جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « چغندرقند » در نشریات گروه « بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی »

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limits crop production in the world. Identification of superior crop genotypes is the first step of breeding programs, while molecular markers reduce the time needed for breeding projects. Sugar beet is one of the most important crops that plays a key role in providing food in the world. In this research, 20 sugar beet hybrids were used to study diversity with 10 SSR primers and 9 RAPD primers to determine the relationship between this diversity and drought tolerance. Genetic variability indices in sugar beet showed that the highest PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) in the SSR and RAPD were related to BQ583448 marker (76%) and J marker (44%). Cluster analysis based on molecular data was performed using Jaccard's similarity coefficient and UPGMA method. Cluster analysis of STI and molecular markers showed that SSR markers BQ583448 and FDSB502 and RAPD markers: J and A caused segregation of susceptible and drought tolerant genotypes. Assessment of genetic variation in drought tolerance with SSR marker was almost useful and can be used in drought tolerance improvement programs.

Despite the significant benefits of transgenic crops, there is a general concern that if these crops, like their non-transgenic counterparts, are safe for human and animal nutrition. One way to investigate the food safety of these crops is to compare the molecular properties of transgenic crops with their natural parents as well as crops resulted from conventional breeding which have a history of safe use. This research pursued to determine whether the set of changes that occurred in the two transgenic events of rhizomania-resistant sugar beet is comparable to the parental non-transgenic plants and was within the range of natural changes? Whether genetic engineering led to the generation of compounds that are not safe for humans and animals? Investigations have shown that proteomic alterations in both transgenic lines were minimal and within the range of natural variations. Metabolomic changes in a selected S6 event were very low while there were remarkable alterations in the metabolome of S3 event, although these were within the range of natural deviations too.

Autumn sowing of sugar beet is a suitable way in sustainable agriculture. Bolting is an undesirable phenomenon which reduces sugar beet yield and it is the most important limiting factor in autumn sowing of sugar beet. Identification and comparison of the sequence of flowering genes in various genotypes can help to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling bolting. In the previous studies, it was revealed that expression level of FT1 and VIN3 genes in sugar beet is associated with bolting resistance. In this study, the sequence of FT1 gene promotor and three versions of VIN3 gene promoters of sugar beet were compared in three bolting resistant and three bolting susceptible genotypes. Primer design for each gene was carried out using the DNA sequences found at the NCBI database. DNA was extracted from leaf samples growing in pots and was used as template in PCR reactions. Similar length of amplified fragments for each promoter gene in bolting susceptible and bolting resistant genotypes were selected and sequenced for more accurate assessment. There was no mutation in the FT1 gene promoter, however 624 substitution and insertion/deletion mutations were observed in the promoter of three versions of VIN3 gene. A 228-bp ins/del region was detected in the VIN3-like1 promoter. This region contains promoter elements and seems to have a control function. Comparison of detected mutations between susceptible and resistant genotypes did not show a distinct pattern for bolting.

One objective of drought resistance breeding of sugar beet is to introduce cultivars with lower yield loss under drought stress. In this study, 29 sugar beet O-type lines together with a tolerant foreign cultivar as control (IR7); a susceptible genotype (191); genotypes 30908, 31290, 31291, and 31292; and forage beet bulk 7221 were evaluated in a split-plot experiment on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in Motahari Research Station in 2012. The main plot was devoted to stress (at two levels of normal irrigation and stress application) and the sub-plots were devoted to 36 lines and cultivars under study. Under both conditions, the plots were normally irrigated until thinning and plant establishment and then, they were irrigated on the basis of about 80-90 and 270 mm evaporation from evaporation pan under normal and stress conditions, respectively. The results indicated that mean root, raw sugar, and white sugar yield decreased by 59, 72, 76% respectively in response to drought stress. The significance of the effect of genotype and the interaction between stress and genotype on crop quantitative traits show the wide diversity of genetic materials in terms of the response to drought stress. Under drought stress, O-type lines 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 26 had significantly higher root yield. However, no significant difference was observed among genotypes in terms of raw and white sugar yield. In conclusion, the development of sugar beet lines tolerant to drought appears to be promising.

Sugar beet is one of the most important agricultural products which currently provides about 20% of the sugar around the world. With classical breeding methods, good traits can be introduced in sugar beet breeding programs but it can take years to find the perfect cross. Genetic engineering (precision breeding) is the most advanced plant breeding method that is currently used. In the last two decades, this method has been applied in sugar beet breeding for resistance to pests and disease, abiotic stress, and also by-product production. Genetic engineering has not only elevated the efficiency of breeding programs efficiency but also in some cases, such as introducing resistance in sugar beet to herbicide application, significantly reduced costs. The present study will describe recent progress in the application of genetic engineering in sugar beet improvement.

In sugar beet fields, shoot elongation in the first year called "Bolting"causes reduction of the root yield and white sugar yield. Identification of genetic control of flowering can be useful in development of bolting-resistant cultivars in sugar beet. A similar molecular mechanism for flowering control has been found in the most plants". In this study, sugar beet nucleotide sequences were searched in the Genbank database against protein sequences of FRIGIDA and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 in Arabidopsis by tblastn software. Primers were designed from two similar founded records and used in PCR reactions. Two leaf samples were prepared from the field plants before and after vernalization. cDNA synthesized from extracted RNA of the samples and used as template in PCR reactions. cDNA fragments 896 bp and 1000 bp of VIN3 and FRI genes respectively were obtained from sequencing procedure and for the first time, these sequences were recorded in the Genbank database. FRIGIDA-like protein causes late flowering by increasing RNA levels of FLC gene.VIN3 protein containing a PHDfinger domain that acts as binding modules of methylated histone H3 in FLC gene and repressed expression of FLC gene in during vernalization.

Sugar beet is an industrial important crop plant in Iran and the rest of the world. Leaf buds emerging on leaves are the most important explants used in the transformation of sugar beet. In order to study the production of leaf buds by direct and indirect organogenesis in sugar beet, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete design with four replications. In direct regeneration method, Benzyl adenine (BA, 0.5 mgL-1) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA, 0.5 mgL-1), and in indirect method 2-4-D (0.5 mgL-1) and kinetin (Kin, 0.5 mgL-1) along with two sugar beet lines (SBSI-04 and SBSI-02), three types of leaf explants, including terminal bud, leaf and petiole, were used. Analysis of variance (Anova) showed that SBSI-02 line produced the highest rate of regeneration. Furthermore, the effect of explant type, line and regeneration method on plantlet regeneration was significant (P ≤ 0.01). Regeneration efficiency was also influenced by the line× explants interaction (P ≤ 0.01). The results of this experiment showed that although the regeneration method had a significant effect on the efficiency of regeneration, but there was no significant difference between direct and indirect regeneration methods.

hizomania is the most important disease of sugar beet in Iran and some other parts of the world, and plays an essential role in decreasing sugar yield in fields. The best approach to control this disease is to use resistant varieties. For the involvement of resistance genes in breeding programs, tagging these genes by molecular markers is necessary. The aim of this research was cloning of a RAPD marker linked to rhizomania resistance genes (Rz1) and convertingto SCAR specific marker. For this, at first the DNAs were extracted from the plants and then RAPD-PCR reactions done using the primer related to the marker. The RAPD products were excised from the gel, purified and cloned into plasmid vector. Then, the recombinant clones were selected and sequenced. The sequenced fragments were used to design specific primers by Oligo 5 software. Analysis of the specific primers in PCR reactions were produced specific single band for the marker linked to Rz1 gene. This SCAR marker was named to ZN1 and it has more specificity and reproducibility as compared with the original RAPD marker. Polymorphism of this marker was verified in different sugar beet genotypes. Therefore, this SCAR marker can be utilized in breeding programs of marker assisted selection (MAS) in sugar beet for selecting rhizomania resistant plants.

The present study was designed to determine and compare genetic diversity between sugar beet lines as morphologic and molecular and assess the relationship between genetic distance using molecular markers and heterosis. A 9×9 diallel cross performed and the crosses, along with their respective parental lines were individually evaluated in a 7×7 lattice design with three replications. A set of 72 genotypes from 9 lines were analyzed using 18 SSR satellite markers. Morphological cluster devided lines to two group. In this study, cluster analysis revealed correlation between morphological and molecular classification of parental genotypes. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for microsatellite loci (0.156-0.858) indicates efficiency of SSR and EST-SSR markers in detecting polymorphism among lines. Thus, despite efficient markers and matching the two groups, the association between genetic distance based on markers and heterosis is senseless and lacking the necessary utility in predicting heterosis in sugar beet genotypes. Simple linear regression analysis showed a weak linear relationship between genetic distance based on molecular markers and hybrid performance. To achieve the predictive value markers for estimating potential of heterosis, the suitable way is using of markers are close linked to yield -related trait.

Rhizomania is one of the most important Sugar beet diseases throughout the world. The disease is caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). The Polymyxa betae (Keskin) is the only natural transmitting agent of the disease between the plants. The fungus is an obligate parasite and could not be cultured in the media, then detection of fungus is done normally by microscopic observation. In order to facilitate detection process, present study is done to develop specific antibodies against this fungus by applying recombinant protein. The Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as a specific immunogenic protein is a critical enzyme expressed in zoospores, sporangia and resting spores and could be a good candidate to develop a serological test for P. betae. For this aim, the DNA region encoding fungal GST gene was isolated and cloned into pET28a bacterial expression vector. Large scale expression of the recombinant protein was performed in Escherichia coli (Migula). Purification was carried out by applying immobilized metal affinity chromatography under native conditions. The purified recombinant GST protein was used for immunization of rabbit. Purification of immunoglobulin was performed by affinity chromatography using protein A column. The purified antibodies were applied for efficient detection of infected plant in serological assays.

Several sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) have been described in beets. Sugar beet cultivars are producing only using the source of Owen CMS. Introducing Owen CMS from cultivated sugar beet, have been important role in development of hybrid cultivars and changed breeding methods in sugar beet. Sugar beet cultivars carring CMS Owen are semi fertile. In order to investigating cytoplasm variation and cytoplasmic male sterility source between cultivars, mitochondrial minisatellite and PCR-RFLP markers were used. Banding profiles of four cultivars and two male strile and fertile lines demonstrated the presence of Owen CMS in breeding process of these cultivars. Cytoplasmic variation was not observed between cultivars, but some progeny of cross between cultivar plants and a pollinator were sterile. It seems, other resource, besides Owen CMS have been used in producing some hybrid cultivars.

The effects of irrigation periods and fertilizer nitrogen rates on population of black bean aphid were studied in sugar beet fields of Isfahan University of Technology for two years. Experiments were carried out as splitplot in a complete randomized block design with four replications.Irrigation factor in three levels (100%, 75% and 50% plant water requierment in 2005 and irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from class A pan in 2006) and nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (200, 150 and 100 kg/ha net nitrogen in both years) were allocated to main and subplots respectively. Pest population was assessed by weekly sampling. The highest mean population of black bean aphid was observed in 100% irrigation treatment in the first year and in irrigation after 70 mm evaporation treatment in the second year and in 200 kg/ha nitrogen treatment in both years. As irrigation cycle doubled in 200 kg/ha net nitrogen treatment, population of black bean aphid increased by 177.9 times.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sugar beet farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and skills on optimal on-farm soil management practices and to identify and determine the most important distinguishing factors of their behavior domains on soil management. The methodological approach in the research was a descriptive and causal-comparative study of the survey type. The target population in the study was the sugar beet farmers of Khorasan-Razavi province (n=000). Using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique, 80 farmers were selected as a statistical sample. Finally, 98.% questionnaires were collected and analyzed (n=7). The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several times of review and correction by the faculty members of agricultural extension and education, agronomy and soil science departments at Tarbiat Modarres university, several experts of Jihad e Agriculture ministry and the agricultural sector of the sugar factories in Khorasan-Razavi province. The reliability of analysis was conducted through 0 questionnaires and Cronbach’s Alpha values for the section of behavioral domains of the instrument were estimated between 0.7-0.87 using statistical SPSS software. Considering Venn diagram in relation to the triple domains of studied sugar beet farmers’ behavior, results showed that about. % (sugar beet growers) were identified as qualified farmers. The results of the stepwise discriminant analysis with Wilks’ Lambda procedure and partial F-test criteria revealed that educational level, extension contacts, extend of irrigated cultivation, farmers’ age and social status were the most important distinguished variables of farmers’ behavioral categories. Generally, mentioned variables could correctly classify 66.9% of all subjects based on the discriminant functions.

To investigate the effects of different irrigation water use and methods (tape and furrow) on different parameters such as: water use efficiency, yield components and also different quality parameters of sugarbeet, an experiment was performed in the water resource engineering field in college of agriculture, Razi university in Kermanshah, west of Iran in year 2005. The experiment was split plot in randomized complete blocks design with 3 levels of irrigation water requirement as main factor (50,75 and 100%) of cumulative evaporation from class A pan with tape irrigation method and 100% of the same condition but with surface(furrow) irrigation method each with 3 replicates. The sugerbeet variety of Rasool was used as crop material. The results showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation treatments on root and sugar yield were significant. The highest root and sugare yield with 120.73 and 20.65 ton/ha were achieved for treatment surface irrigation (100%). For treatment of 100% irrigation with tape method 119.18 and 18.44 ton/ha root and sugar yield were achieved respectively. The results showed a reduction of (24.05 and 37.28%) for root yield and (15.13 and 26.84%) on sugar yield for defecit irrigation 50 and 75% treatments, although, water use efficiencies for sugar production, 6.67 and 26.32% increased respectively. In furrow surface irrigation treatment (100%), the amount of water use was 1.55 times more than treatment tape surface irrigation (100%), while water use efficiency based on root and sugar yield, 34.61 and 40% decreased respectively. The results showed that the surface irrigation tape treatment (75%) in which irrigation water was applied at the rate of 75% can be used for sugarbeet grown in regions where irrigation water supplies are limited. Although in the proposed treatment the root production compare to full irrigation treatment was lower significantly, but from point view of sugar production were in the same level.

The aim of this study was to forecast nominal and real price of sugar beet and to compare forecasting ability of artificial neural network method with other forecasting methods. The stationary of the series was tested and then, in order to investigate whether series are stochastic, nonparametric test of Vald-Wulfowitz and parametric test of Durbin-Watson were applied. Based on the above tests results, nominal price of sugar beet were recognized non-stochastic and predictable, while the real price series was found stochastic. The study period covers 97-005. The models used for forecasting were autoregressive, moving average, ARIMA, Single and Double exponential smoothing, harmonic, ARCH and artificial neural network. Based on the lowest forecasting error criterion, harmonic model forecasted nominal price of sugar beet with lowest forecasting error. The amount of nominal series forecasted by different models was at range of 344000-396000 and 398000-448504 rials per ton for 004 and 005, respectively. The happened values of nominal price series for 004 and 005 were 38700 and 447000 rials per ton, respectively.

In order to evaluation the effects of different application methods of nitrogen fertilizer on sugar beet yield, an experiment was conducted in farms of agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad university, Tabriz branch in 005. A randomized complete block design based factorial with three replicates used for three cultivars (7, PP, and IC) and three nitrogen application methods (seedbed applying of nitrogen, spraying at 6-8 and 4-6 leaf stages). Results showed that applying methods and cultivars had not significant effect on root and sugar yield, but on sugar percentage. Nitrogen spraying on P increased root yield more than other cultivars. Among N applying methods, nitrogen spraying was more effective than others. Soil application of nitrogen increased sugar yield in 7 and IC cultivars, whereas in PP, the most effective method was nitrogen spraying in 4-6 leaf stage. Nitrogen spraying in PP for increasing root yield, and nitrogen spraying at 4-6 leaf stage in PP, and seedbed applying of nitrogen fertilizer in 7 and IC cultivars for increasing sugar yield was recommended.

The main objective of this study was to develop an optimal cropping pattern for sugar beet growers of Eqlid district (Fars province) and to investigate its importance in cropping pattern. Regarding the effect of risk on producer's decision, two sources of risk including price and yield risks was considered. Beside the other objectives, reduced water use was also dealt with applying multi objective Programming framework. The results showed that the income difference of current and optimal cropping pattern is only 7 percent. However, they are different in crop combination, so that, in current pattern. 8 hectare out of 6.8 hectare of representative growers belongs to sugar beet, while in the case of optimal pattern, it reduces to 0. hectares. In general, in developed cropping patterns, sugar beet-wheat dominated production combination changes in favor of been. The change meets the goal of reduced water use up to percent in addition to providing the current gross margin. The results revealed that farmers mainly consider price risk, to a great extent, in cropping pattern. It was also determined that inefficiency of sugar beet in using water as a restricting input has been resulted in reduced priority of sugar beet in cropping pattern.