جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "subsoiler" در نشریات گروه "مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی"

Conventional tillage is widely used in sugar beet growing areas. However, conventional farming uses more labour and machines that has a negative effect on soil and the environment. Due to limited water resources and recent droughts, proper use of modern tillage and irrigation methods can increase water efficiency and prevent soil degradation as a result of sustainable agriculture.

An experiment was conducted to investigate different methods of tillage and water requirements on quantitative and qualitative yield and sugar beet water productivity in the drip irrigation system in Ekbatan Research Station of Hamedan Province from 2018 to 2019. A strip plot experiment with sixteen treatments and three replications was used. Tillage methods in four levels, consisting of T1- plowing with moldboard plow to a depth of 25-30 cm in autumn + power harrow to a depth of 15-20 cm in spring, T2- subsoiling to a depth of 35-40 cm + plowing with moldboard plow to a depth of 25-30 cm in autumn + power harrow to a depth of 15-20 cm in spring, T3- plowing with chisel plow equipped with roller packer to a depth of 25-30 cm in autumn + power harrow to a depth of 15-20 cm in spring and T4- plowing with sweep plow equipped with roller packer to a depth of 25-30 cm in autumn + power harrow to a depth of 15-20 cm in spring and Irrigation factor consisting of I1-100%, I2- 90%,  I3- 80% and I4- 70% sugar beet water requirement were considered. Soil penetration resistance (PR), the volume of water consumption, root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield and molasses were measured. Water efficiency in tillage and irrigation treatments was also calculated. MSTAT-C software was used for statistical analysis of data. The Duncan's multiple range test at a 1% probability level was used to compare the means.

At a depth of 0-30 cm, no significant difference was observed between tillage methods on soil penetration resistance. At greater depths (35-40 cm) T2 treatment (subsoil + moldboard plow) had the greatest effect in reducing soil resistance. The results showed that the effect of different tillage methods, water requirement and their interactions at the 1% probability level on root yield; sugar yield and white sugar yield were significant. There was no significant difference between sugar beet yield in the T4 tillage treatment and the conventional method (T1). Treatments T4 (with an average yield of 50686 kg ha-1) and T1 (with an average yield of 50507 kg ha-1) had the highest sugar beet root yield. Also, the tillage method (T4) compared to the conventional tillage method (T1) reduced fuel consumption by 14.7% and increased field capacity by 52.4% respectively. In the T4 tillage method, irrigation treatments I100, I90 and I80 with mean water productivity of 6.113, 6.087 and 5.523 kg m-3 of water consumption, respectively, had the greatest effect on increasing water productivity, while no significant difference was observed between them.

The tillage method (T4) compared to the conventional tillage method (T1) reduced fuel consumption by 14.7% and increased field capacity by 52.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference between sugar beet yield and water productivity in the T4 tillage treatment and the conventional method (T1). Although full irrigation treatment (100% water requirement) has the highest water efficiency, there is no significant difference between 90 and 80% water requirement treatment. Therefore, in order to save water consumption, 80% water requirement is recommended. The result is that in the T4 tillage method with a supply of 80% water requirement of sugar beet after plant establishment (approximately from the middle of the growing season) about 12% (1207 m-3) in water consumption without significant reduction in water productivity.

In this research, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was used for predicting the parameters related to traction of tractor included of drawbar power (DP), drive wheels slippage (S), traction efficiency (TE) and overall energy efficiency (OEE) in tractor- implement combination under the effect of independent variables included of tine type (subsoiler and paraplow), depth (30, 40 and 50 cm) and forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h) during subsoiling operation. The field data were used to create the regression and ANFIS models for predicting the studied parameters and the results of them were compared together. The field results showed that all independent variables were effective on the studied parameters except TE. The increment of forward speed and depth resulted in increase of S, DP, OEE and decrease of TE. Moreover, with considering the studied parameters, the paraplow tine was more commodious than subsoiler tine. The results of ANFIS part showed that about S, DP, TE and OEE, the membership functions of Trimf, dsigmf, Primf and Gaussmf with the mean square error of 0.0159, 0.0231, 0.0212 and 0.0224 also correlation coefficient of 0.9996, 0.9999, 0.9985 and 0.9997 caused the best models to predict, respectively. ANFIS models had higher accuracy than regression models and it could be calculated the model outlet for a special inlet using ANFIS outlet surfaces.

In this research, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was used for predicting the imposed forces on the tines and tractor fuel consumption during subsoiling operation. The draft and vertical forces imposed on subsoiling tines and tractor fuel consumption were measured under the effect of tine type (subsoiler and paraplow), tillage depth (30, 40 and 50 cm) and forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h). The field data were used to create the regression and ANFIS models for predicting the studied parameters; the results obtained from applying two models were compared with each other. The field results showed that all independent variables were effective on the studied parameters. Increase in forward speed and tillage depth resulted increase in draft force, vertical forces, and also fuel consumption. Moreover, from the point of consumption of fuel, the paraplow tine was more profitable than subsoiler tine. The results of ANFIS part showed that draft force, vertical force, and fuel consumption, the membership functions of Gaussmf, Trimf and dsigmf, with the mean square error of 0.0156, 0.0231 and 0.0212 also correlation coefficient of 0.999, 0.989 and 0.991, respectively, were the best models for prediction. ANFIS models were found more accurate than regression models, and it could be possible to calculate the model outlet for a special inlet using ANFIS outlet surfaces.

In this research, draft requirement of subsoiler tine plus fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power, traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of MF399 and JD3140 tractors at four speeds of 1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h and two depths of 40 and 50 cm were compared. Tractor type, speed and depth plus interaction effects had a significant effect on all parameters other than draft and drawbar power. Generally, JD3140 showed a better performance as the increase in speed from 1.8 to 3.5 km/h caused the increase of draft, fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power and overall energy efficiency in two depths of 40 and 50 cm of 7, 4, 23, 108.3 and 89%, respectively but caused the decrease of traction efficiency of 13.8%. Furthermore, 10 cm increase in depth caused the increase in draft, fuel consumption, slippage and drawbar power of 21.3, 31.6, 20.6 and 21.4%, respectively but caused the decrease in traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of 9.7 and 25%, respectively. The results of optimization of studied parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) show that depth of 42.9 cm and speed of 2.4 km/h resulted in the optimized condition about the performance of the tractor-subsoiler set.

In this research, the effect of forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), tillage depth at three levels (30, 40 and 50 cm) and wing at two levels (winged and no-winged tines) were investigated on the draft requirement, soil disturbance area and specific draft of Paraplow. The results revealed that the effect of depth and wing was more than forward speed on the studied parameters, significantly. Increasing forward speed increased draft requirement and specific draft but decreased disturbance area. Increasing depth and adding wing led to increase draft requirement, disturbance area and specific draft. Transfering winged paraplow to under the hardpan decreased specific draft, significantly. The results recommended that using lower speed, minimum depth for hardpan breakage and wing will be better. A regression model included the speed, depth and wing width was developed to predict the draft requirement.

For designing tillage implements it would be better to estimate soil forces exerted to the implements. Many researches showed that numerical method of discrete element method (DEM) is the cheapest and fastest technique for modeling granular material such as soil and especially sandy soil. In this study, paraplow and bentleg tines performance was compared with conventional tine using experimental and numerical methods. Experiments were conducted in a soil bin at Agricultural Machinery department of Urmia University based on factorial experimental design with three replications. Three types of tine at 5 levels of travel speed of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 km/h at constant depth of 35 cm were examined. Before modeling to calibrate DEM parameters, soil parameters were calibrated by shear test simulation. Then tine and soil bin with certain dimension were modeled by PFC3D software. Results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that tine type and travel speed had significant effect on draft force. Bentleg tine had the lowest draft in comparison to the other tines, while the conventional tine had the highest.

The split-block experimental design with three replications was used to study the effect of subsoiling in different distances from drain axison soil salinity,and wheat yield. The measurements included soil cone index, soil bulkdensity, infiltration rate and electrical conductivity of saturated extract. Each treatment was composed of two factors. The main factors consisted of 3 different distances from drain axis including 50, 100 and 150 meters from drain axis; and the sub factors consisted of 3 cultivation methods as conventional plowing, subsoiling at soil depth of 40-45cm, and subsoiling at the soil depth of 40-45 cm + plowing. The results included that subsoiling decreased the value of soil cone index (about 25%), soil bulk density (about 4%), EC- saturated extract (about 25%), and the magnitude of other parameters such as infiltration rate and wheat yield increased by 133% and 18%, respectively.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of tillage practices (with different depths) on soil penetration resistance, technical parameters and grain yield of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years. Treatments included: moldboard plow fallowed by two passes of disc harrow and leveler (CT), two passes of disc harrow plus leveler (RT), subsoiler fallowed by two passes of disc harrow and leveler (S1D) and subsoiler fallowed by rotivator (S1R). The results showed that soil compaction and penetration resistance increased at the end of growth stages because of irrigation operations and cohesion force of soil particles. However due to increasing of cumulative infiltration, it can be concluded that subsoiler caused the formation of micro cracks in different depths of soil. From technical indices viewpoint comparing to CT treatment, S1D and S1R treatments saved fuel consumption up to 2.2 and 10.44 lit ha 1 and tillage operation time up to 0.58 and 1.54 h ha-1, respectively. The result of grain yield assessment showed an increase of 8.5% in grain yield after replacing moldboard plow with annual subsoiling. Subsoiling has advantages such as, good technical indices, elimination of preplanting irrigation and fewer operations in planting time. Finally, subsoiling increased grain yield by 22% as compared to reduced tillage practice