جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « phenolic compounds » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

Plants have many defense systems to overcome stresses, especially heavy metals. Some heavy metals are part of pigments and enzyme compounds and are also essential elements. In concentrations higher than plants' physiological needs, they are toxic for plants, but some heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are even unnecessary. At low concentrations, they harm plants, and for this reason, heavy metals are considered stressors. Based on this, it is imperative to investigate these metals' effects on plant oxidizing enzymes' activities. In this research, in order to investigate the reaction of oxidizing enzymes and non-oxidizing factors against the stress caused by cadmium (Cd), the required artichoke after being prepared from the mountains of Kurdistan in the presence of phosphate buffer, pH 7 and PMSF 0.02 solution as Protease inhibitor was homogenized and after centrifugation at 3000 g and 15000 g, the upper clear solution was used as a crude extract and for subsequent measurements. In the performed tests, the effect of different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) were measured on the content of proline (Pro), phenolic compounds (Ph.C) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as phenyl-alanine-ammonialyse (PAL), catalase CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of artichoke root. This project was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications in vials containing three milliliters of artichoke root extract with seven treatments, in which the first group was treated as a control in the presence of distilled water only. The second group was exposed to 0.25 mM CdCl2, the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh groups were exposed to 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM CdCl2, respectively, for 10 minutes. The samples were treated at room temperature of 20 to 25 degrees and 10 minutes of natural light. Then, the activity level of each antioxidant enzyme and the level of Pro and Ph.C was measured separately. In this research, at first, the distribution diagram of the data (enzyme or protein activity against different levels of Cd) was drawn, and then various linear and non-linear regression equations were used to fit the data. In the next step, according to the best type of equation and analysis of the response type of GPX, SOD, APX, protein, Pro and Ph.C was used from nonlinear regression analysis (power, hyperbolic, asymptotic exponential and asymptotic growth models) and to express the response of enzyme activity of PPO, CAT and PAL to different levels of Cd were used from the beta model.
All models indicated Cd's stimulating effect on the studied enzymes. The research results showed that the activity of all SOD, APX, CAT, PPO, GPX, and PAL enzymes as well as the content of Pro and Ph. C increased significantly after Cd treatment. Using five non-linear regression models, the highest activity of APX enzyme at a concentration of 4.6 mM (asymptotic exponential model), GPX enzyme at a concentration of 12.3 mM (asymptotic exponential and asymptotic growth models), SOD enzyme at 14.3 mM (asymptotic growth model) was interpolated. In addition, the most production of Pro and Ph. C was obtained at concentrations of 13.6 and 14.3 mM Cd using the asymptotic and asymptotic growth models, respectively. The highest activity of the PPO enzyme was at 8 mM, CAT at 4.8 mM, and the maximum activity of PAL was at 1.4 mM. The results showed that Cd, due to the induction of oxidative stress and the increase in free radical production, leads to an increase in the content of proline, phenolic compounds, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in artichoke roots. Further changes in the activity of these enzymes during growth indicate the presence of enzymatic regulatory mechanisms in artichoke roots against heavy metals such as cadmium. Enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, Pro and Ph. C play a crucial role in the response of artichoke roots to heavy metal cadmium stress.
In general, results showed that Cd, due to the induction of oxidative stress and the increase in free radical production, leads to an increase in the content of proline, phenolic compounds, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in artichoke roots. Further changes in the activity of these enzymes during growth indicate the presence of enzymatic regulatory mechanisms in artichoke roots against heavy metals such as cadmium. Enzymatic antioxidant defense systems and Pro and Ph. C are crucial in the response to heavy metal cadmium stress of artichoke roots.

To investigate the effect of ten species of mycorrhizal fungi belonging to seven different genera (Racocetra, Rhizophagus, Claroideoglomus, Funneliformis, Diversispora, Acaulospora and Gigaspora) on some growth and biochemical traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-groecum), a pot experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The changes of biomass, number and length of pods, weight of 1000 seeds, photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, soluble carbohydrates, total protein, and antioxidant capacity in fenugreek plants in response to mycorrhizal inoculation were studied. The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on all studied traits was significant at the probability level of 1%. Based on the findings, the response of fenugreek plant to inoculation with different species of mycorrhizal fungi was variable. Inoculation with suitable species of mycorrhizal fungi through improving the growth condition and biochemical traits of treated plants increased the fenugreek growth based on plant fresh and dry weights. In the present study, mycorrhizal species, especially R. castanea, A. langula, R. intraradicese, and G. margarita enhanced the amount of chlorophyll and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of inoculated fenugreek plant compared to the control, which was accompanied by increasing the plant growth in terms of fresh and dry weights in these treatments. According to the obtained results, inoculation of fenugreek plant with C. claroideum, R. castanea, A. langula, G. margarita, R. fasciculatus, and F. caledonium fungi can be suggested as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of this plant.

Tomato is the second most important vegetable in the world after potato, which is rich in minerals and vitamins and has a special place among vegetables, agricultural and commercial economy, although one of the postharvest problems of this product is its high wastes. In 2021, an experiment was conducted to study the quality and storage life of ‘Sena’ cultivar of tomato by application of chitosan, vanillin and acetic acid treatments in the postharvest laboratory of department of horticultural sciences and engineering in Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. The statistical design of the experiment was a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design. The first factor included the control (distilled water), chitosan 1% (Chit), acetic acid 1% (AA), vanillin 1% (Van), and a combined treatment (AA1%+Van1%+ Chit1%), while the second factor comprised the storage time during 3 storage periods (7, 14 and 21 days) at a temperature of 4±1°C and relative humidity of 85±5%. The results of the experiment showed that acetic acid prevented ionic leakage, microbial contamination, weight loss and maintained firmness. Vanillin treatment kept the fruit firmness during storage up to two times and prevented weight loss (3%) and ion leakage (14%), compared to the control. The lowest content of malondialdehyde, pectin methyl esterase activity, and microbial activity were observed in vanillin. In general, among the investigated treatments, vanillin, due to its antioxidant properties, performed more impressively in the preservation of tomato products than other treatments, and in the last period of storage samples treated with vanillin had the highest score. The vanillin treatment best preserved the evaluated characteristics of tomato fruit and is recommended for the tomato storage process. The treatment of acetic acid as a chitosan solvent was evaluated separately and this application led to the prevention of ionic leakage, microbial contamination, weight loss and maintaining firmness. With regard to results obtained from this research, chitosan and combined treatment had destructive effects on tomatoes, therefore the use of chitosan with low molecular weight is not recommended for the storage of tomato products.

In order to evaluate the response of quince cv. Isfahan seedlings to sodium bicarbonate stress in the presence of mycorrhizal, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design in the presence of four levels of soil sodium bicarbonate (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM) and four levels of mycorrhizal (Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, the combination of two species and no inoculation (control)) with three replications. The results showed a significant decrease in root colonization, seedling height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, relative leaf chlorophyll content, and total leaf antioxidant capacity with increasing sodium bicarbonate concentration in the nutrient solution. In contrast, seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal, especially R. intraradices, increased these indices compared to the control treatment. Although a significant decrease in the roots and leaves iron concentration of quince seedlings was observed with increasing the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, the use of R. intraradices significantly improved the iron content, especially at concentrations of 5 and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate. A significant increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity was observed in concentrations of 5 and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate by mycorrhizal treatments. In general, it can be suggested that mycorrhizal, especially R. intraradices, probably facilitates the iron uptake and increases iron content in roots and leaves of quince seedlings in the presence of different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate by affecting the synthesis of phenolic compounds.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a valuable medicinal tree in addition to being used as a food. Olive leaf, as an organ containing active ingredients, is of great value in various industries. Use of olive leaves extract as a natural antioxidant is one of the most common applications of this plant. Oleuropein is the most important phenolic compound in olive species that plays an important role in health. Oleuropein and quercetin are used as effective compounds in anti-cancer, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory drugs. To investigate the effects of vermicompost (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 tons per hectare) application on morphological traits, leaf yield, and oleuropein, quercetin, macro and micro elements of the olive leaf extract under field conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications (nine shrubs in each replicate) at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in two years. Three-year-old shrubs were planted at a distance of 5 m on the row and 5 m between the rows at a depth of 50 cm. Vermicompost affected fresh and dry leaf yield per hectare and quercetin and oleuropein amounts of the leaves significantly (at the level of 1% probability) in both years. The highest dry leaf yield per hectare was obtained in the 4 tons of vermicompost treatment (55.573 kg in the first year and 63.047 kg in the second one). The amount of quercetin increased from 18.48 and 18.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the control treatment (in the first and second years, respectively) to 34.67 and 37.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the 4 tons vermicompost per hectare treatment (in the first and second years, respectively). Also, the use of 2 tons of vermicompost per hectare increased the leaf oleuropein in both years. Different vermicompost treatments increased the uptake of most macro and micro elements including phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper in both years. The results showed that the appropriate amounts of vermicompostcould be used to produce a plant with high quercetin and oleuropein.

Gray mold is one of the most important pathogens of cherry fruit. In the present study, the ability of bioinhibition of Botrytis cinerea by antagonist bacteria and the effects of adding marjoram essential oil  on the growth of pathogenic fungi was evaluated. According to the results, with increasing in the concentration of essential oil, the growth rate of fungi decreased. In vivo, cherry fruits were infected with a suspension of 105 hg/ml of pathogenic fungus, then separately treated with a suspension of 108 cells/ml of selected strains of antagonist bacteria and marjoram essential oil at 5 levels. The qualitative parameters were examined at three times of zero, 15 and 30 days. The results showed that the treatment of Bacillus bacterium and marjoram essential oil at a concentration of 750 μl/l were the most effective treatment to increase the level of antioxidant activity and phenylalanine-ammonialyase enzyme activity. Total phenol content and anthocyanin content at the concentration of 1000 μl/l  were the highest after 30 days. The highest amount of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was recorded after 15 days at the concentration of 750 μl/l. According to the results of this study, the mechanism of B. subtilis and marjoram essential oil in the control of gray mold of cherries is probably due to the induction of resistance in cherry fruit and increased antioxidant activity.

To investigate the effects of Zinc-salicylic acid nano-complex and storage time on horticultural and phytochemical properties of Thymus daenensis Celak, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design. Foliar spraying was done in two stages 15 days after establishment, at levels of zero, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% by volume. After harvesting and storage during periods of 0, 2, 4 and 6 months at room temperature, quantitative and qualitative changes in essential oil, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of shoots were studied. Based on the foliar application of zinc-salicylic acid nanocomplex by 0.3%, it increased plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, flower height, leaf length, leaf width and wet to dry weight ratio, respectively, compared to the control without foliar application by 32.5, 26.7, 19.2, 38.3, 22.2 and 27.08%, respectively. Storage time had no significant effect on the percentage of essential oil. Concentration of 0.3% nanocomplex increased the essential oil by 0.822% compared to the control. The effect of interaction between nanocomplex concentration and storage time on the percentage of essential oil was not significant. The predominant compounds were essential oil, Carvacrol, Thymol, p-Cymene and Borneol. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was related to the interaction of foliar application of zinc-salicylic acid nanocomplex with a concentration of 0.1% and storage for 60 days. Treatment with zinc-salicylic acid nanocomplex (at a concentration of 0.3%) improved vegetative characteristics and storage time and increased the percentage of essential oil.

This study investigated the effects of six postharvest treatments including: 1) wrapping with shrink film, 2) wax coating, 3) paper packing, 4) wax coating plus film-wrapping, 5) wax coating plus paper packing, 6) uncovered, on the physicochemical quality attributes of pomegranate, cvs. ‘Eshkafto’ and ‘Rabbab’. Treated fruits stored at 3.5 °C and about 85 % relative humidity for up to 12 weeks. Mean weight loss of pomegranate cvs. ‘Eshkafto’ and ‘Rabbab’ was lower in film-wrapped (1.19%), wax coated plus paper packed (1.94%), wax coated (3.67%) and paper-packed fruits (4.27%) compared with uncovered fruits (9.61%), respectively. However, the efficiency of wax coating plus film-wrapping in reducing weight loss (1.01%) was not superior to film-wrapping alone (1.19%). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of film-wrapped and also wax coated plus film-wrapped fruits of cv. ‘Eshkafto’ significantly were higher than that, control fruit, but with cv. ‘Rabbab’ only total anthocyanin of these treatments were higher than control fruit. Film wrapping plus wax coating also was highly effective in reducing electrolyte leakage in the husk of fruits and might be enhanced low temperature tolerance in pomegranates. Cultivar ‘Eshkafto’ had the highest contents of total phenolic, total anthocyanin, total soluble solids, titratable acid, ethanol and antioxidant activity.

Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) is grown wildly in the East Azerbaijan province (Arasbaran). To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)(0, 3, 5 and 8 µM /L) on quantitative and qualitative parameters of medlar fruits during cold storage (1±1°C and 85-95% relative humidity) at five storage times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days), a study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three  replications. According to the results, the highest and lowest percentage of fruit weight loss were obtained at control (2.24 %) and 5 μM/L SNP (1.36 %) during storage, respectively. Fruit color parameters such as L*, hue, chroma and firmness of fruit were maintained at 5 μM/L SNP compared to control. The SNP at 3 µM/L was able to maintain total phenol, total flavonoid, total tannin at high levels and prevent increased polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity during storage compared to the control. Also, total antioxidant capacity based on DPPH method and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) at 8 µM/L SNP were higher than control. Therefore, SNP seems to increase the postharvest quality of medlar fruit via maintaining the membrane integrity, maintaining phenolic compounds, and reducing the activity of PPO enzyme. In general, it can be concluded that the SNP at 3 µM/L could prevent the excessive reduction of fruit compounds during the storage period.

To investigate the antioxidant properties of Oxalis corniculata L. leaves powder and compare the effects of its addition with vitamin C on the performance and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications, and 10 birds per replication. The experimental treatments included the corn-soybean diet as a basal diet (control), basal diet + 250 mg kg-1 vitamin C, basal diet + 0.5% O. corniculata leaves powder, and basal diet + 1% O. corniculata leaves powder. To apply heat stress, the chickens from 25 to 42 days of their age were exposed to 34 ± 2 °C for eight hours a day. The performance traits including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of the experiment. Also, at the end of the experiment, two birds per replicates were randomly selected and slaughtered to measure the meat quality traits. The total phenolic compounds content in the methanolic extract of O. corniculata was 11.73 mg of gallic acid / g of dry matter. The free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) percentage and the amount of vitamin C of this plant were obtained 46.63% and 88 mg/g of dry matter, respectively. The consumption of 1% leaves powder of the plant increased the feed intake and weight of broilers compared to the control (p < <0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in the group of 1% leaves powder of the plant and vitamin C (p < <0.05). The highest water holding capacity and meat moisture was observed in the broilers fed with O. corniculata leaves powder compared to the control (p < <0.05). All the treatments reduced the cooking loss and dripping loss of meat compared to the control (p < <0.05). According to the results of this experiment, the basal diet + 250 mg kg-1 vitamin C and basal diet + 1% O. corniculata leaves powder treatments could improve the growth performance and some meat quality parameters of broilers under heat stress conditions.

In order to evaluate the effects of fruit maturation stages on physical and phytochemical characteristics in sour orange, a factorial experiment was performed based on complete randomized block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. Four maturation stages of the fruit including green immature, half-ripened, ripened and over ripened stages constituted the first factor and different parts of the sour orange fruit containing flavedo, albedo, fruit juice, dross and seed built up the second factor. The results demonstrated a significant effect of maturation stage on most of the measured traits (essential oil percentage and yield, fresh and dry weight of fruit parts, flavon and flavenol content, total flavonoid, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity). Essential oil content in sour orange peel varied between minimum 3.13 % (v/w) to maximum 10.30 % at over ripened stage and green immature stage, respectively. This factor significantly decreased during fruit maturation. The maximum antioxidant activity (75.79%) related to albedo tissue at half-ripened stage. Phenolic compounds decreased during fruit maturation (from 12.38 to 6.39 mg gallic acid/g dry matter). Generally, flavedo tissue at the green immature stage contained the maximum bioactive compounds rate concerning most of the traits.

Tomato is one of the most important foods and economic crops in Iran and worldwide. Tomatoes require a lot of water to grow well and are adversely affected by drought. Considering the reports published on positive effects of seaweed extract on increasing resistance of plants to abiotic stresses, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a seaweed extract (Sargassum angustifolium) on growth and yield indices of tomato under drought stress. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment with three concentrations of algae extract (0, 0.5, 1 g L-1) and three levels of drought stress (control, 40% FC, 60% FC) plus a non-stress treatment with three replications. To evaluate the effects of algae extract on tomato under drought stress conditions, a combination of morphological and physiological characteristics including plant height, photosynthetic pigment content, lycopene content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were measured. Results showed that treatment by seaweed extract significantly increased plant resistance to drought stress and significantly increased plant height and the content of chlorophyll, phenolics, lycopene, and proline content and significatly improved reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and superoxide mismutase activity in  tomato. The best results of morphological and physiological traits were obtained using 1 g L-1 seaweed extract.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chitosan on some physiological traits of Mentha spicata L. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design in a split plot arrangement with three replications in University of Zanjan. The experimental treatments were irrigation at two levels (100% and 60% field capacity) as the main factor and chitosan treatment at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mg/l) was considered as a sub factor. The results showed that spraying with chitosan increased chlorophyll content. The highest chlorophyll content (1.240 mg gr-1 f.w) was obtained at 100 mg/l chitosan under complete irrigation conditions (100% field capacity). The spraying application of 100 mg/l chitosan and deficit irrigation conditions (60% field capacity) caused the highest amount of carotenoids (0.45 mg gr-1 f.w), phenol (9.989 mg gr-1 f.w), flavonoid (6.993 mg gr-1 f.w) and proline (23.96 mol gr-1 fw). The highest level of antioxidant activity (91.16%) was observed in 50 mg/l chitosan under deficit irrigation. Also, deficit irrigation and chitosan had a positive effect on the essential oil yield, so that the highest essential oil yield (10.44 kg/h) was obtained at 100 mg/l chitosan concentration and under deficit irrigation conditions. Overall, the results showed that chitosan treatment had positive effects on drought stress and non-stress conditions and improved the negative effects of drought stress.

Mullein (Verbascum L.) is a biennial herbaceous medicinal plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. The flowers of this plant are used to treat respiratory disorders. In this study, the genetic diversity of different mullein species from different regions of West Azerbaijan province was investigated based on some phytochemical markers to domesticate this valuable plant. Phytochemical diversity among different species of mullein was evaluated based on the content of carotenoid, beta-carotene, total phenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (by FRAP and DPPH methods), and identification of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin) by HPLC in leaf. The results showed that all phytochemical characteristics studied were significantly different among species (P<0.01). The highest content of carotenoid (76.27 mg g-1 DW), beta-carotene (5.88 mg 100g-1 DW), total phenol (32.83 mg GAE g-1 DW), total flavonoid (7.13 mg QE g-1 DW) and antioxidant activity by DPPH method (34.66 µg AA mL-1) was observed in V. sinuatum. The results showed that V. erianthum leaves had the highest content of chlorogenic acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin, while the highest content of gallic acid and caffeic acid was observed in V. saccatum. In general, the findings of this research showed that there was a wide variation of mullein species in West Azerbaijan province. Species V. erianthum and V. saccatum had unique phytochemical properties that can be used to design breeding programs and use them in the pharmaceutical industry.

Due to decreasing in precipitation and under-ground water resources and increasing the chance of drought stress, it is necessary to select drought resistant or tolerant cultivars and genotypes. Hazelnut is one of the most important nut trees. In order to study responses of six hazelnut cultivars (‘Fertile’, ‘Ronde’, ‘Longue’, ‘Segorbe’, ‘Gerd’ and ‘Merville’) to drought stress, a RCBD based factorial experiment was carried out on three-year-old outdoor potted saplings. Irrigation treatments included control (regular watering), and drought stress (withdraw watering). Rewatering after drought stress period was performed and recovery of plants after one day and after one week were studied. Results of variance analysis showed significant differences between irrigation treatments as well as the cultivars. Photosynthetic pigments and the quantum efficiency decreased under drought stress, whereas, MDA and proline contents increased. The highest quantum efficiency of photosystem II was observed in control treatment (0.731) and the lowest was in stress treatment before rewatering, but one week after rewatering it returned to the control level. Gerd cultivar with highest amount of photosynthetic pigments had also the highest amounts of antioxidant compounds (phenolic compounds and flavonoids). Proline content had negative correlations with most of the studied characters except MDA. Under drought stress, ‘Longue’ and ‘Ronde’ expressed the lowest and the highest leaf injury (necrosis %), respectively. ‘Longue’, ‘Fertile’ and ‘Gerd’ cultivars were more tolerant to drought than other cultivars.

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of water deficit stress and fertilizer sources on characteristics of Echinacea purpurea L., in a split plots design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during two years of 2016 and 2017. Irrigation consisted of three levels of non-stress (control), moderate, and severe moisture stress and fertilizer consisted of eight levels of complete fertilizer (NPK), vermicompost, humic acid, humic acid+NPK, humic acid+vermicompost, NPK+vermicompost, NPK+vermicompost+humic acid, and non-use of fertilizer (control). The single effects of deficit irrigation and fertilizer treatments were significant (p≤0.01) on the stem height, number of stems and flowers plant-1, biomass dry weight, total chlorophylls a and b, and proline content; however, their interaction effects were only significant (p≤0.01) on phenolic compounds of the leaves. In relation to the single effects of irrigation treatments, the highest height and number of stems, number of flowers plant-1, and biomass dry weight was observed in non-water stress treatments and the lowest amount of these characteristics was observed in severe water stress treatments. The highest and lowest proline content was shown in severe and non-stress treatments, respectively, and the highest and lowest total chlorophylls a and b were obtained in non-stress and severe moisture stress, respectively. Regarding the single effects of fertilizer treatments, there was no significant difference in plant height between fertilizer levels; however, all of them had a significant difference with control treatment (no fertilization). The difference between fertilizer treatments was significant in the number of stems and flowers plant-1 and biomass dry weight. The highest number of stems and flowers was obtained in humic acid+vermicompost treatment and the highest amounts of biomass dry weight were obtained in vermicompost+NPK treatment. The lowest values of these traits were observed in control (non-fertilization). The highest and lowest amounts of total chlorophylls a and b were obtained in vermicompost+NPK and control treatments, respectively, and the highest and lowest proline values were obtained in control and vermicompost treatments, respectively. The highest phenolic compounds were observed in humic acid+vermicompost+NPK and humic acid+NPK treatments, both of which under severe moisture stress, and the lowest one in non-stress and non-fertilization (control) treatment.