genera in this family produce nucellar embryos. Nucellar seedlings are similar to maternal parents. The existence of such embryos next to the embryo from fertilization leads to the polyembryony phenomenon which during that, two or few embryos are developed in one seed simultaneously. The nucellar embryo is a big obstacle in citrus breeding, however, the aim of producing genetic uniformity in stock production is valuable. In this study, for distinguishing between seedlings resulting from fertility and nucellar seedlings, a leaf sample was prepared from maternal plants and seedlings resulted from seeds of 11 citrus cultivars. After DNA extraction from samples, PCR was performed using 8 microsatellite primer pairs. The results indicated that 8 primer pairs were polymorphic for nucellar or zygotic traits of seedlings in 9 cultivars. The number of all alleles in the population was 45, and the range of alleles amplified by the primers was 3-11 with an average of 5.75. 35 alleles were polymorphic for nucellar or zygotic traits. Among polymorphic primers, TAA41 primer and TAA1 and TAA27 primers produced the highest number of alleles (11) and the lowest number of alleles (3) in studied cultivars, respectively. Polymorphic primers of this research especially TAA45 and TAA33 can be used to identify nucellar and zygotic seedlings of all citrus genotypes, cultivars, and hybrids in different breeding programs.

This experiment examined how potassium humate affects the salinity tolerance of the groundcover plant Phyla nodiflora L., focusing on its morpho-physiological characteristics. A split-plot design was used for the greenhouse experiment, which included two factors arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replications. The main plot involved NaCl salinity at 5 different levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS m-1), while the subplot consisted of three levels of potassium humate (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1). The results showed that regardless of the fertilizer treatment, the shoot fresh weight and visual quality showed a significant decrease of 19.02% and 24.34%, respectively in the salinity treatment of 16 dS m-1 compared to the control plants. The Phyla plant had a relatively favorable state of plant pigments in the salinity treatment of 16 dS m-1, another positive feature for the plant during salt stress. In addition, the visual quality showed a strong and positive correlation with shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and root fresh weight. Overall, the results showed that Phyla experienced reduced growth characteristics under salinity stress. While high salinity conditions may compromise visual quality, Phyla's vibrant green hue is preserved despite the stress. Based on the results of fresh and dry shoot and root weights, leaf relative water content (RWC), and visual quality, it is evident that Phyla plants thrive best up to a salinity level of 8 dS m-1. There is no need to utilize potassium humate treatment at this stress level. At salinity levels of 12 and 16 dS m-1, the morphophysiological characteristics of the Phyla decreased. As a result, at higher salinity levels such as 12 and 16 dS m-1, to improve the overall condition of the plant, the use of potassium humate is recommended. Therefore, the application of 500 mg L-1 of potassium humate enhanced the shoot length, lateral shoot number, and RWC at a salinity level of 16 dS m-1. Furthermore, the use of 1000 mg L-1 potassium humate led to enhanced plant pigments under a sodium chloride salinity treatment of 12 dS m-1.

Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) from the Rosaceae family is important among cut and garden flowers in the world. With the production of more than 25,903,2744 roses per year, roses rank second in the amount of production in Iran. One of the most important obstacles in the stages of growing rose plants is various types of weeds. Therefore, the current research was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of pre-planting, and post-planting herbicides and physical methods in the form of complete randomized blocks. Fifteen-centimeter rose cuttings of Rosa hybrida ‘Ilona’ were planted and rooted at the end of the autumn season in a greenhouse and in a sandy bed, and they were planted in separate plots at the beginning of spring. The treatments of pre-planting herbicides are trifluralin (Treflan® 48% EC) with a concentration of 1.5 and 3 liters per hectare, atrazin (Gesaprim® 80% WP) with a concentration of 1 and 3 kilograms per hectare, and post-emergence herbicides oxadiazon (Ronstar® 12% EC) with a concentration of 1.5 and 2.5 liters per hectare, bentazon (Basagran® 48% SL) with a concentration of 2 and 3 liters per hectare. Physical control treatments were black plastic mulch, wood chip mulch, and wheat stubble mulch, and the control treatment was without using the above two groups. Variance analysis of the effects of different treatments showed that herbicide and mulching treatments were significant in comparison with the control treatment. The results showed that the treatments of cover mulches reduced the weight and dry weight of weeds to a minimum in comparison with all treatments. Pre-emergence chemical herbicide treatments of trifluralin and atrazine in roses reduced the number of weeds but caused the most plant burns in roses. The post-emergence herbicides oxadiazone and bentazone increased the height of the flower, and the canopy of the flower bush and reduced the density of weeds after mulching. The mulch of wheat stubble and wood chips had the highest height and canopy of the rose bush and the lowest amount of dry weight, the number of weeds, and the lowest number of burned plants. Therefore, it is recommended to use different types of cover mulches in combination with herbicides in the outbreak of rose weeds.

Producing compost, mulch, or organic fertilizers are suitable methods for utilizing pruning residues, which are effective in reducing environmental problems caused by the accumulation of pruning residues. Wood is a part of pruning residues that, due to decomposition and release of biochemical compounds, have allelopathic effects. Since limited reports have been published regarding the allelopathic effects of wood from trees and ornamental shrubs, in the current experiment, the biochemical compounds and allelopathic effects of wood from eight species of ornamental trees and shrubs were investigated. Pruned wood of Bougainvillea, Albizia lebbeck, Cordia myxa, Conocarpus, Dodonaea viscosa, Nerium oleander, Leucaena leucocephala, and Callistemon citrinus was soaked in water for 24 and 48 hours to prepare water elutes. The analysis of biochemical compounds showed significant differences in the phenolic compounds, tannin index (A280), flavonoids, non-structural soluble carbohydrates, total suspended solids, and electrical conductivity in the water elutes of wood samples, but the pH of the water elutes did not show significant differences. The duration of soaking wood in water (24 or 48 hours) affected the electrical conductivity and biochemical compounds in the water elutes. The Leucaena leucocephala extract had the highest tannin index (67.10 A280/ml) and soluble carbohydrates (81.1 mg/g), while the highest total phenol content was in Leucaena leucocephala and Conocarpus (1.107 and 55.114 mg/g, respectively). The highest electrical conductivity was in the Cordia myxa extract (87.2 ds/m), and the highest total suspended solids were in the Callistemon citrinus extract (0.61%). The highest level of flavonoids was found in Bougainvillea, Nerium oleander, Leucaena leucocephala, and Cordia myxa. The allelopathic effects of the water elute prepared from wood samples resulted in a reduction in germination percentage and germination index of cucumber seeds, as well as a decrease in the root and shoot length of cucumber seedlings, indicating the presence of allelopathic effects of biochemical compounds present in the wood of trees and ornamental shrubs. These results can be useful in selecting these species for designing landscape plantings to their allelopathic effects of residues on neighboring grasses and ornamental plants, or in managing pruning residues and producing compost or mulch from the wood of ornamental trees and shrubs.