جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بیان ژن » در نشریات گروه « بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی »

The objective of this investigation was to compare the relative expression level of the IRAK1 and TRAF6 genes in the mammary tissue of cows afflicted with clinical mastitis and unaffected cows utilizing the Real-time PCR technique. For this particular purpose, a total of 15 mammary tissue samples, consisting of 5 healthy specimens and 10 samples with clinical mastitis. An RNA extraction kit was employed to extract RNA from the designated samples. Following the assessment of both the quality and quantity of the extracted RNA, it was utilized for cDNA synthesis. Subsequently, a pair of specific primers were employed twice to ascertain the relative expression level of the desired genes in relation to the I8SrRNA gene serving as an internal control through the qPCR technique. The relative expression level of the genes was determined using the 2-ΔΔct method, while the statistical discrepancy between the diseased and healthy groups was analyzed utilizing the t-student test in SAS statistical software version 9/1. The acquired outcomes indicated that the expression levels of the TRAF6 and IRAK1 genes in the diseased samples were 2.53 (P<0.024) and 3.04 (P<0.0012) times higher, respectively. The identification of solutions to develop strategies for the control of mastitis disease is of considerable significance, with the treatment thereof possessing substantial economic rationale for the global dairy cattle industry. The results obtained from this investigation may be employed to enhance comprehension pertaining to the role of TRAF6 and IRAK1 genes within the defense system of mammary glands, as well as to devise novel examinations geared towards the identification of polymorphisms within these genes for application in breeding programs aimed at identifying mastitis-resistant animals.

The unicellular green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is introduced as a potential platform for the production of industrial molecules such as biofuels, therapeutic proteins, or industrial enzymes. Expressing nuclear transgenes offers several advantages compared to that in chloroplast, including the expression and purification of secreted proteins as well as the ability to perform post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. However, the random gene insertion resulting in positional effects on gene expression or gene insertion in transcriptionally silent regions is a limitation of gene expression in the nucleus. In current study, a genetic method was designed and optimized for the screening and selection of nuclear transgenes in C. reinhardtii. The genetic method was designed based on YFP gene expression system driven by the T7 RNA polymerase protein. To do this, a chloroplast expression cassette containing the YFP gene under the control of the T7 promoter and a nuclear cassette expressing the T7 RNA polymerase gene were cloned. Having obtained the stable homoplasmic transplastomic lines, they were super-transformed with the nuclear expression cassette. The results showed a wide range of fluorescent signal emission in super-transformed lines expressing YFP protein. In fact, the more nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase was transcribed and then translated to transfer the protein into the chloroplast, the more transcription of the YFP gene controlled by the T7 promoter was achieved. The results showed that the genetic screening method could be well applied not only to screen Chlamydomonas lines harboring the expression cassette inserted into transcriptionally active genomic regions but also to select the lines with a greater ability for transgene expression.

Catharanthus roseus is one of the most important medicinal plants that contains two antitumor substances, vinblastine and vincristine. It is important to identify the involved genes and their expression pattern and anti-tumor effect in different tissues of this plant. By using the expression data of RNA sequencing of different tissues, differential expression genes and their antitumor effects were investigated as in silico. The results showed that the total number of differentially expressed genes in the organs varied between 120 and 1238. The highest number of DEGs compared to the root was related to the leaf and the lowest number was related to the flower. Subsequently, 13 common genes between three different organs and 22 common genes were observed between leaves versus flowers and leaves versus roots. Among them, 6 common genes were observed in all three tissues, and the annotation analysis showed that these genes are involved in the biosynthetic pathway of two important compounds, vinblastine and vincristine. The highest expression of these genes was related to leaves and the lowest was related to roots. Protein network analysis determined that a number of genes that showed the most interaction with other genes were related to the genes of the biocentric pathway of antitumor compounds. Docking and molecular dynamics analysis showed that vinblastine and vincristine, while having good interaction as inhibitors with phosphoglycoprotein (drug resistance protein in tumor cells), also have good stability in interaction with phosphoglycoprotein. Generally DAT, STR, TDC, G10H, D4H, T16H2, Tryptophandecar-boxylase and Strictosidine synthase genes that were in the biosynthesis pathway of vinblastine and vincristine had an effective role in different organs. The obtained results give new insights about the mechanism of treatment with natural products, which can be used to improve the patients.

In this study, the effect of dietary corn replacement with oak acorn on the expression of pancreatic chymotrypsin gene in broilers was investigated. The use of oak acorn in poultry feed can reduce feed intake, nutrient digestion and poultry performance by binding to dietary proteins and digestive enzymes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of pancreatic chymotrypsin gene in broilers fed with different levels of oak acorn. For this purpose, broilers were fed with three treatments (control, 15% and 20% oak flour) from 1 to 42 days of age. At 21 and 42 days of age, pancreatic tissue was isolated and weighed from 36 chickens (6 from each treatment at each age) after slaughter and then total RNA was extracted. To evaluate gene expression, chymotrypsin gene expression was compared with beta-actin gene as reference gene. To analysis of gene expression data, REST V2.0.13 software and SAS 9.1 software were used. At 21 days of age, no significant difference was observed in relative weight of pancreas between different treatments (p> 0.05), while at 42 days of age, relative weight of pancreas in 20% oak acorn treatment was significantly higher in compared to 15% oak acorn and control treatments (p <0.05). At 21 days of age, expression of chymotrypsin gene in broiler pancreas was not significantly different between treatments containing oak acorn compared to control, while on day 42, expression of chymotrypsin gene was significantly higher in treatments containing 15% and 20% oak acorn in relation to the control group (P <0.05). In general, increasing the level of oak acorn in the broilers diet due to the increase of phenolic compounds (tannins) and their binding to dietary proteins and digestive enzymes can reduce the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids and increased expression of protein digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.

g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid synthesized by decarboxylation of glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. The central nervous system (CNS) contains uniquely high concentrations of GABA, and GABA serves as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The biological effects of the amino acid neurotransmitter GABA are mediated by ionotropic GABA-A receptors, a family of ion channels, and by the metabotropic GABA-B receptor, a receptor coupled to the inhibitory G-protein. Gene expression Status of GABAergic circuit is changed under different physiological conditions. Broodiness is one of those conditions. Investigation on high broodiness occurrence breed and breed without broodiness would be able to declare this discrepancy of different in egg lying and broodiness condition.

available dataset of hypothalamus gene expression were downloaded from NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.- nih.gov/sra/SRP082125). The transcriptional profiling of hypothalamus samples from leghorn and local hen in non-broodiness and broodiness condition respectively was carried out at 2 samples for treated and 2 samples for control group. The quality control of sequencing reads was carried out by FastQC software. Filtered reads were evaluated with FastQC. String database was used for the retrieval of interacting genes and Cytoscape software was used to visualize the network. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis.

In hypothalamus of non-broodiness and broodiness hens 2943 genes was expressed. After searching gene ID and analyzing 7 genes was identified as a GABAergic pathway. two enzymes involved in converting Glutamat to GABA, including GAD1 and GAD2. Both of them had down-regulation of expression in local hen compared to Leghorn hens. Gene reduction of GABAA, G and B receptors, gene increase expression of GABAA subunit of Pi and GABAC subunit of R1 was observed in local hen compared to Leghorn hens.

with investigation on transcription of GABAergic pathway of local and Leghorn hens, both GABA synthetic enzymes and GABA receptors showed significant difference. This showed more GABA receptor and GABA synthetic enzymes gene expression in lying hen and probably with survey of GABAergic pathway during different phase of egg production, more noticeable result would be declared.

Sucrose, the final product of photosynthesis, plays important roles in growth, development, storage, signal transduction, and acclimation to environmental stresses in higher plants. Sucrose-phosphate phosphatase (SPP) catalyzes the final irreversible step in the sucrose biosynthesis pathway. In this study, the SPP orthologous genes in wheat and progenitors were selected, and the expression regulation of the orthologous SPP genes were analyzed in response to salinity stress.

Seeds of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum CV. Rooshan), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum CV. Hana), and Aegilops tauschii were provided by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. In order to quantify the expression of SPP genes, qRT-PCR was performed on total RNA extracted from leaf and root tissues of control and salt-treated (NaCl 200 mM) samples. A gene tree was constructed to calculate the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of the SPP protein family in bread wheat and its progenitors. The possibility of post-transcriptional regulation of the SPP genes was also evaluated using the online tool psRNATarget.

The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that 6, 4, and 2 SPP paralogous genes have evolved on chromosomes 1 and 5 of bread wheat, durum wheat, and Ae. tauschii, respectively. Additionally, We predicted 16 different microRNAs can target some of the SPP gene transcripts in bread wheat and Ae. tauschii. Gene expression results also indicated that SPP gene expression increased in the root and leaf tissues of bread wheat in response to salinity stress, while it decreased in durum wheat. The response of Ae. tauschii to salinity stress was different, with decreased expression observed in leaf tissue but increased expression in root tissue.

Post-transcriptional regulation through miRNAs can play an important role in the regulation of the complex sucrose metabolism, especially in the regulation of SPP gene expression. Gene expression results showed that under salinity stress conditions, bread wheat increases sucrose production, while in durum wheat, which is more sensitive to salinity stress, sucrose production is disrupted or decreased. This reduction in sucrose production can lead to a decrease in yield.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is very sensitive to drought stress because of its limited adaptation to water-deficit conditions. Drought stress alters morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plant. In this study, the effects of drought stress on morphological traits and expression of transcription factor genes DREB2A and ZFP252 at vegetative and reproductive stages were investigated in TH1 line (drought sensitive) and Neda (drought tolerant). Drought stress was induced by stopping irrigation at tillering and heading stages. Investigation of morphological traits showed tiller and panicle numbers as production indices were significantly higher in Neda cultivar than TH1 line. Real Time PCR Neda genotype showed a significant increase (3.217 expression ratio) in expression of transcript level of ZFP252 at vegetative stage under drought stress. This indicates the importance of this drought stress responsive gene in acquisition of drought tolerance in this genotype at this stage. Investigation of expression level changes in TH1 line showed significant increase in DREB2A and ZFP252 genes expression under drought stress at the vegetative stage. Gene expression analysis in this study suggesting that tolerant and sensitive plants may be using genetic regulations and different mechanisms to be exposed to stress conditions. Deciphering of these molecular mechanisms will aid to better understand stress tolerance and to select strategies for improving crop productivity facing climate change.

Plant diseases, particularly diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes pose significant challenges in modern agriculture worldwide. Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) like chitin found in the cell walls of fungi and oomycetes, trigger defence signalling, leading to expression of R-genes and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and accumulation of a wide range of metabolites. Chitin elicitors prompt the expression of defence-related genes such as chitinases, ultimately the resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the pathogen's cell wall. To assess the expression level of certain chitinases in potatoes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, leaves of a tolerant potato genotype (jelly) was challenged with chitin oligomers in vitro. Result of this study revealed that 48 hours post chitin induction, the expression of different classes of chitinase genes were significantly increased. Class I chitinase (Soltu.DM.10G017450) and class III chitinase (Soltu.DM.11G026160) genes, had respectively the highest (5.5-fold relative to control) and the lowest (1.1-fold relative to control) expression level after 48 hours post chitin inoculation. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase did not change significantly compared to the control. These findings suggest that the application of chitin does not activate the signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes 48 hours after chitin treatment. In addition, results of this study may imply that chitinase genes can be cloned by genetic engineering approaches to generate transgenic plants resistant to pathogens.

Fennel from the Apiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants that has strong antimicrobial, liver protective and antioxidant properties and has been used by humans since ancient times. The results of various studies on domestic animals have proven that adding the fennel in the diet of animals, increases digestion and growth efficiency, It improves carcass efficiency and small intestine weight and length , improves performance and health status, and improves feed conversion and body weight. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fennel feeding on IGF1 gene expression in the rumen tissue of Kermani lambs for the first time.

In this research, 30 Kermani male lambs weighing 27.5 ± 0.45 kg (eight months old) were used. After the end of the study period, the investigated animals were slaughtered for sampling and the rumen weight was recorded. Total RNA was extracted from the rumen tissue and then cDNA was synthesized. The quality of RNA and cDNA was measured using electrophoresis on agarose gel. The Pfaffl et al. method was used to analyze the Real Time PCR data.

Empty rumen weight in animals fed with fennel (780 g) was lower than animals fed with diet without fennel (890 g) (P < 0.05). The extracted total RNA was of good quality, complete, and healthy, and had two bands with sizes of S28 and S18. Electrophoresis of the amplification results of target (IGF1) and reference (GAPDH) genes in rumen tissue on agarose gel showed that the band size for the target gene is 265 bp and for the reference gene is 76 bp. By increasing the level of feeding with fennel, there was a significant increase in IGF1 gene proliferation in rumen tissue (p<0.05). The maximum expression of IGF1 gene was when the animals were fed with a diet containing 2% fennel.

The findings of the present study show that fennel can be used with a beneficial effect on IGF1 gene expression in the rumen in the diet of sheep to improve production functions (by stimulating the growth and development of the rumen). Although according to the findings of the current research, it can be confirmed that fennel can be used for various purposes in sheep breeding, but in future research, in order to reach a definite result, it is better to consider diverse and more complex physiological and epigenetic conditions.

Evaluation of molecular and morpho-physiological traits of wheat such as grain yield, grain yield component, growth index values and the expression of some genes in the pathway of drought tolerance, including TaNAC67 and TaMYB73 in the farm of Kurdkoi Agricultural Research Center by split plots with randomized complete blocks design in four replications in this reserach was studied. Drought treatment includes levels of -0.3 (field capacity as a control treatment), -2 and -4 were considered as a main factor and bread wheat cultivars (Baharan, Ehsan, Kalate and Marwarid) as a sub factors. Rain shield was used to control rainfall. Traits such as leaf area (LA), dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) as well as spike length, thousand grain weight, plant height and grain yield were measured. To evaluation of TaNAC67 and TaMYB73 genes expression, RNA was extracted from the leaves and Real time PCR technique was used. The results showed that all investigated morphological traits decreased under the drought stress. Baharan cultivar had the highest grain yield in the control treatment, but by increasing stress, the largest decrease in grain yield occurred in this cultivar. In case of gene expression evaluation, Ehsan cultivar can be introduced as a cultivar with high drought tolerance. Analysis of variance showed that effect of stress, variety and interaction effect between stress and variety on plant height, spike length, thousand grain weight and grain yield were significant at the probability level of 1% but block effect was not significant for any of studied traits. Comparison of average for drought stress on plant height, spike length, thousand grain weight and grain yield of cultivars showed that these traits decreased by increasing drought stress intensity. Comparison of average for variety and interaction effect between stress and variety on plant height, spike length and thousand seed weight showed that the Ehsan variety had the highest amount of these traits and it has significant difference with the other three varieties. Comparing of average for cultivar and interaction effect between stress and variety on grain yield trait showed that Baharan cultivar had the highest value and it has significant difference with other cultivars. The results of leaf area and dry matter showed that the Baharan variety has the highest sensitivity to drought stress and this sensitivity was higher in the pollination stage than other stages. Relative growth rate results showed that decreases rate of this index in Kalate variety was lower than other varieties. The results of evaluating the growth rate of the crop under drought stress conditions showed that cultivars had different reactions. The results of TaMYB73 and TaNAC67 genes expression under drought stress conditions showed increase in expression for -2 than the control in all cultivars but with the increase of stress intensity from -2 to -4, different cultivars showed different expression levels for the expression of these genes. In the condition of drought stress -4, only cultivar Ehsan showed increase of gene expression for TaMYB73 compared to the control and stress -2 times, and it had a significant difference with other cultivars. Also, the highest expression of TaNAC67 gene in -4 stress conditions was for the kalate variety.

Goal: 

production of antibodies against the coat protein of Apple stem grooving virus and their application in diagnostic assays and biosensor design represents a crucial strategy for effective plant virus detection. ASGV is a significant pathogen affecting pome fruit trees. The objective of this study was to express the coat protein gene of ASGV in E. coli, generate antibodies against the expressed protein, and assess their effectiveness in diagnostic assays.

In the PCR, we successfully amplified a 714 bp fragment corresponding to the complete coding region of the ASGV coat protein gene. The amplified fragment was then cloned into the pTG19 vector. Subsequently, the desired fragment was subcloned into the pET28a (+) expression vector using BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes. The resulting construct was then introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells for gene expression. To determine the optimal conditions for protein expression, the transformed cells were induced with one mM IPTG for various durations (3, 4, 6, and 16 hours). The expression of the protein was confirmed through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Following the purification of the expressed protein, it was utilized as an antigen for immunizing rabbits. Immunoglobulins (IgGs) were subsequently purified from the rabbit serum, and some of them were employed for conjugate production. The efficacy of the conjugates was evaluated in serological assays.

Sequencing analysis of the amplified fragments conclusively verified their correspondence to the ASGV coat protein gene. Moreover, PCR and enzymatic digestion of the resulting clone provided further evidence of the successful construction of pET28-ASGV-CP. Comprehensive sequence analysis of the constructed plasmid in both directions confirmed the accurate insertion of the coat protein gene into the expression vector, while also confirming the absence of any nucleotide mutations. Following optimization, the expression of the ASGV coat protein was successfully achieved, resulting in an approximate size of 27 kDa. This confirmation was attained through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and subsequent western blotting, conducted four hours after induction. The direct, indirect, and dot-blot assays were performed to assess the efficiency of the conjugate. The results indicated that the optimal concentration of the conjugate was approximately 1:1000.

The generated and conjugated antibodies exhibit suitable titers relative to the antigen concentration and demonstrate specificity and effectiveness in the detection and identification of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV). These antibodies can be utilized for various serological diagnostic kits, including ELISA, offering valuable applications in virus detection and identification.

In order to identify the genes involved in the resistance of date palms to spider mite, sampling was taken from three relatively resistant and three susceptible date palm cultivars at the end of July in the Kimmeri stage, simultaneously with mite activity. Then the activity of some genes was investigated with the aim of determine the molecular mechanism of date palm resistance to the spider mite.

After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression of 7 genes, including bZIP, MPK6, Peroxidase72, MurG, Lipoxigenase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genes, were investigated by qRT-PCR in susceptible and semi-resistant cultivars. In order to design the primers, the selected genes CDS were aligning with the date palm genome and finding related genes by Clustal W then primers were designed using Primer3 databases. After the end of the experiment, the amount of gene transcripts were determined and compared.

The MurG gene showed higher expression in relatively resistant cultivars: Zahedi, Hallawi and Estamaran than susceptible cultivars: Lilwi, Khadrawi and Barhee (Zahidi maximum and Lilwi minimum). The expression of the Peroxidase72 gene in relatively resistant cultivars including Zahedi (100%) and the lowest expression related to susceptible cultivar Lilwi (76.81%). The bZIP gene was found in relatively resistant cultivars including Zahedi (100%) and the lowest expression in the susceptible cultivar Lilwi (78.19%). The Lipoxigenase gene was found in relatively resistant cultivars including Zahedi (100%) and the lowest expression in the susceptible cultivar Lilwi (73.56%). The expression of the ACC synthase gene in relatively resistant cultivars including Zahedi (100%) and the lowest expression was in the susceptible cultivar Lilwi (81.56%). The ACC oxidase gene was in relatively resistant cultivars including Hallawi (100%) and the lowest expression was in the susceptible Lilwi cultivar (85.37%). MPK6 gene expression was observed in all three susceptible cultivars, but no expression was observed for this gene in all three relatively resistant cultivars.

The expression of some genes in susceptible and resistant cultivars followed a regular pattern and the expression of other genes had an irregular pattern. As a result, it can be concluded that the role of MurG and bZIP gene product is up regulating the resistance of date palm to mite, but the role of MAPK6 gene product is down regulating the resistance of date palm to mite.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine and their mixtures on performance, blood and immune parameters, liver enzymes and expression of interleukin-6 and interferon gamma genes in broiler chickens.

Birds fed on a Corn-Soybean. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 4 replications, each replication containing 15 birds. (540 Ross 308 broiler chickens). The experimental diets included the control diet (without zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine) and the levels of 50 and 100 mg / kg zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine.

The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.ConclusionsIn general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.

In general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.

The importance of wool has led to extensive research on its structure and genetic since decades ago. Identifying genes affecting economic traits is one of the most important goals of breeding in sheep. The genetic and functional potential of genes can be used to obtain animal products with the best quality and quantity. For the analysis of large data, sequencing software is cost-effective, which has greatly helped to understand the mechanisms and genetic background of various phenotypic traits in sheep. Identifying different characteristics of candidate genes and types of genotypes related to important phenotypic traits is essential in animal breeding. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify the genes affecting the production of wool fibers in sheep based on the functional analysis of those genes.

In order to identify genes affecting wool fibers in sheep, the data used in this research were downloaded from the GEO database with access number GSE85844. In the current study, the criterion for selecting genes is the expression difference in the range 0.3 < LogFC <-0.3 and P-value at the 5% level. After identifying and specifying the genes with significant difference (increased and decreased expression), DAVID database was used to analyze the ontology of genes. In order to investigate the interaction and relationship between the genes, the STRING database was used and the Cytoscape software package was utilized to analyze the created network.

1008 genes with different and significant expression were identified (p<0.05). Genes with Log FC <-0.3, have low expression and their number was 431, and genes with Log FC > 0.3 have high expression and their number is 577. The ontology results for CHRD, PLOD1, BMP4 and ITGA5 genes showed that these genes are effective in the pathways related to hair morphogenesis and construction, hair follicle regeneration and development and density of skin.

selecting to improve the quality of wool produced in sheep by using these findings will accelerate the genetic progress of related breeding programs.

To evaluate the expression pattern of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase under iron deficiency conditions in Fe- efficient (Pishtaz) and -inefficient (Falat) bread wheat cultivars, a CRD (completely randomized design) based factorial experiment was conducted with three replications. The cultivars were grown under iron deficiency (Less than 1.5 mg Fe/kg soil) and compared with normal conditions (10 mg Fe/kg soil). The relative expression levels of the above-mentioned genes were measured using Real-time PCR technique in the leaves and roots of the cultivars at two growth stages: vegetative (one month after germination) and reproductive (30% of heading). The results revealed a remarkable enhancement in calatalse expression in the roots of both cultivars in the vegetatative stage but it was higher in Fe-efficient cultivar than -inefficient one. The expression of this gene was decreased in leaves at the same stage as well as in the roots of both cultivars in the vegetative stage. The expression level of ascorbate peroxidase gene in the reproductive stage in the roots of Fe-inefficient cultivar was higher than that of -efficient one. In the vegetative stage, the expression of this gene increased in the leaves and roots of Fe-efficient cultivar, but it was decresed in Fe-inefficient cultivar. The relative expression level of polyphenol oxidase gene in the vegetative stage under iron deficiency conditions in the leaf increased almost three times, compared to the roots, while the expression of this gene decreased in the reproductive stage in both leaves and roots. By increasing the expression of both catalase and ascorbate peroxidase genes in the roots of both cultivars in the reproductive stage under iron deficiency conditions, it seems that bread wheat cultivars might reduce the deletrious effects of stress and maintain yield through transferring much iron to the seeds in the seed filling stage. The findings of the present study may increase our understanding of the important role of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in Fe deficiency stress conditions.

Environmental stress is one of the main factors that reduce the growth and performance of crops and threatening human food security. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of drought stress on the changes in biochemical traits and the level of expression of a MYB transcription factor gene in two wheat cultivars (Tajan and Zagros), under drought stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Drought treatments were applied at three levels of 40, 70 and 100% of field capacity 4 weeks after germination. Twenty days after the application of stress, leaves and roots were sampled in order to investigate the expression of MYB genes and measuring some biochemical traits. The results of examining the chlorophyll content under stress showed that the content of chlorophyll a and b decreased with increasing of stress intensity in different genotypes. The rate of reduction of chlorophyll a and b in Tajan genotype under severe stress was higher than Zagros genotype. Also, TBARM content under severe drought stress was significantly higher than moderate stress condition and this increase was seen in Tajen genotype more than Zagros genotype. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the MYB genes showed an increase in expression under drought stress. Furthermore, Zagros genotype, which is considered as a tolerant cultivar to drought stress, had a higher MYB expression level than Tajan cultivar for both genes, suggesting this cultivar for future breeding programs, also considering the importance MYB family genes during drought stress, the results can be used in molecular breeding and pyramiding breeding projects.

European black cumin (Carum carvi L.) is an important species of the Apiacea family that has valuable terpene compounds. The aims of this study were, to determine the effect of different hormonal treatments on the production of callus from leaf and root explants and also to select the best explant and hormonal treatment for cell culture, and then to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the stimulation of the production of secondary metabolites and the expression of the Limonene synthase gene in callus was obtained from cell culture. First, the effect of 6 hormone treatments in MS culture medium on the callus produced from two explants (leaf and root) were investigated by measuring three quantitative and qualitative traits in each of the treatments. Considering the above traits, leaf explant in MS2 hormone treatment, which included IBA (0.1 mg/l), 2IP (0.5 mg/l) and BA (0.5 mg/l), were identified as superior explant and hormone treatment. To continue the studies, the calluses obtained from the superior explant on the superior hormone treatment were transferred to the cell culture medium containing MS culture medium without agar. Then the samples were placed in a shaker at 120 rpm under dark conditions at a temperature of 24°C. After multiplying the callus and reaching the desired growth, the samples were treated with silver nanoparticles in two concentration of 50 and 100 mg/l, and samples were taken from the calluses at zero, 24 and 48 hours after the treatment. The data obtained from GC and GC/MS and the results of limonene synthase gene expression showed that silver nanoparticles as a non-living stimulus by intensifying defense responses in black cumin, caused a change in the synthesis rate of secondary  metabolites such as Limonene, Carvone, Carvacrol, Thymol, p-Cymene and γ-Terpinene and also increased the expression of Limonene synthase gene.

To study the effect of different levels of melatonin on the biochemical properties and the amount of expression of genes related to the activity of antioxidant enzymes in bread wheat, a split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete Triticum aestivum block design. Irrigation levels (normal (FC = 80%)), mild stress (FC = 60%), and severe stress (FC = 40%)) were allocated to the main plots and melatonin foliar spray (zero, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) were assigned to subplots. The results showed that the flavonoid content and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity increased with the intensification of dehydration stress. The level of 100 µM melatonin had the highest flavonoid content, ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. The mean comparison interaction treatments showed that the highest content of proline, phenol, superoxide dismutase and catalase was assigned to the 100 µM melatonin foliar spray under conditions of extreme stress of dehydration. Also, the lowest amount of malondialdehyde was observed for the 50 μM melatonin foliar treatment under normal irrigation conditions. The highest content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and grain yield were recorded in the treatment of foliar spray of 100 μM melatonin and normal irrigation conditions. In this investigation, the maximum expression of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase genes were determined in the foliar spray of 100 and 150 μM melatonin levels under conditions of extreme stress. . The foliar spray of melatonin, especially at the level of 100 μM, could moderate the effect dehydration stress on grain yield by improving biochemical and antioxidant properties.

Nitrogen is one of the most important components of biomolecules, amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, chlorophyll, and many plant hormones, which are essential and necessary for plant growth and development. In the condition of nitrogen deficiency very different responses such as yield reduction, leaf chlorosis, plant growth and root structure formation appears in phenotypes of plants. In the last decade, to increase the amount of biomass and as a result the yield of plants, a wide use of nitrogen has attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, the expression analysis of seven nitrate transporter genes (NRT2) was investigated in Arabidopsis in response to nitrogen deficiency stress at 4 and 7 days after this stress. The expression analysis of NRT2.3 and NRT2.4 genes showed increased expression at 7 days after applying nitrogen deficiency stress. But all the genes did not show a significant increase in expression at 4 days after N stress application. NRT2.4 gene showed a significant increase in 4 and 7 days after applying nitrogen stress compared to other genes. Overall, our results showed that increased nitrate transporter gene expression in leaves contributes to nitrogen uptake for plant growth and nitrogen accumulation in response to long-term low nitrogen stress. These findings can lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of low nitrogen tolerance and therefore the increase of other cultivars with nitrogen deficiency stresses.