جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « organic » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

To investigate the response of transplant and whole plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to the type of substrate and fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized block design in Minab city of Hormozgan province with three replications. The first factor included four types of substrates and the second factor included five fertilizers levels. The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that the substrate type and fertilizer had a significant effect on the transplant traits. The results showed that the maximum leaf number and root dry weight of transplants were obtained in the cocopeat + vermicompost substrate. In each substrate, fertilizers improved the transplant traits, and organic and biological fertilizers were more effective. Thus, the maximum transplant height was determined in the cocopeat + vermicompost with algae fertilizer, and the maximum fresh weight and root volume were measured in the same substrate but with phosphozite fertilizer. The results of the field study showed that the evaluated traits were affected by the substrate type and fertilizer, and the seedlings previously grown in the substrates that improved their traits, had better growth after transferring to the field. The results showed that the highest number and yield of fruit, total soluble solids, and ascorbic acid were obtained in the seedlings produced in cocopeat + vermicompost substrate and organic fertilizers.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), belonging to Punicaceae family, is a tropical and subtropical attractive deciduous or evergreen shrub and is one of the native fruits of Iran. With total production of 941804 tons in 2013, Iran is one of the most important pomegranate producers in the world. Pomegranate is an important source of bioactive compounds. Despite the high nutritional values of pomegranate fruits, the overuse of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in conventional systems reduces nutritional and functional quality of pomegranate fruits. On the other hand, world demand for organic products is growing rapidly in developed countries, especially in Europe, USA, Japan and Australia. Previous studies showed that organic fruits contain higher minerals, vitamins and oxidant activity than conventional crops. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to compare organic, integrated and conventional management systems in pomegranate orchard on mineral contents and qualitative attributes of pomegranate fruit.
Pomegranate (cv. Rabbab-e-Shiraz) grown under organic, conventional and integrated management systems in a commercial orchard, in Nourabad Mamsani, Fars province, was used for this study. Pomegranate fruits were harvested at commercial harvest stage and transported in an air-conditioned vehicle to the laboratory of Horticultural Science Department, University of Guilan, Rasht. Some factors like fruit, aril and peel weight, aril length, weight ratio of peel to aril, peel to fruit and aril to fruit, and seed firmness (Penetrometer, with the diameter of 11 mm) were assessed. In addition, qualitative properties (Total Soluble Solids (TSS), TA (Titratable Acidity), TSS/TA and pH), antioxidant compounds (total phenol, flavonoids and anthocyanin content) in pomegranate juice and mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in peel and arils were measured. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications.
The results showed that fruit, arils and peel weight and fresh weight of peel were significantly higher in conventional system than organic management system. Fruit weight depends on plant nutrition, which, in turn, significantly influences postharvest quality. It is possibly due to smaller cells and less intercellular spaces in organic fruits. In this study, fruit size in organic management system was significantly lower than conventional system; our results in this regard are in accordance with the previous studies reported on kiwifruit, apple and grape . Fruit taste is determined mainly by juice TSS and the ratios between TSS and TA. In this study, juice TSS in conventional and integrated management systems was higher than organic fruits at harvest time. Our findings are in agreement with Beng et al. (6), who reported higher amount of TSS in kiwifruit obtained from conventional system than organic system due to more mature fruit and greater use of nitrogen fertilizers.
No difference was found for pH, TA, TSS/TA, seed firmness, total anthocyanin and flavonoid content among the three management systems. The antioxidant activity properties of pomegranate juice were attributed to polyphenols, sugar-containing polyphenolic tannins and anthocyanins. In this study, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in fruits obtained from organic management system were greater than conventional management system. These results are in agreement with the findings reported in blueberry, peach and grape, apple, kiwifruit and strawberry fruits. Mineral nutrient analysis showed that the concentrations of P, Ca and Mg in peel, and N, P, K, Ca and Mg in aril of organic fruits were lower than fruits of conventional system, but the ratio of Ca to other elements in the arils of organic fruits was significantly higher than conventional system fruits. In apple, N concentration of conventionally grown fruits was higher, while K, Ca, Na and Mg concentrations of organic fruits were higher than conventional fruits. There were positive correlations between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in pomegranate juice, which was in agreement with the results reported in kiwifruit and grape fruits.
The results of the current study indicated that fruit quality of pomegranate cv. Rabbab-e-Shiraz was affected by the type of orchard management system. Although fruits obtained from organic system had smaller size in comparison with the fruits of other systems, the amount of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was higher in organic system compared with conventional system, representing a higher nutritional value of organically grown fruits than conventionally grown fruits. Furthermore, organic fruits had higher Ca to N, Mg and K ratio, which can affect the shelf life and postharvest quality of pomegranate fruits.

In order to investigate the effects of biological, chemical and nano-fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative factors of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2016, at the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included control (no fertilizer), biophosphat, nitroxin, nano fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, biophosphat×nitroxin, nitroxin×nano fertilizer, biophosphate×nano fertilizer, and biophosphat×nitroxin×nano fertilizer. Analysis of variance revealed that treatments significantly affected the plant height, fresh and dry weight, essential oil content, and essential oil constituents of dragon’s head. The maximum plant height (35gr) was obtained by applying chemical fertilizer, the highest fresh and dry weight (36.05 gr and 5.09 gr respectively) were found in the treatment with nitroxin×nano fertilizer, and the highest essential oil percentage with an average of 0.57% belonged to the biophosphate×nano fertilizer treatment. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the essential oils of L. iberica, of which the main constituents were limonene, linalool, verbenone, ß-caryophyllene, germacrene-D and β-cubeben. The highest limonene (7%) occurred with the nitroxin×biophosphate; the maximum amount of linalool (17.9%) was obtained by nitroxin×nano fertilizer; maximum percentage of verbenone (8.8%) was found in the treatment with biophosphate×nitroxin×nano fertilizer; the highest percentage of β-caryophyllene (12%) was observed with biophosphate×nano fertilizer; the highest amount of germacrene-D and β-cubeben (15% and 11.5%, respectively) in the essential oil were obtained by application of nano fertilizer. In addition, our results indicated that the combination of nano, nitroxin and biophosphate fertilizers could improve the growth and quality of dragon’s head plants.

In order to study the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on quantitative and qualitative traits of roots، shoots and flower of Lisianthus، the inoculation with two mycorrhizal fungi isolates (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) and their blend was experimented under different levels of phosphorus (10، 20 and 40 mg/kg soil) in a factorial trial، based on a randomized complete blocks design، under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that inoculated Lisianthus plants had better growth and higher biomass compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly reduced number of required days to flowering and increased flowering stem characteristics including length and number of flowering stems، number of flowers، mean flower diameter and fresh weight of flowers per plant. The results revealed that under optimum level of phosphorus، mixture of the two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi performed better than either of them in increasing the efficiency of the studied indices.

In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties، nutrient uptake، nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.)، a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University in 2011. Trial study was carried out as two-ways factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Chemical fertilizer at three levels (C1=0-0-0 kg/ha NPK، C2=60-60-48 kg/ha NPK and C3=120-120-96 kg/ha NPK) was the first factor، and different biological fertilizers at six levels (B1=control، B2=Biosuperphosphate+Nitroxin، B3=Nitroxin، B4=Biosuperphosphate، B5=Biosulphur and B6=Sugar cane waste compost) were the second factor. Results showed that chemical fertilizer had significant effect on all traits except soil bulk density، soil porosity and essential oil yield. The interaction of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer was significant for seed phosphorus، soil bulk density and soil porosity percentage. The highest grain yield (237. 66 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (6. 46 kg/ha) was found at sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK and the lowest grain yield (103. 15 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2. 63 kg/ha) was obtained at bio sulfur without chemical fertilizer application، respectively. Also، sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK had the highest grain nitrogen (2. 61%) and phosphorus (0. 33%)، respectively. The lowest was obtained at control treatment. Totally، the results suggested that the sugar cane waste in combination with 60-60-48 kg/ha NPK was the best treatment for fennel cultivation.

In order to evaluate the effects of enriched and non-enriched organic and chemical fertilizers on chemical properties of soil and some nutrient concentrations in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)، a pot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and 3 replications in 2010. Treatments were included control (without organic or chemical fertilizer)، chemical fertilizer (CF) as the rate of 80 kg urea ha-1، 100 kg ha-1 super phosphate triple and 80 kg potassium sulfate ha-1، compost، pasteurized compost (bagas + perlit)، sheep manure (10 ton ha-1 alone or plus ½ and ¼ CF). Results showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effect on all treatments except leaf potassium. Accordingly، leaf and flower dry weight were maximum in 10 ton ha-1 pasteurized compost and farmyard manures plus ½ and ¼ CF. The highest phosphorous concentration in flower and leaf (0. 46 and 0. 17 percent، respectively) was recorded when 10 ton ha-1 compost plus ¼ CF was applied. Furthermore، maximum Cu concentration in both flower and leaf (32. 60 and 26. 25 mg L-1، respectively) were belonged to either 10 ton ha-1 compost plus ½ CF or 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure while 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure plus ½ CF had not significant effect on Mn content in flower and leaf. The highest Zn in leaf of marigold was observed in 10 ton ha-1 compost up to 1. 2 times compared to control.

Manure management is a major factor in cultivation of medicinal plants. Utilization of proper fertilizers due to optimizing the plant growth could have positive effects on quality and quantity indicators. In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil and components of Matricaria chamomilla L., an experiment was conducted using complete randomized blocks design with three replications at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during 2009-2010. Treatments were five fertilizers; chemical fertilizer (Ammonium phosphate) 150 Kg/ha, organic mixture (Bovine) 12 tons/ha, and chemical fertilizer 75 kg/ha, vermicompost (derived from wood waste) 7500 kg/ha, compost (plant debris) 24 tons/ha and control (no fertilizer). Results showed that the mixture treatment (organic and chemical) had the most influence on increasing the quality and quantity of phytochemical characteristics. Maximum essential oil yield (0.37 gr) and beta-ocimene (0.43%) were obtained with mixed fertilizer bysignificant difference compared to control and other treatments. Mixed fertilizers treatment caused an increase in most of the other compounds of Matricaria chamomilla compared with other treatments.