جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pinus l » در نشریات گروه « جنگلداری »

The SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation process is one of the most effective and high-performance platforms for biorefining lignocellulosic materials. Determining the most appropriate percentage of chemical compounds in the cooking liquor can increase process performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanol concentration in SEW cooking liquor on the properties of Pinus eldarica pulp. To achieve this, different ethanol concentrations (26-74%, w/w) in combination with varying percentages of water and fixed 12% SO2 were considered. Cooking was conducted in a laboratory digester at a maximum temperature of 135°C for 60 minutes for all treatments. The results showed that increasing the ethanol concentration to 53% decreased the pulp yield, but increasing it further to 74% increased the pulp yield. The kappa number of the pulp decreased as the ethanol concentration increased, but with a further increase in concentration, this was reversed. A slight increase in the pH of the cooking liquor (due to the increased ethanol concentration) significantly decreased pulp brightness. According to the selectivity curve, the best ethanol concentration used in the SEW process was 41%, which was consistent with the concentrations of 43.5% and 44% reported previously

Human demand for food and energy has led to major changes in the level of active nitrogen (N) released to the atmosphere. N addition experiments are a reliable way for investigating the effect of extra N deposition on target ecosystems. The present study was carried out to investigate in the effects of an artificial N deposition on the soil biochemical properties of a 20-year-old oak (Pinus radiata) plantation in Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran. Twelve plots of (20 m × 10 m) were established in the study area. Four N treatments were considered: zero (control), 50 (low), 100 (medium) and 150 (high) kg N ha−1 year−1. N in the form of NH4NO3 solution was manually sprayed onto the plots monthly for one year. Analysis of variance showed that soil characteristics at nitrogen treatment and different seasons and interaction of season and treatment had significant differences (P value <0.01). In this regard and at the end of the simulation period, the lowest soil pH was observed in high treatment (6±0.3) and highest in control treatment (6.8±0.3). The highest amount of total nitrogen was observed at high N treatment (0.55±0.02). But in relation to K and P concentrations, the control treatment (368±2.7) (12±1.6) had highest and high N treatment (266±3) (6.6±0.7) had lowest concentration of P and K, respectively. In this study, due to the increase in nitrate content obtained by adding ammonium nitrate in the nitrogen simulation process, nitrate becomes saturated in the soil and mobile in the soil, and then leaching with base cations and decreasing soil pH.

Knowledge of forest inventory and estimation the exact volume of trees is one of the important features in planning for forest resources. The form factor is one of the most important factors in determining the exact volume of trees. To estimate the actual volume of trees, the form factor must be calculated. The aim of this study, determination of form factor for three species (Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea and Cupressus sempervirens) in the Arabdagh reforests, and comparison of the real form factor with the natural, artificial, and Hohnadl factors.

In this research four types of form factors including real, natural, artificial, and Hohnadl factors for three species (Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea and Cupressus sempervirens) were evaluated in the Arabdagh reforests, Golestan province. For this purpose, 39 trees )13 trees for each species) randomly selected in different diameter at breast height classes from 7.5 to 42.5 cm (2 trees of each diameter class). In each tree, height, diameter at breast height (D.B.H) and diameter at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of tree height were measured, then 2-meter length logs from every tree were cut and separated and their diameter at two tops of 2 m length logs were measured. In addition, the height and diameter of the clog and the length of the tree was also measured. To calculate the exact volume of the trunk from the sum of 2 m long logs volumes and log using the Smalian formula. Then the form factors (real, natural, artificial, and Hohnadl) were calculated for every 3 species.

The results showed that true, natural, artificial, and Hohnadl form factor value were 0.49, 0.49, 0.41 and 0.45 (Pinus brutia) respectively. In addition, there was a significant statistical difference between artificial with true form factor (α = 0.05), but There was no significant difference between natural and Hohnadl form factor with the true form factor. The form factors (Pinus pinea) using real, natural, artificial and Hohnadl formulas was obtained 0.51, 0.47, 0.41 and 0.45 respectively. There was a significant difference between the real form factor with artificial and Hohnadl form factors. However, there was no significant difference between natural form factor with the real form factor. The form factors (Cupressus sempervirens) using real, natural, artificial and Hohnadl formulas were 0.55, 0.53, 0.48, and 0.48 respectively. There was a significant difference between the Hohnadl and real form factor. However, there was no significant difference between the real, natural and artificial form factors

According to the results of this research, we can conclude that the natural form factor can be used as an appropriate form factor for Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea, and Cupressus sempervirens, and Hohnadl form factor for Pinus brutia and artificial form factor for Cupressus sempervirens can ability replace the real form factor.

Changes in the quality of water reaching forest floor are of the most important consequences of native and exotic tree species plantations for rehabilitating the derelict areas of the Caspian forests. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of throughfall in plantations of Persian maple (Acer velutinim Bioss) and Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia Ten) in Darabkola Forest, Sari. The amount of gross rainfall and throughfall were measured using six and twenty plastic collectors, respectively, from May 15, 2012 to 15 March, 2013. To compare the concentration of Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium of the throughfall, four throughfall and rainfall samples were monthly taken from each stand. The results showed that the average of EC in growing season in Persian maple stand (170 µs/cm) was significantly higher than in Turkish pine stand (135 µs/cm) and in rainfall (55 µs/cm). Mean concentration of Potassium (Acer: 6.15, Pine 5.63 mg.l-1), Calcium (Acer: 0.53, Pine: 0.83 mg.l-1) and Magnesium (Acer: 0.59, Pine: 0.55 mg.l-1) were not significantly different between Acer and Pine stands. Mean concentration of potassium and magnesium in Persian maple stand (K: 6.15, Mg: 0.59 mg.l-1) and Turkish pine (K: 5.63, Mg: 0.55 mg.l-1) was significantly higher than the rainfall (K: 0.24, Mg: 0.32 mg.l-1). We concluded that the plantations change the water quality reaching the forest floor. It is needed to examine the effects of all endemic and exotic tree species on chemical composition of throughfall in future studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Mondell Pine tree) Pinus eldarica (in decreasing heavy metal contaminants within the environment by determining the concentration of heavy metals in the leaves and bark of P. eldarica and comparing their concentrations on falling dust. to reduce the concentrations of heavy metals in the environment compared with the concentration of these pollutants in falling dust. After the preparation of falling dust and plant samples, the heavy elements of them have been extracted by acid digestion method and then measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the concentration of Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Lead, and Cadmium in falling dust respectively were the highest to the lowest. Concentrations of Cadmium, Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel, increased with increasing distance from the road due to multi-directional winds and the presence of other contaminants. The Pearson correlation analysis between heavy metals found in the falling dust and Mondell Pine tree showed that the input and controlling factors of these elements in the Mondell Pine tree are probably the same as the dust. The results showed that the P. eldarica bark with the amount of accumulation index of 7261 mg/kg has more ability to simultaneously absorb different metals. As a result, since this green belt surrounds the Yazd urban area, it is hoped that a significant amount of heavy metals will be absorbed by these trees.

In plant ecohydrology studies, stemflow considered as point input of rainfall into plant ecosystems. To date, due to field measurement, time-consuming and high cost of stemflow measurements, models are used to estimate the stemflow amounts. The aims of this study were to test the performance of three physically-based model of Gash and revised versions (Gash-1 and Gash-2) to estimate the stemflow in an elder pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) stand in the Chitgar Forest Park for three-years study period. Rainfall magnitude and throughfall was measured with 10 and 60 rain-gauges, respectively. Stemflow was measured for 9 trees in each stand that were considered representative of the stand. According to the validation step, Gash and Gash-2 models were found to be the best models to estimate the stemflow, respectively, however the performance of each model was different at each rainfall magnitude class. For the very small rainfall class (lower than 2.50 mm), estimation of all models was incorrect. For the small (2.51-5.00 mm) and medium (5.01-7.50 mm) rainfall classes, Gash-2 was the best model, while Gash model estimated very well for the large (7.51-10 mm) and very large (more than 10.00 mm) rainfall classes. In conclusion, Gash model requires few input variables, hence would be more applicable than to other models. Due to the climate change, which is affected by the frequency of rainstorms in different rainfall magnitude classes, it is necessary to use appropriate models to estimate the amount of stemflow.

Atmospheric heavy metals pollutions affect needles anatomical properties of coniferous trees. The present study investigated the accumulation of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) on needles of Pinus eldarica and leaves anatomical responses to urban pollutions in downtown of Tehran Mega city (Keshavarz Boulevard, henceforth KB) as the highest polluted area and in the Chitgar Forest Park (hereafter CFP), west of Tehran, as the lowest. To achieve this, needles were collected in 2015, summer season and structural characteristics needles, i.e., leaf surface, stomatal density, width and length of stomata, as well as epidermis and cuticle thickness, were measured. The results exhibited that the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu in KB were 0.51, 8.41, 0.51 and 4.2 µg/g, respectively, which were more than those in the CFP (0.05, 2.18, 0.1 and 3.8 µg/g, respectively). No significant difference, however, was detected between KB and CFP in terms of Zn and Ni concentrations. Leaf area in KB (0.132 cm2) was less than that in CFP (0.137 cm2). Stomatal density and length in KB were 92 per mm2 and 20.9 µm, respectively, against those of CFP (112 per mm2 and 24.13 µm). Upper and lower epidermises in KB (5.3, 5.4 µm, respectively) was significantly thinner than those in CFP (6.2, 6.1 µm). The observed changes in anatomical properties are physiological and structural strategies of P. eldarica leaves against stress tolerance induced by urban pollutions. P. eldarica is anatomically sensitive to the pollutants concentrations measured in this study and needle leaves structural characteristics change to adapt to the pollution stress.

This study was carried out to model the soil carbon sequestration changes regarding to soil physical and chemical properties in pure and mixed stands of Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) planted in Semnan Sokan forest park. Four different treatments including pure Eldar pine, pure black locust, mixed of these species and control (without any plant cover) were considered. Soil samples were taken from different soil depth (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm) in the treatments and transported to laboratory for further analysis. The results showed that the Eldar pine trees decreased soil acidity and increased aggregates stability of soil. Black locust increased organic matter content, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen content of soil which can improve the quality of poor soils of this area. The mixed treatments affect soil properties partly between two above mentioned treatments. The carbon sequestration for Robinia, Pine, mixed and control treatments were 28.67, 18.74, 24.05 and 1.73 tons per hectare, respectively.The modeling of carbon sequestration with physical and chemical properties of soil, the nitrogen and phosphorus were determined as the most important effecting factors on the soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, increasing soil nitrogen in such regions via biological methods (planting nitrogen fixing plants) can play important role in success of afforestion and carbon sequestration projects in such regions.

Exploitation and use of new technologies for improving of deleterious effects of drought stress are of great importance. An experiment was operated on Pinus nigra in order to investigate the effects of silicon (SiO2) (SNPs) nanoparticles on declining the deleterious effects of water stress. Nanoparticles spraying with 0, 10, 30, 60 and 100 ppm were applied every week for five months on the leaves of seedlings irrigated based on field capacity in the intervals of 4, 6 and 8 days. Applying SiO2 NPs increased height growth, water potential, relative water content and decreased electrolyte leakage. The increased SiO2 improved aboveground biomass and root length of seedlings as affected by drought stress. In general, it can be deduced that in this study the use of silicon nanoparticles, especially concentrations of 60 and 100 mgr/l, induces growth and physiological activities of Pinus nigra seedlings under drought stress.

Changes in rainfall interception and consequently in water balance cause essential effects on reforestation by indigenous and exotic tree species in the degraded areas of the Caspian forests. The aim of the present study was to compare the interception of Quercus castaneifolia, Acer velutium, and Pinus brutia plantations during the growing season in Darabkola Forest in eastern part of Mazandaran province in northern Iran. The amount of rainfall (GR) and throughfall (TF) were measured from May to November 2012 by 6 and 20 polyethylene manual gauges with 8 cm diameter each. The rainfall interception was estimated as the difference between TF and GR. During the measurement period 20 rainfall events were recorded. The amount of cumulative GR depth was 346.5 mm. Moreover, the cumulative rainfall interception of Q. castaneifolia, A. velutium, and P. brutia were 86.2 mm, 107.9 mm and 178.3 mm, respectively. The results showed that the rainfall interception was higher during the dry season, from April to September. In addition, significant correlations were observed between rainfall interception and the relative interception for the three plantations (r2 =0.781, 0.716 and 0.618 for Q. castaneifolia, A. velutium and P. brutia, respectively). It is concluded that estimating the amount of rainfall interception is crucial for selecting adapted species for reforestation in the Caspian forests. It is also a prerequisite for calculation of the water balance within reforestations.

Afghan pine one of the native tree species in Eldar region of Azerbaijan Republic. Fast growing, suited for dry climate condition, increasing wood in unit volume, reason of using Eldar pine in reforestation and plantations. At this case study of Absheron peninsular of Baku, Azerbaijan, were taken 14 trees samples of two sites. BBG, Baku Botanical Garden and BMD, Baku Merdakan Dendrary, are two case study sites in this research. The tree ring chronology of BBG and BMD, are 1961-2010 (49 years) and 1932-2010 (78 years) time span, respectively. The chronology statistic shows that there is similarity between two sites (GLK=65، T-value= 4، GSL= 95%). The result shows that there is positive correlation between monthly total precipitations of November before growing season with tree ring of Pinus eldarica at BMD site. Mean temperature of November has negative correlation with growth of Pine at BMD site. The monthly total precipitation of august has negative impact on growth of Eldar pine in BBG site. Decreasing temperature in November month is parallel to increasing of rain. That has the positive impact on tree ring growth next growing season. In summer, increasing of temperature case of decreasing rainfall and increasing water stress and so lead to narrow tree ring width. The results of this research can useful for choice of Afghan pine to various reforestation and plantations.

In this study، Pinus nigra forest plantation with an area about 10 hectares، located in Urmia airport was investigated. Sixteen 300 m2 circular sample plots were set up with systematic random method in 50×50 m grids network. One 100 m2 subplots، within the same plot، were established to record plant species and its cover. Soil samples in two depths (0-10 and 10-30cm) were taken in every other samples and soil factors including pH، soil organic carbon، total nitrogen، absorbable phosphorous were measured. Also a rangeland adjacent to plantation area was selected and three plots with 50 m distance spacing were laid out along a transect. Herbaceous species and soil factors were assessed in each plot similar to plantation area. The mean of diameter and height annual increment was calculated via dividing the diameter and height means by stand age till study time (40 years). Species richness and diversity indices were calculated in each plot. T-student test was used to test for significant differences between the means of indices and soil factors of two areas. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was applied to assess the rate of changes on the vegetation and soil chemical properties due to the plantation. Results showed that the mean diameter and height increment were 0. 46 cm and 0. 29 m، respectively. Species richness and Shannon diversity indices considerably decreased in the plantation area. The average of soil organic carbon، total nitrogen in the control area were more than those of the plantation area. Light، soil organic carbon، total nitrogen and absorbable phosphorous were the most important factors influencing the distribution of plant species. Generally، it is suggested that this species would not be planted in the wide regions and in the region in which it’s necessary to conserve plant composition and diversity.

Trees have been affected by environmental changes, including climatic conditions. Thus, the study on anatomical and morphological characteristics of tree rings provides the possibility of climate study. The present investigation aimed to study the effect at climatic factors such as temperature (maximum, medium and minimum), precipitation on the growth rings of Pinus brutia. 30 Pinus brutia trees have been selected and were cut for this purpose. The discs were taken from each tree stump height. After sample preparation, the width of the growth rings were measured using Corel Draw graphics soft ware, with an accuracy of 0.001 mm. Mean age of trees 33 years (1977 to 2009) were recorded. A value ​​for the growth of the software ARSTAN standard and growth index was created. The correlation results indicated a positive and significant effect of climatic factors, growth index, minimum temperatures in June, the average temperature in February and maximum temperature in February and September maximum temperature on Pinus brutia rings. October precipitation has direct and significant effects on growth.

The aim of this research was to estimate the ecohydological parameters of the canopy covers including canopy storage capacity (S) using the Pereira method and the direct throughfall coefficient (p) of individual trees of Pinus eldarica planted in the Chitgar Forest Park with a semiarid climate. To measure GR, six rain-gauges were installed in an open area neighboring to the trees. Throuhgfall (TF) was measured using the twenty rain gauges randomly located underneath the crown of the five individual trees. Rainfall interception (I) was calculated as the difference between GR and TF. From January 2011 to January 2012, 224 mm of cumulative GR in fifty-one rainfall events was recorded. P. eldarica trees intercepted 35.9% and 47.5% of the incident rainfall on cumulative-based, and event-based (each GR), respectively. The mean value of S estimated by the Pereira method, and p were found to be 0.77 mm (SE ± 0.08), and 0.44 (SE ± 0.07), respectively. The results indicated that I allocated a considerable portion of GR in P. eldarica trees in arid and semiarid regions. Hence, I should be considered while calculating the water budget for P. eldarica plantations. S which is a critical parameter for controlling I can be usefully estimated by a sole newly proposed method by Pereira for individual trees.

Research of the rainfall intercepted by trees is crucial in the management of water resources of afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the Sparse Gash model for estimation of rainfall interception (I) in a mature Pinus eldarica afforestation located in the Chitgar Forest Park in a semi-arid climate zone. Measurements of gross precipitation (PG) and throughfall (TF) were recorded on an event basis from 2009، September to 2010، April. I was calculated as the difference between PG and TF. Estimation of I was made by the Sparse Gash model، a powerful tool for estimating I، which uses canopy water storage capacity (S)، free throghfall (p)، and the ratio between evaporation rate from the wet canopy to the mean rainfall intensity (). For the measurement period، PG totaled 164. 8 mm during 30 rainfall events and rainfall interception loss totaled 61. 2 mm. The model predicted I to be 62. 19 mm for all the storms analyzed. This only differed from the measured I (61. 2 mm) by 0. 99 mm. A linear significant relationship (r2 = 0. 8772) was found between estimated I by the model and the measured I. Root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimation was 0. 49 mm in a storm scale corresponds to 23. 7% error. We concluded that the Sparse Gash model successfully predicted I for P. eldarica afforested regions of the semi-arid climate zone of Iran where a field measurement of rainfall interception is time-consuming and laborious.

In forestry، human seeks to achieve a new ecological system which suits local conditions. The aim of the research is to investigate soil carbon sequestration and its economic value، herbaceous cover biodiversity of the studied forest plantation stands and introduce factors affecting carbon sequestration. In order to measure biodiversity in five stands، 10 healthy and dominant trees were selected at each stand and 1 x 1 m. plots were allocated under each canopy cover (at four geographical aspects) and out of it at north aspect Sampling was made from soil surface beneath each tree''s canopy cover. The results showed that the greatest species according to the studied criteria، using Analytical Hierarchy Process، were Pinus brutia، Cercis siliquastrum and Fraxinus excelsior، respectively and they are recommended for forest plantation at similar ecological conditions. Furthermore، step by step regression analysis showed that gravel %، moisture %، bulk density and organic content % are the most effective parameters for carbon storage.

The potential environmental toxicity of argent nanoparticles (AgNP) was evaluated on germination characteristics of Pinus silvystris seeds. Seeds were exposed to different concentration of argent nanoparticles in soil and aqueous suspension (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg/kg soil and 0, 10, 20 mg/L water). The seed germination percentage, the speed of seed germination and cell membrane stability were calculated. The inhibitory effects of argent nanoparticles were observed for seed germination percentage, the speed of seed germination and cell membrane stability at 80 mg/kg soil. Conversely, the inhibitory effects were observed for seed germination characteristics in aqueous suspension at very low concentrations (at 10 mg AgNP /L water). The obtained different results in soil and aqueous suspension could be due to absorption and aggregation of argent nanoparticles in the soil, which can modify their mobility, bioavailability and possibly their ecotoxicity. According to the results, further researches are needed to identify the ecotoxicolgical effects of argent nanoparticles using abundantly for industrial and common use.

In this survey, the possibility of somatic embryogenesis in four different pine species was studied using different compositions of plant growth regulator. The embryogenic tissue induction phase was performed using mature zygotic embryo explant, culture medium DCR and using different levels of plant growth regulator in Pinus brutia, P. nigra, P. radiata and P. sylvestris species. The experiment was done through a completely randomized design with a simple factorial arrangement. Embryogenic tissue was measured in two phase, 30 and 40 days after the initial culture. After sterilizing of seeds kept at 4°C, and removing their coats, zygotic embryo was separated from megagametophyte and put into the Petri dish containing solid tissue culture. All the Petri dishes were maintained in darkness at 25°C. After 2 weeks the first signs of embryogenic tissue induction were observed. The results showed the significant effect of composition of plant growth regulator and specie on the amount of embryogenic tissue induction and the best result was obtained from P. brutia in hormon composition of 10µM 2,4-D+5µM BA. In order to proliferation of embryogenic tissues, subculture of tissues was performed every two weeks in new culture medium for six weeks. Finally, in order to maturation of somatic embryo from embryogenic tissue, the segments of embryogenic tissue with 5×5 mm dimensions were transferred to DCR culture medium. After two months, although quasi-embryo and abnormal structures got seen but the production of complete embryo from embryogenic tissue was unsuccessful and transition from preembryony phase and conversion to embryo with developed cotyledons failed.

This research was carried out to study the effects of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Populus sp. plantation on some forest soil properties in Lahidjan region. The experimental design was as completely Randomized Block with three treatments (Land covers) and five replicates. For each land cover, five 500 m2 sample plots were established and five trees were randomly selected within the plots. Soil samples were taken from depth 0-20 cm around each tree. Some soil properties such as pH, organic carbon, texture, microbial respiration were analyzed. The results showed that bulk density of soils differed significantly among Pinus taeda and other trees. Poplar plantation increased significantly pH, Ca+Mg, available P and K in contrast to other tree species. Microbial respiration increased significantly under soils of native forests. It is concluded that poplar plantation could increase the soil fertility index.

This research was carried out to compare the chemical composition of throughfall (TF), i.e., lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) as well as electrical conductivity (EC) and acidity (pH) beneath Pinus eldarica and Cupressus arizonica plantations with open field rainfall in the Chitgar Forest Park. The open field rainfall and TF were collected by 10 and 60 manual cylindrical plastic collectors, respectively. ICP was used in order to measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd. Three rainfall events were measured for chemical analysis. Pb and Cd concentrations as well as EC of TF were significantly different among Pinus eldarica, Cupressus arizonica, and the open field rainfall (P. eldarica: 74.07 ppb, 13.25 ppb, and 298 mµ; C. arizonica: 49.98 ppb, 10.75 ppb, and 251 mµ; open field rainfall: 27.22 ppb, 8.55 ppb, and 90.5 mµ). pH showed a significant difference between Pinus eldarica and the open field rainfall. Concerning the efficiency of plantation canopy for cleaning Pb and Cd concentrations of the atmosphere, changes in the amount of chemical compositions will provide an insight into the multiple criteria of selecting species for plantation projects in polluted urban areas.