جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « life cycle assessment » در نشریات گروه « مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی »

Despite its merits, hydroponics faces a significant volume of plant residues, including branches, leaves, and stems, after harvesting the main crop. If not managed properly, these residues can provide a suitable substrate for microbial growth, contributing to the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. To address the waste challenge, this research proposes the conversion of residues into compost or biochar based on a circular bioeconomy approach and investigates its environmental sustainability. According to the results, the production of one kilogram of hydroponic eggplant imposes health damages of 1.6×10-6 DALY on humans. Furthermore, in the ecisystems domain, the damage caused by producing one kilogram of hydroponic eggplant is equivalent to 1.08×10-8 species per year while in terms of resources, the estimated damage is $0.261 per kilogram of eggplant. The production and consumption of natural gas in hydroponic eggplant production play a vital role in environmental damages. The circular bioeconomy approach, especially the compost production pathway, there is a 16.6% reduction in health damages. In the ecosystem realm, the compost production pathway contributes to biodiversity conservation with a 16% reduction compared to the biochar production pathway, demonstrating better performance. In the resource damage category, the compost production pathway from green eggplant residues leads to approximately a 16% reduction compared to conventional hydroponic eggplant production. The results highlight the successful performance of eggplant production under the circular bioeconomy approach, focusing on compost production from green residues for environmental improvement and reduction of environmental damages in eggplant production.

Environmental crises and resource depletion have adversely affected environmental resources and food security in the world. Therefore, with the global population growth in the coming years and the rising need to produce more food, attention must be given to environmental issues, energy consumption, and sustainable production. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pattern of energy consumption, environmental impacts, and optimization of the studied energy indicators in dairy cattle breeding industrial units in Khuzestan province, Iran.

This research was conducted in Khuzestan province, located in the southwest of Iran. Energy indicators including energy ratio, energy efficiency, specific energy, and net energy were used to determine and analyze the relationships between the output and input energy. Additionally, the life cycle assessment methodology was used to assess the environmental impact. Life cycle assessment includes a goal statement, identification of inputs and outputs, and a system for assessing and interpreting environmental impacts, and can be a good indicator for assessing environmental issues related to production. The life cycle assessment method used in this study was CML-IA baseline V3.05, which includes the four steps of (1) selecting and classifying impact categories, (2) characterizing effects, (3) normalizing, and (4) weighting. Overall, 11 impact groups were studied. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method with the Anderson-Peterson model was used for optimization. This method identifies the most efficient production unit and makes it possible to rank all of the farms in the region. In this study, each production unit (farm) was considered a decision-making unit (DMU), and its production efficiency was determined based on two models. Namely, the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model also known as Constant Return to Scale (CRS), and the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model also known as Variable Return to Scale (VRS).

The results showed that the input and output energies per cow per day were 173.34 and 166 MJ, respectively. Livestock feed and electricity accounted for 65.47% and 27.2% of the input energy, respectively, while the oil used for tiller-scraper lubrication of fertilizer collection accounted for only 0.01%, making it the lowest input energy. Energy efficiency, specific energy, and net energy were calculated as 0.95, 0.13 kg MJ-1, 7.51 MJ kg-1, and -7.20 MJ per cow, respectively. In the abiotic depletion impact group, animal feed, machinery, and livestock equipment had the highest environmental impacts. The results showed that animal feed had the highest environmental emissions in all impact groups except for abiotic depletion of fossil fuels where electricity had the greatest effect. CRS model determined that 7 units were efficient; with an average efficiency of 0.78. In the BCC model, 20 production units were calculated as highly efficient, and the average efficiency was computed to be 0.78.

In dairy farms in Khuzestan province, animal feed and electricity were found to have the highest energy consumption. In most impact groups, animal feed had the highest environmental effects. Specifically, in the abiotic depletion impact group, animal feed, livestock machinery, and equipment had the highest environmental effects. Considering the length of the heat period and the intensity of the solar flux, the installation of solar panels on the farm's roof to generate electricity can help reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy and mitigate radiation intensity under the roof.

A chicken meat processing systems are a primary source of valuable materials because of the considerable amount of waste they generate. Among the most effective methods for managing and converting waste into higher-value materials is the adoption of a circular bioeconomy strategy within biorefineries. this study examines two biorefineries that utilize chicken waste. In the initial pathway, chicken meat and sound insulation from chicken feathers are manufactured while the second pathway also involves the production of chicken meat, sound insulation, as well as biodiesel and glycerol from chicken fat waste. In this research, Simapro software and ReCiPe method were used to evaluate the life cycle assessment. The findings from this research indicated that the second pathway offers superior environmental performance when compared to the first pathway. Based on the findings, the second pathway presents a decrease of 21.92% in the overall environmental impact caused by producing chicken meat when compared to the first pathway. Following the first pathway, the production of one ton of chicken meat can leads to damages of 6.83E-03 DALY to human health, 6.81E-05 species.yr to ecosystems, and $101 to resources. Following the second pathway, production leads to a reduction of 23.26% in human health damage, 24.48% in ecosystem damage, and 17.76% in resource depletion. As such, moving toward production along the second pathway, i.e. diverse materials production, represents a promising strategy for managing the existing waste and reducing the environmental damage caused by chicken meat production.

The agricultural industry produces about 10-12% of the world's greenhouse gases. studying the energy use in agriculture systems can be effective in optimizing energy consumption and reducing environmental pollution. This study was performed to evaluate the environmental indicators of okra production by the ReCiPe 2016 method in Monoculture, intercropping with cucumber and date palm agroforestry systems in Khuzestan province. This research was carried out in the cropping seasons 2020-2021. The system boundary of the research is from planting to harvesting okra in its cultivation systems. Collected information included all inputs used such as fertilizers, pesticides, Agricultural machinery, human labor, and fuel consumption. The studied method is ReCiPe 2016 environmental indicators. This method includes the end point of damage to human health, ecosystems, and resources, as well as midpoint indicators such as global warming and ozone depletion. The results showed that intercropping of okra and cucumber has higher environmental destructive effects due to the use of higher chemical and plastic inputs than monoculture and agroforestry (17.15 and 79.10 respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate, and fuel consumption along with plastic are the most effective inputs in environmental indicators. Eco-efficiency index also showed that okra and date agroforestry have a significant advantage over monoculture and intercropping. Therefore, considering the higher performance of intercropping system compared to monoculture, it is recommended to optimize its high-use inputs. Also in areas of Khuzestan province where there is a possibility of agroforestry, this type of cultivation is recommended due to its lower environmental pollution.

In this study, the energy consumption and environmental effects of pumpkin production in Boroujerd county have been investigated. To evaluate energy in pumpkin production, energy ratio (ER), energy productivity (EP), energy intensity (EI) and net energy gain (NEG) indices were obtained. The values ​​of 1.6, 2.1 kg.MJ-1, 0.4 MJ.kg-1, 10,952 MJ.ha-1 were obtained, respectively. The results showed total input and output energy was 16,191 and 27,143 MJ.ha-1, respectively. Chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel had the highest energy consumption among the inputs. Environmental effects were assessed with a life cycle approach using the CML model. Nitrogen fertilizer with 48% in acidification and pesticides with 90% in global warming accounted for the highest share of these impact categories. It is suggested that the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides be managed by educating farmers to save energy, economic and environmental benefits.

This study was conducted in West Azarbayjan province in the crop year 2019 With the aim of rainfed chickpea life cycle assessment and energy consumption optimization and emissions reduction in small farms (equals smaller than 2 hectares), medium farms (between 2 and 4 hectares) and large farms (larger than 4 hectares). Required data, were obtained through face-to-face interviews with farmers and filling out 250 Specialized questionnaires and were evaluated by data envelopment analysis method. Results indicated that total input energy for chickpea production in small, medium and large farms was 6366, 6048 and 6848 MJ.ha1-, respectively and the maximum energy consumption was related to large farms. The largest share of consumption energy was related to diesel fuel at all farm levels. The energy ratio in small, medium and large farms was obtained 2.47, 2.49 and 2.13, respectively. Chickpea life cycle assessment results revealed that environmental impacts on medium-sized farms were lower than small and large sizes in all effect sections. Seed, diesel fuel, and agricultural machinery inputs had the largest share in diffusion of environmental indexes. According to energy consumption optimization results, the average of energy efficiency in small, medium and large farms was 93%, 88% and 90%, respectively which demonstrates that farmers of small farms have more precise information about proper production methods or have used different inputs at better time and in a more optimal amount.

Energy is one of the main components of the sustainable development strategy of any country. Efficient use of energy must be considered to support agricultural production; Because in addition to economic savings, it protects fossil resources. On the other hand, intensive agriculture, which is based on the intensive use of agricultural inputs, machinery, fossil and non-fossil energy, is itself the cause of many of the world's environmental problems today. In this study, the energy and environmental impacts of apple production in West Azarbaijan Province have been evaluated. To collect required data on the production process, a questionnaire was filled out and interviews were conducted with 141 gardeners in the area. The results showed that the energy ratio is equal to 1.65, and the net energy added was equal to 27.780 MJ/ha. Among the energy sources, diesel fuel accounted for the highest share of total energy inputs (61%). To evaluate the environmental impacts of apple production, the life cycle assessment approach was used and ten parts of the work were examined. The results of the life cycle assessment showed that chemical pesticides, diesel fuel and nitrogen fertilizer had a great influence on the parts of the study.

In this study, the energy consumption and environmental emissions for cake production were studied using life cycle assessment in Guilan Province. Necessary data using questionnaires and interviews was gathered from 21 factories of cake production. Equivalent energy of inputs and outputs was obtained using coefficients of energy. The results of this study showed that 62670.57 MJ of energy was consumed for the production of one ton of cake. The highest share of energy consumption allocated to natural gas with 30931 MJ. Evaluation of energy indices showed that energy efficiency in the production of cake in Guilan is 0.2872. The results of life cycle assessment showed that in cake production 13099.49 kg CO2 eq.  is released into the air that about 86 percent of that was related to activities outside of the factory and the rest was related to the combustion of natural gas for cooking cake.

This research was conducted to modeling of energy consumption trend and economic- environmental indexes assessment of broiler production in Khorramabad County. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires for a growing period of 2015. According to results, the total average of input and output energies were obtained 163699.27, 26730.64 MJ/1000Birds, respectively The Cobb-Douglas function results showed that the effects all inputs were positive on the yield. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that an increase of 1 MJ in energy inputs of human labor, equipment, fossil fuel, feed and electricity will lead to an additional increase in yield by 0.388, 0.055, 0.009, 0.016 and 0.006 kg, respectively. The benefit to cost ratio 1.21 was determined. The indexes of global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication for production of 1 ton live weight were estimated to be 5272.7 kg CO2-eq, 62.56 kg SO2-eq and 22.56 kg PO4-eq respectively.

In this research, the energy consumption, environmental emissions, modeling and optimization in different stages of wheat and bread production was studied in Guilan province. Data were gathered by using the questionnaire, archiving documents of agriculture Jihad, visiting the Bread Factory and Sangak bread Bakery and interviewing the relevant experts. Also, by assessing environmental pollutants, the highest environmental burden was calculated in different indices. Results showed that the average total energy inputs and outputs of wheat production were 15651.27 and 2760.22 MJ/ha, respectively, and the total energy in the modern and traditional bread production chain were 263299.17 and 468747.289 MJ/10 ton bread, respectively. The energy ratio of wheat production was equal to 1.76, indicating the positive energy efficiency of wheat production on the area of the study. The results of data envelopment analysis also showed, the energy ratio could be increased from 1.76  to 2.70 by applying better management.

Today, grapes are cultivated in a vast zone worldwide. Grapes are among the major horticultural produced in Iran and the country is ranked 10th in the world for the grape production. Therefore, efficient use of energy from this crop is very important. Energy is one of the principal requirements for the economic growth and development of agriculture. Scientific forecasts and analysis of energy consumption will be of great importance for planning the energy strategies and policies. The enhancement of the energy efficiency not only helps in improving competitiveness through cost reduction but also results in minimized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental impacts. In other hand, energy analysis in the crop production systems enables to identify the effective farming system in different farm size with respect to energy parameters. Based on mentioned points, the objective of this study was to evaluate the energy flow of grape production in three sizes (small, medium and large) of land and then, the life cycle of the production in Hazavah Region of Arak city, Iran. In this study, data were obtained from 58 growers using face-to-face questionnaires in Arak county of Iran. Orchards were selected using stratified random sampling. Investigation of the energy flow in a production system necessitate calculating input–output energies. In order to deal with this part, energy coefficients were taken into account to convert all agricultural inputs to their energy equivalent. In other words, each input was converted to its energy equivalent by multiplying the application rate of agricultural inputs used within the system by its energy coefficient. In order to evaluate how efficient, the system under study is, some well-known indicators have been introduced and widely applied when a production system is appraised. In this study, a life cycle approach was used for assessment of environment impacts of the grapes production. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) refers to the process of compiling and evaluating the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment and life cycle interpretation are four mandatory steps, which should be followed in a full LCA study. The characterization factors used in this study were adapted from Simapro software which is linked to EcoInvent database. On average, the values of consumed and produced energies were 1854 MJ ton−1 and 11800 MJ ton−1, respectively. Among all input energies, chemical fertilizers held the first rank with an amount of about 704 MJ ton−1. It accounted for 38% of the total energy used in the production season. Energy use efficiency, which is a ratio between output and input energy, was calculated as 5.75. Also, the energy productivity was estimated as 0.48, meaning that 0.48 kg grapes is produced when one MJ energy is consumed. The total Global Warming (GW) was calculated as 508.63 kg CO2 eq. ton−1. The farm size had an influential effect on the GW and other impact categories. An increase in the farm size led to reduction in the environment impacts. It means that the value of GW for large farms fell at 498.68 kg CO2 eq. ton−1 and the value of GW for small farms fell at 698.69 kg CO2 eq. ton−1. The upshot was that GW and other impact categories for large farms were significantly less than its counterpart in small farms due to the high value of grapes produced in large farm groups. Impacts of manure played a more important role on GW. Also, direct emissions of chemical fertilizers made high contribution to acidification and eutrophication. Management of using chemical fertilizers can be an appropriate way to reduce the acidification, eutrophication and other environmental impacts on the grape production. Chemical fertilizers (38%), demonstrated their pivotal roles in total energy consumption. The direct emissions in the grape production resulted from high application of chemical fertilizers contributed considerably to some environmental impacts. It suggested establishing a sustainable and environmental friendly grape production system in the region with application of efficient fertilizers by integrated nutrient management.

Life cycle assessment of food products is an appropriate method to understand the energy consumption and production of environmental burdens. Dairy production process has considerable effect on climate change in various ways, and the scale of these effects depends on the practices of dairy industry, dairy farmers and feed growers. This study examined the life cycle of production of dairy products in Kermanshah city. For this purpose, the whole life was divided in two sections: production of raw milk in dairy farm and dairy products in dairy industry. In each section the energy consumption patterns and environmental burdens were evaluated. Based on the results, the consumed energy in dairy farm was 6286.29 MJ for amount of produced milk in month. Also animal feed was the greatest energy consumer with the value of 45.12% that the maximum amount of this value was for concentrate. The minimum consumption of energy was for the machinery with 0.92 MJ in a month. Results of life cycle assessment of dairy products showed that in dairy industry raw milk input causes most of impact categories especially land use, carcinogens and acidification. In dairy farms, concentrate was effective more than 90% in production of impact categories included: land use and carcinogens. Using digesters for production biogas and solar water heaters in dairy farm can decrease fossil recourses.
Based on ISO 14044, standards provide an overview of the steps of an LCA: (1) Goal and Scope Definition; (2) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis; (3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment; and (4) Interpretation (ISO, 2006). In this study there were two sub-systems in the production line: dairy farm sub-system (1) and dairy factory sub-system (2). In the sub-system related to the dairy farm, the main product was milk. Determination of inputs and outputs in each sub-system, energy consumption, transportation and emissions to air and water as well as waste treatment are the requirements of LCI. However each of them has several components. These components are different in both sub-systems. All the detailed data about energy equivalent in dairy farm is shown in Table 1. More detailed data about inventories description of two sub-systems are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The SimaPro 7.3.2 was used for analyzing the collected data for calculating environmental burdens (Pré Consultants, 2012).
Based on the developed models with SimaPro software for dairy products in the factory, various emissions were generated including emissions into the air, soil and water. The most prevalent emissions are summarized in Table 7. In warm season about half of the milk is processed into drinking yoghurt. Since water is one half of the component of this product so more amount of drinking yoghurt can be achieved with lower energy consumption (about 50%). Furthermore, these results indicated that the magnitude of fossil fuels was much greater than all others. It was followed by land use and respiratory inorganics. The most amount of the consumption of the fossil fuels was the production of energy requirements for heating systems at boilers and tractors in dairy factory and farm, respectively. Also the transportation of raw milk to the dairy industry was another source of the pollution. Also the energy consumption pattern in the dairy farm revealed that the concentrate have high contribution in energy consumption.
Results of the energy consumption pattern showed that the animal feed was the greatest energy consumer with value of 45.12% and followed by electricity (36%). Energy consumption index for the fossil fuel was calculated about 3.8 that is higher than the global index. Production of raw milk in dairy farm is responsible in the production of impact categories especially land use, carcinogenic and acidification with contribution of 97.6%, 78%, and 63%, respectively. Also the amount of CO2-eq was estimated 2.71 kg for the production of 1kg ECM in cold seasons.

In this study, energy consumption and environmental emissions of cookie production in Guilan Province of Iran was investigated. The required information was collected using questionnaires and interviews from 30 factories of cookie production. Equivalent energies of inputs and outputs were calculated based on the standardized energy coefficients. The results of this study showed that 30.50 MJ of energy was consumed for production of one kilogram of cookie in which the highest share of energy consumption was allocated to natural gas with 17.09 MJ kg-1. Based on life cycle assessment (LCA) results, global warming (GW) index was calculated as 3.73 kg CO2 eq. per kilogram of produced cookie which about 51 percent of that was related to combustion of natural gas consumed in cooking process. Finally, the modeling of amount of yield and environmental impacts was conducted based on two models of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The results showed that ANFIS was capable of predicting yield with more accuracy and less error.

Introduction Replacing fossil fuels with renewable and environmentally friendly fuels is so essential, due to issues such as climate change, increasing fossil fuels prices, energy security and limitations of fossil fuels resources. Alternatives are wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass and biofuel. Currently, ethanol produced from sugarcane in Brazil or from corn in USA is the most dominant bioufuel in the world. However there is no comprehensive agreement on the environmental benefits of alternative fuels including ethanol. The aim of this study was to conduct a LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) on ethanol produced from sugarcane molasses in Iran and also to compare its environmental impacts with a conventional fossil fuel.
Materials and Methods All required data was obtained from Sugarcane Agro-industry and ancillary Industry Development, Karoon Agro-Industry and also from recorded databases. Economic allocation was chosen to allocate emissions between the main product and the byproducts. Also, Simapro software was applied to model and evaluate the life cycle environmental effects in the life cycle of sugarcane molasses based ethanol (from cultivating sugarcane to burn ethanol into the engine). Two different scenarios of ethanol production (existing system and modified system) were considered and the environmental impacts of these two systems were compared with each other. Finally the environmental impacts of whole life cycle of molasses based ethanol were compared to that’s of diesel as a conventional fossil fuel.
Results and Discussion Life cycle inventory results showed that electricity, P2O5 and urea respectively had the most negative environmental impacts through the life cycle of molasses based ethanol. Replacing the fossil fuel originated electricity with electricity from renewable resources can have a significant effect on reducing the amount of these negative impacts. Also, producing electricity in the nearest location to the consumption sites will reduce the power transmission losses and consequently reduce these impacts. Since the major share of electricity is used for pumping water to the field, better management of water consumption is so essential.
According to the results, in case of emissions, there was significant difference between diesel fuel and sugarcane molasses ethanol in the base scenario. But by modifying the production system and using bagass to produce biogas or electricity (scenario 2), the environmental impacts of life cycle of sugarcane molasses based ethanol would reduce by 10%. Even now, the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of ethanol is 60% lower than these emissions of diesel fuel. This reduction will reach 70% if wasted bagass in ordinary production system is used to produce biogas and electricity.
Comparing with diesel fuel, Molasses based ethanol had less negative impacts on impact categories such as Respiration Inorganics, Climate Change, Acidification/Eutrofication, and fossil fuels and more negative impacts on categories such as Land Use and Carcinogens, only because of using land and also using herbicides and pesticides to cultivate sugarcane.
Greenhouse gas emission in the life cycle of one mega joule molasses based ethanol, estimated by Biograce model, is respectively 69, 70 and 60 percent lower than that of gasoline, diesel and natural gas.
Due to undeveloped industries to process sugarcane and its byproducts in Iran, studies on the production of ethanol from molasses or electricity from bagass are in the area of ​​waste management. Therefore, in these cases, even if it there was suitable energy or environmental indicato, continuing the production of these products is justified according to other side issues including environmental benefits and employment.
Conclusion In terms of environmental aspects, in the current situation there are no significant differences between ethanol and diesel. But if bagass is used to generate electricity, the environmental impact of ethanol production will reach reduced by 10%. Greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol is 60% lower than that of from diesel and this amount will be 70%, if wasted bagass is used to produce biogas or electricity.
It is possible to obtain more environmental benefits by applying appropriate management strategies in ethanol production system (such as producing value added products from bagass or other waste materials). Since sugar is the main product in sugarcane industry in Iran and approximately all other byproducts are wasted, to prevent the loss of this valuable byproduct, producing ethanol from molasses, even if in current situation and with current production system is acceptable.

One of the limitations regard to input use in agriculture is various emissions that have negative effects on natural environment. In this research, environmental impacts in canola production and transportation to oil extracting factory gate in Ardabil Providence were studied based on life cycle assessment considering four scenarios including central and north regions and Moghan Agro-Industrial & Livestock Co. with surface and sprinkler irrigation methods. The required information in this study was gathered using questionnaires and interviews with farmers and staffs of the related organizations in Ardabil Province. The results of life cycle assessment showed that nitrogen fertilizer, fuel and electricity inputs had the highest share of environmental indicators. Also, indicator normalization showed that free water ecotoxicity, eutrophication, acidification and global warming had more environmental impacts than other indicators.

In this study the production of greenhouse Aloe vera leaves in Khorasan Razavi province was evaluated and analyzed in terms of energy consumption pattern and environmental consequences due to the use of agricultural inputs. According to the results, total energy consumption in production of Aloe vera leaves was evaluated as 102825.19 MJ ton-1. The results of energy analysis showed that the heat supply and greenhouse structures were consumed more than 90 percent of total energy consumption. Based on the results of life cycle assessment, the total amount of environmental impacts for greenhouse production of one ton of Aloe vera leaves was determined as 2331.26 pPt ton-1, in which the contributions of the input production outside the greenhouse and the input consumption inside the greenhouse were 1744.63 and 586.63 pPt ton-1, respectively. The results showed that the impact categories of human toxicity and marine aquatic ecotoxicity with environmental impacts of 621.043 and 608.538 pPt ton-1, respectively, had the highest share in total environmental impact.

Environmental impact assessment is an important approach to achieve sustainable development. This study has investigated the environmental impact of sugar beet production. In addition data envelopment analysis was applied for detecting efficient units and decrease environmental impacts. In this study final environmental index of impact category consist of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, depletion of fossil resources and water resources were 0.138, 2.359, 2.055, 0.191 and 2.970, respectively. Based on these results, depletion of water resources had the greatest environmental impact. Global warming among other groups had minimal environmental impact. Data envelopment analysis can decrease burden of these impacts by converting present farms to target units. Results demonstrated CCR model decrease impact categories more than BCC model.

\The goal of this study was to analysis the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pasta production. Data for this study was collected from durum wheat farms of three provinces of Iran. Data of soil properties, transportation and pasta factory stages were collected and analyzed, using SimaPro software, Ecoinvent data base and Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100 years method. EPIC model was used to calculate GHG emissions of land use change. Results of this study showed the average greenhouse a gas emission of one kg of pasta was 2.64 kg CO2-eq. Among different sources of emissions, land use change and fuel consumption for agricultural operation were the main contributors to total GWP of pasta production.

The objectives of this study at the first step are to analyze energy consumption and economical profitability in canola production in Mazandaran province of Iran and then to investigate environmental emissions of the production using life cycle assessment methodology. At the next step, the corresponding coefficients are applied to investigate environmental indices in canola production. Required data were obtained through interviews with farmers in the counties of Sari, Neka and Behshahr in the province. For investigating environmental emissions Impact 2002 was applied and a single score was obtained. Then the coefficients were applied. The results revealed that there was no difference between the two methods and the results was completely same.