جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "fuel consumption" در نشریات گروه "مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی"

In this study, three harvesting methods of sugar beet, including semi-mechanized, multi-stage mechanized and single-stage mechanized (by combine) in Khorasan Razavi province (Jovein town) were compared from the view of some technical factors. The total losses of sugar beet, including the weight of cut crown beets, damaged beets and unharvested healthy beets were 1944 kg ha-1 (i.e. 3% of yield), for for multi-stage method; for  single-stage and semi-mechanized methods this figure reduced to 542 and 454 kg ha-1 respectively. The highest increase in soil compaction in terms of cone index was measured for the single-stage method followed by the multi-stage method. The fuel consumption in the single-stage and semi-mechanized methods were 25% and 33% of the fuel consumption in multi-stage mechanized method. Energy consumption in single-stage and semi-mechanized methods was  less than what had been consumed in  multi-stage method,  24% and 34% respectively. Results also showed that single-stage mechanized (combine) harvesting method, compareing with two other methods, had relative advantages, except in soil compaction, for which some technical optimizations would be needed.

In this study, a new design of a narrow blade tillage with lateral tilt angle 10 degrees was used to study the possibility of removing its wing and compare it with the control blade. Three blades (blade with lateral tilt angles of 10 degrees, blade tilt angle of 10 degrees equipped with wing and blade control), plow depth in three levels, 20,15 and 25 cm and two levels of forward speeds 3 and 6 km/hr were the experimental factors. Measured characteristics were draft force, specific draft, soil surface disturbance and fuel consumption. The results showed that the draft force of the blade equipped with angle, with wing and without wing was significantly increased compared to the control blade. Soil surface disturbance in the blade with lateral tilt angle 10 degrees with and without wing decreased compared to the control blade. The effect of the blade type on specific draft was significant. Specific draft in the blade 10 degrees with wing and in depth of 25 cm and the control blade in depth of 15 cm had the highest and lowest value respectively. The effect of the blade type, plow depth and forward speed and also the interaction of these three factors on fuel consumption in probability level %1 were significant. There was no significantly different between amount of fuel consumption in the control blade and the blade equipped with lateral tilt angle. Based on the results of regression analysis, optimum depth and forward speed for narrow blade equipped with lateral tilt angle 10 degrees were proposed 17/02 cm and 3/6km / h, respectively.

In this research, draft requirement of subsoiler tine plus fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power, traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of MF399 and JD3140 tractors at four speeds of 1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h and two depths of 40 and 50 cm were compared. Tractor type, speed and depth plus interaction effects had a significant effect on all parameters other than draft and drawbar power. Generally, JD3140 showed a better performance as the increase in speed from 1.8 to 3.5 km/h caused the increase of draft, fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power and overall energy efficiency in two depths of 40 and 50 cm of 7, 4, 23, 108.3 and 89%, respectively but caused the decrease of traction efficiency of 13.8%. Furthermore, 10 cm increase in depth caused the increase in draft, fuel consumption, slippage and drawbar power of 21.3, 31.6, 20.6 and 21.4%, respectively but caused the decrease in traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of 9.7 and 25%, respectively. The results of optimization of studied parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) show that depth of 42.9 cm and speed of 2.4 km/h resulted in the optimized condition about the performance of the tractor-subsoiler set.

Tillage as a preliminary step for agricultural production consumes large amounts of energy. Regarding the energy crisis and the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels, many efforts have been done to reduce energy consumption as much as possible. About half of the energy used in the crop production has been dedicated to tillage operations; hence the optimization of tillage tools performance can lead to decrease the energy loss. Tillage operation in most regions of Iran is carried out by moldboard plow. The ability of this plow in turning the soil has made it impressively different from the other plows. The energy used in tillage operations depends on various factors such as soil type and its conditions (soil moisture and texture), plow depth and forward speed. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of forward speed, plow depth and soil moisture on fuel consumption and required tensile force during tillage operation with a moldboard plow which uses three plows in clay soil. The current study was carried out to optimize the tillage operation with a moldboard plow in the clay soil. Tillage experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of forward speed, plow depth and soil moisture content on the required tensile force and tractor fuel consumption. A moldboard plow with three single-sided plows was used to conduct experiments. Two tractors (MF285 and U650) and a dynamometer were used to measure the required tensile force. To measure the fuel consumption of the tractor during operation, the fuel level was measured in a separate tank system installed on the tractor's fuel system.
Experiments were carried out using response surface method and central composite design (CCD) by taking three levels of forward speed (4, 5 and 6 kmh-1), three plow depth (20, 25 and 30 cm) and three levels of soil moisture content (12, 16 and 20%). Design Expert 8.0.6 software was used to analyze the experimental data. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of plow depth, forward speed and soil moisture, as well as the interaction between forward speed and moisture content on the fuel consumption during tillage operations with moldboard plow are significant. The results also indicated that the increase in forward speed decreased the fuel consumption. Also, fuel consumption decreased with increasing in moisture content at first, but then increased. The reason for this was probably because of the increased strength of soil particles due to the reduced moisture content (the stronger coherence force between the particles), which required more energy to shear the soil.
According to the results of analysis of variance, it can be concluded that all three factors of forward speed, plow depth and soil moisture had a significant effect on the required tensile force of moldboard plow at %1 probability level. With increasing the plow depth and forward speed, required tensile force increased significantly. The dependent variables were modeled as second order regression equations and optimal values of independent variables were determined. Optimum performance with maximum desirability was determined at forward speed of 5.08 kmh-1, plow depth of 20 cm and soil moisture content of 16.41%. With increasing plow depth, tensile force and fuel consumption increased. Also, tensile force increased with increasing forward speed, but this increase was not severely affected by the plow depth and reduced the fuel consumption. The quadratic regression models can well predict the required tensile force and fuel consumption. Using response surface method, optimum performance was determined at forward speed of 5.08 kmh-1, plow depth of 20 cm and soil moisture content of 16.41%.

Plastic debris remaining in the field after harvest is one of the difficulties in farming under plastic mulch. In this study, the performance parameters of a domestic plastic remover machine in collecting plastic mulches were evaluated. The dependent factors were fuel consumption, plastic tearing frequency during collecting and the total collecting time. The independent factors included film thickness (two levels: 20 and 30 μm), ground speed (three levels: 2.7, 3.8 and 5.4 km/h) and the time interval between harvesting and plastic collecting (two levels: 5 and 10 days). The tests were performed in triplicate in a full factorial experimental design. Experiments were carried out in some farms of Fars province employing a two-wheel drive MF399 tractor. The results showed that using thick plastic (30 μm) reduces the plastic tearing frequency and hence with a lower number of stops, reduces the fuel consumption and increases the efficiency of the machine during plastic collection. To increase the efficiency of plastic collection, when using 30 μm plastic, the ground speed of 5.4 km/h is recommended. The best plastic collecting time with the minimum tearing frequency of are recommended as 5 and 10 days after harvesting for 20 and 30 μm plastics, respectively. According to the results the least fuel consumption was observed for collection of 30 μm plastic and with ground speed of 5.4 km/h. Also the simultaneous collection of drip irrigation tapes and plastic mulch tapes reduce costs and increase the efficiency of the plastic mulch remover.

In this research an electro- hydraulic system was designed, constructed and installed on the Massey Ferguson (MF) 285 tractor by using a new hitch control valve. The electro- hydraulic system consisted of a tensile load cell, a potentiometer, a PLC, stepper motor with driver, hitch control valve and a Programmable Terminal.
The experiment results showed that the performance of the electro-hydraulic control system was satisfactory in response to the draft force variations and the position of plow was altered proportional with the draft force. Also the control system was stable when the draft force was kept in the constant value. The field results showed significant difference between two control systems in fuel consumption and wheel slip (P

The high energy consumption is one of the serious problems in poultry industry. The poultry industry consume about five percent of total energy sources in different countries, with consideration of losses, it increases up to 16-20%. In the year 2003 also, the Iranian chicken meat consumption per capita was 13.3 kg, while in the year 2013 it increased to 25.9 kg (FAO, 2014). It shows that in the diet of Iranian people, the chicken meat has become a strategic food. Poultry industry is one of the biggest and most developed industries in Iran. In the past two decays, mainly due to population growth and increase demand of white meats, it is necessary to change and improve energy efficiency in this industry.
Technical efficiency of broiler farms in the central region of Saudi Arabia was analyzed through stochastic frontier approach (Alrwis and Francis, 2003). They reported that many farms under study work lower than their total capacity. In the research, the output was chicken meat weight in the term of the kilogram per one period and the inputs were the number of chicks, feed, the total of all variable expenses and fixed input except chicks and feed and the total cost of fixed inputs including building, equipment and machinery used for the broiler houses. They found that the small and large size broiler farms in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia were produced chicken with mean technical efficiency 83 and 88%, respectively (Alrwis and Francis, 2003). Efficiency measurement of broiler production units in Hamadan province was investigated by Fotros and Solgi (2003). They reported that the minimum, maximum and mean technical efficiency under variable return to scale were 12.7, 100 and 64.4%, respectively. Their results showed that technical efficiency at 16.5 (14 units) and 42.35% (24 units) of farms were more than 90 and 70%, respectively (Fotros and Salgi, 2003).
Khorasan Razavi province after Esfahan and Mazandaran provinces is the third largest producer of broilers in Iran. This research was performed because it is necessary to have energy consumption status; also there is a few data about broiler’s energy consumption in Mashhad. In this research, the data of Mashhad’s broilers was analyzed by Data Envelopment Analysis Method. The other objectives of this study were to separate efficient and inefficient units to use energy resource efficiently and determine total energy saving.
This study was performed in 2013 in Mashhad, Iran. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires from 36 poultry farmers for a growing period of April to May. Input energies were the feed, fuel (gas and gas oil), electricity, labor, equipment and chicken, and the output energies were the chicken meat and the manure. The energy consumption for each element was calculated by multiplied amount of inputs/outputs to energy equivalents.
The total of input and output energies were obtained 125.2, 24.9 GJ/1000Birds, respectively. Energy indices such as energy ratio, energy efficiency and specific energy were determined to be 0.2, 0.019 kg/MJ and 52.55 MJ/kg, respectively. The highest share of energy consumption were 50.84 and 42.43%, for fuel (natural gas and diesel fuel) and feed respectively, the lowest share among the input energies were 0.39 and 0.06%, for chicken and labor respectively. Comparison of energy in three levels of farm sizes (≤15000, 15000-30000 and ≥30000 chicks) showed the energy ratio for large farms were higher than the other levels.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the poultry efficiency. The results showed that 13 poultry units had average technical efficiency (0.93) in the definition of Constant Returns to Scale (CRS), and 21 poultry units had pure technical efficiency (0.99) in the definition of Variable Returns to Scale (VRS).
The Fuel (natural gas and diesel fuel) consumption energy had the highest shares of energy consumption; it is because of the low efficient heating equipment in poultry houses and low fuel prices in Iran. Energy efficiency of broiler farms in Mashhad was obtained 0.2 that show low energy efficiency. Improvements in energy efficiency could be achieved by increasing yield or reducing inputs energies.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the differential lock on the drive wheel slip and fuel consumption rates for the three tractors made in Iran (ITM399 4WD-ITM285 4WD-ITM285 2WD). In this study, the factors were tillage depth at two levels (20 and 30 cm) and differential lock (use and non-use of differential lock). The experiments were carried out in randomized complete blocks with three replications separately for each tractor. The experiments were conducted in the same conditions and at the Shahrekord university field. Analysis of factors effects were obtained by measuring the parameters of drive wheels slip, fuel consumption of the tractor and the time of way. The results showed that using of differential lock during moldboard plow in all tractors caused to reduce of fuel consumption and the time of way. The use of differential lock had significant effect on the driving wheel slip of tractor, so much with using of differential lock the average of rear right wheel slip 15.57 % and the rear left wheel slip 25.64 reduced. Base on the results of this study, with increasing in plowing depth the driving wheels slip, fuel consumption and the time of way for all tractors increased. ITM285 4WD tractor in 4WD condition had the best and in 2WD had the worst performance comparing to other two tractors.

In recent years, production techniques and equipment have been developed for conservation tillage systems that have been adopted by many farmers. With proper management, overall yield averages for conventional and reduced tillage systems are nearly identical. Sometimes, field operations can be combined by connecting two or more implements. Much research has focused on either reducing or eliminating tillage operations to develop sustainable crop production methods. The greatest costs in farm operations are associated with tillage due to greater specific energy requirement in tillage and the high fuel costs. Combined operations reduce both fuel consumption and time and labor requirements by eliminating at least one individual trip over the field. Light tillage, spraying, or fertilizing operations can be combined with eitherprimary or secondary tillage or planting operations. The amount of fuel saved depends on the combined operations. Generally, light tillage, spraying, and fertilizing operations consume between 0.25 and 0.50 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Fuel savings of 0.12 to 0.33 gallons per acre can usually be expected from combining operations. Eliminating one primary tillage operation and combining one light tillage, spraying, or fertilizing operation with another tillage or planting operation can usually save at least a gallon of diesel fuel per acre. Combining operations has the added benefit of reducing wheel traffic and compaction. To improve the tillage energy efficiency, implementing effective and agronomic strategies should be improved. Different tillage systems should be tested to determine the most energy efficient ones. Tillage helps seed growth and germination through providing appropriate conditions for soil to absorb sufficient temperature and humidity. Tillage is a time consuming and expensive procedure. With the application of agricultural operations, we can save considerable amounts of fuel, time and energyconsumption. Mankind has been tilling agricultural soils for thousands of years to loosen them, to improve their tilth for water use and plant growth and to cover pests. Tillage is a process of creating a desired final soil condition for seeds from some undesirable initial soil conditions through manipulation of soil with the purpose of increasing crop yield.The aim of conservation tillage is to improve soil structure. Considering the advantages of conservation tillage and less scientific research works on imported conservation tillage devices and those which are made inside the country, and considering the importance of tillage depth and speed in different tiller performance, this investigation was carried out. This investigation was carried out based on random blocks in the form of split plot experimental design. The main factor, tillage depth, (was 10 and 20cm at both levels) and the second factor istillage forward speed, (was 6, 8, 10, 12 km h-1 in four levels for Bostan-Abad and 8, 10, 12, 14 km h-1 for Hashtrood) with 4 repetitions. It was carried out by using complex tillager made in the Sazeh Keshte Bukan Company, which is mostly used in Eastern Azerbaijan and using Massey Ferguson 285 and 399tractors and its fuel consumptionwas studied. In this study, the effect of both factors on the feature of fuel consumption was examined. Regarding tillage speed effect for studies characteristic in Bostan-Abad at 1% probability level fuel consumption was effective. The effect of tillage depth has significance at 5% probability level on fuel consumption. The interaction effect of tillage speed and depth on fuel consumption was significant at probability level of 1%. In Hashtrood, the effect of tillage speed was significant on fuel consumption at probability level of 1%, and also tillage depth effect was significant on fuel consumption amount at probability of 1%. The interaction effect of tillage speed and depth on fuel consumption was significant at 1% level of probability. In this study, the effect of both factors on fuel consumptionwas examined. In Bostan-Abad and Hashtroud on the whole, the results indicated that with the increase in the speed of tillage, fuel consumption, was reduced per hectar.The speed of 10 kilometers per hour was the best for this implemented work. Also, with an increasing depth of tillage, the fuel consumption increased.Through an increase in tillage speed, fuel consumption mass reduced at unit level. Moreover, the optimum speed was concluded to be 10km per hour. The best tillage depth using this machine is 10cm.

Tractors are considered as the main power generators in mechanized agriculture. Hence, the experts and engineers in tractor manufacturing of the country, are required to focus on developing and designing new features in tractor manufacturing. This must be, of course, paralleled with the economic aspects. Achieving this goal, Iran Tractor Manufactories Co., (ITMCO) has designed and developed tractors equipped with turbochargers. This has been performed on ITM800 & ITM485 models, according to world standards. The turbocharger system, with harnessing of lost energy in engine output fumes, compresses the air entering the engine and more air enters the cylinder. This will cause the engine to burn fuel more efficiently and thus produce more power.

This study has been carried out on ITM485 & ITM800 tractors (with turbocharger system) and ITM285 & ITM475 tractors (without turbocharger system) to assure the improvement of engine performance and compare them employing OECD world standards. Experiments were performed in the concrete runway of Tabriz Tractor Manufacturing Company. For experiments, a dynamometer was used to measure the traction force between two tractors, a measuring unit for fuel, a thermometer unit and a timer to measure the quantities of fuel consumption, drawbar force and power. For drawbar traction test, each of the tested tractors pulled the rear tractor in different gears and the dynamometer between these 2 tractors recorded the tractors traction force by data loggers. To measure tractors fuel consumption, a measuring unit of fuel (VDO - EDM 1404) was used that calculated the flow rate in the path of fuel from the fuel tank to the engine and the return path from the engine to the fuel tank and showed the quantity of fuel consumption in liters per hour digitally.

In comparison of traction power and force of tractors with turbochargers and without turbochargers in different gears, the results of variance analysis showed that the effect of tractor was significant. Traction power and force at tractors with turbochargers ITM485 and ITM800 and without turbocharger ITM475 have a significant difference in the level of one percent. Tukey post hoc test results also indicate that traction power and force in tractors with turbochargers ITM485 and ITM800 are significantly more than the tractor without turbocharger ITM475. The gear effect is also significant. Traction power and force in different gears have significant difference at the probability of one percent. Tukey post hoc test results indicate that power quantity is highest in the gears: (1+H, 2*H, 1*H, 3+L) and minimum in the gears: (1*L, 1+L, 2*L), (* Turtle and + Rabbit). But Tukey post hoc test results indicate that traction force quantity is highest in the gears: (1*L, 2*L, 1+L) and minimum in the gears: (2*H, 1+H). In the comparison of specific fuel consumption of tractors with turbochargers and without turbochargers in different gears, the results of variance analysis showed that the effect of tractor was significant. The amount of specific fuel consumption at tractors with turbochargers ITM485 and ITM800 and without turbocharger ITM475 has a significant difference in the level of one percent. Tukey post hoc test results also indicate that specific fuel consumption quantity in tractors with turbochargers ITM485 and ITM800 in the level of one percent is significantly less than the tractor without turbocharger ITM475. The gear effect is also significant. The specific fuel consumption quantity in different gears has significant difference at the probability of one percent. Tukey post hoc test results indicate that specific fuel consumption quantity is highest in the gears: (1*L, 1+L, 2*L) and minimum in the gears: (1+H, 2*H, 1*H).

The tests were performed on tractor drawbar traction. Results of variance analysis in this experiment on a concrete surface, indicated that the calculated traction power and force of ITM485 and ITM800 tractors (with turbocharger system) were higher than the ITM475 & ITM285 tractors (without turbocharger) and this difference was significant at the one percent level of probability. Meanwhile specific fuel consumption in the ITM485 and ITM800 tractors (with turbocharger system) was lower than that of the ITM475 & ITM285 tractors (without turbocharger) and this difference was significant at the one percent level of probability. This will lead to significant savings in fuel consumption.

The purpose of this research was to study and predict fuel consumption rate of tractor due to different aspect ratios of chisel plow blade and to determine a general relationship equation between aspect ratio () and fuel consumption rate. An ITM-399 (81 kW) tractor and a mounted-type chisel plow with 9 shanks were used. The 5 and 10 cm width chisel blades were used. The experiments were conducted in a clay-loam soil at 9% d.b moisture content, three levels of tillage depths (10, 15, and 20 cm), and three levels of travel speeds (3, 4, and 5 km.) in three replications. Results from F-test at 95% showed that three was no significant difference between measured values and predicted values as compared to 1:1 line plot. Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE) indices were used to verify the accuracy of the equation. The results validated the precision of the attained equation.

Overall energy efficiency (OEE) is an important indicator of energy consumption in tillage operations. Tillage energy was studied objectivity to accurately measure the OEE of MF399-4WD tractor. The tractor was equipped with different types of sensors to measure and calibrate the required data including: fuel consumption، actual forward speed، wheel speed and slippage، engine speed، draft and drawbar power. The data were recorded with frequency of 1000 Hz and transmitted by employing a suitable wireless technology in the range of up to1. 5 km to the user''s personal computer and is stored in Excel format. The hardware and the software program، which was written in C# language، simultaneously monitor the changes in functional parameters and the monitoring can be done even from far away and via the Internet. The split factorial experiment with three factors including ballast، selected gear ratio and two wheel drive configurations (two and four wheel drive) was employed to perform analysis of variance (ANOVA)، POST ANOVA AND PATH ANALYSIS. The results show that the performance of remote monitoring devices installation was very accurate and high-quality. Furthermore، statistical analysis showed that three parameters including slippage، fuel consumption and tractor Power Equivalent (PEQ) were the most effective parameters on overall energy efficiency of tractors – tillage. The variance analysis showed that the effect of gear ratio and drive configuration on the OEE were also significant at the one percent level. However، ballasting had no significant effect on the OEE.

Using the cropping operations program can significantly save fuel consumption and energy efficiency. Prediction of the accurate amount of fuel requirements for tillage operation of the soil is difficult. Changes in humidity, soil type and tillage depth directly affects on the amount of fuel consumption. Bulk density of agricultural soils depends on tillage methods, the value of organic matter, tillage depth and implements. Therefore, in this study, the effects of four types of tillage implements including moldboard plow, heavy duty disk, chisel plow and combinated tillage machine (minimum tillage), on the amount of power required and fuel consumption and some soil physical properties including bulk density, penetration resistance and organic carbon contents in a randomized complete block design was studied. The results showed that minimum tillage with combinated machine, increased the amount of organic matter, reduced fuel consumption and needed less power. The highest fuel consumption of 58.03 liters per hectare and the lowest 8.64 liters per hectare, related to the moldboard plow and heavy disk, respectively. Mean values of soil organic carbon related to the moldboard plow, combinate, chisel plow and heavy disk were 0.31, 0.64, 0.50 and 0.55 percent, respectively. Differences in mean values of the soil organic carbon due to tillage with heavy duty disk and combinate compare to moldboard plow were significant and both were belonging to two separated groups.