جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Durability » در نشریات گروه « مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی »

Agricultural residues and wastes are the main source of biomass for use in bioenergy production and animal and poultry feed production industries. These biomasses in their original form have a large volume and low energy (per unit volume) and require a lot of space and extensive movement. Therefore, one of the methods of optimal use of these biomasses is to transform them into pellets, which have more mass and energy per unit volume and enable their easier use and transportation. Currently, biomass has the fourth place in energy supply after oil, natural gas and coal and provides approximately 14% of the world's energy needs. The use of biomass, especially in European Union countries, as an attractive source for replacing fossil fuels is developing and expanding. The use of biomass as fuel has significantly reduced the amount of environmental pollutants, so that the amount of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere during biomass growth is similar to the amount produced during combustion, followed by a net cycle of production.

 The raw materials for making pellets were prepared from spruce wood sawdust (collected from a sawmill in Sari) as well as corn stalk and soybean residues in the fields of Dasht Naz in Sari. The desired materials were transferred to the laboratory in the necessary amount and kept at ambient temperature until the experiments. The samples were first crushed into 20 mm sizes and then powdered using a grain mill (Mehr Tehiz company, Iran) and passed through 18 mesh sieves in the range of 1 mm to make pellets. A palletization mechanism was used to compress the pellet. This system was designed and built in biosystem mechanics of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The material was placed inside a steel mold with a cylinder inner diameter of 8.05 mm and a height of 150 mm with a blocked end. A piston with a diameter of 8 mm connected to the driving arm of the tension-compression test machine was used to compress the material. Loading by a piston with a quasi-static speed of 5 mm per minute is compressed to a pressure of 1300 N.

In this research, the mechanical and thermal properties of pellets made from the combination of spruce sawdust and corn and soybean residues were evaluated. In the present study, the effect of four combinations of agricultural and forest materials at two moisture levels (12% and 18% based on fresh weight) on the indices of density, compressibility, Hausner ratio, strength and calorific value of the produced pellets were investigated and evaluated. it placed. The results showed that the pellet density at 18% humidity was lower than the density at 12% humidity. The highest density related to the combination of 60% spruce wood sawdust-40% corn stalks was obtained with a value of about 149 kg/m3 and the lowest value related to 100% soybean stalks was about 110 kg/m3. Also, the ratio of Hanser and CI in the combined pellets that have a higher percentage of sawdust and also in the combination of sawdust with corn stalks are within the permissible range. The highest pellet strength was 23.8 N/cm corresponding to 100% sawdust at 18% humidity and the lowest was 15.4 N/cm corresponding to 100% soybean stalk at 12% humidity. The calorific value of the pellets is in the range of 14.37 to 18.52 MJ/kg, which is the minimum value for the pellet made from 100% soybean stalk at 18% humidity and the maximum value for the pellet made from 100% fir wood sawdust and It was obtained at a humidity of 12%. Therefore, the use of agricultural wastes and their proper combination is a good option for the production of biofuels due to their density and strength.

 The type of biological waste and moisture percentage affect the physical and mechanical properties of the produced pellets. In general, the combination of spruce wood sawdust with corn stalks and soybean improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the pellet. Hanser's ratio and compressibility in the combined pellets that have a higher percentage of sawdust and also in the combination of sawdust with corn stalks are within the standard range. Also, in the compositions that have a higher proportion of spruce wood sawdust and lower moisture, the density and strength factors of the pellet increase. The highest and lowest calorific values were obtained in a higher ratio of sawdust and a higher ratio of corn, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to make pellets from the waste of garden and agricultural products that have good density and strength and high calorific value.

Concrete is the most common material used to line irrigation canals and must maintain its durability for the lifetime of the canal. Compressive strength has been used as an index to control the quality of concrete; concrete that remains durable under freeze-thaw conditions is that with high compressive strength. Research has shown that concrete linings can show suitable compressive strength in the first days of existence, but begin to decompose after a period and lose the property of durability. The present study examined the relationship between compressive strength and the durability parameters of initial water absorption, final water absorption, water penetration depth and porosity in the Variyaneh and Dingel-e Kahriz irrigation canals in the province of Hamedan. Laboratory testing was carried out on 27 cores (69 mm in diameter; different lengths) extracted from the concrete linings of canals. The cores were prepared and their compressive strength and durability parameters were determined. The results show an inverse linear relationship between the compressive strength and density of the samples and their porosity. The durability parameters of initial water absorption, final water absorption, and water penetration depth showed no significant relationship. The results indicate that compressive strength is not sufficient for evaluation of the durability of concrete lining. Of the 27 cores, 40% had acceptable compressive strength. Of these, 50% showed acceptable durability parameters for exposure to freeze-thaw. The results also showed that the mean penetration depth and porosity of the samples were >2.5 timesgreater than the maximum recommended values and that the initial and total water absorption values were >1.5 times greater than the maximum recommended values. It is evident that the concrete linings will decompose more quickly than the anticipated lifetime from the influence of water and other expansive solute solutions in cold weather. It was noted that samples having similar compressive strengths had durability parameters that were greater or less than acceptable values. These results suggest that the compressive strength of concrete alone is insufficient to ensure durability and it is necessary to examine additional parameters affecting the lifetime of the concrete linings.

Agglomeration followed by pelleting is an efficient method to decrease transport costs and increase economic efficiency of composting municipal waste. The moisture content of compost is the most important parameter of the pellet making process for any type of manufacturing device. The experiments in this study were done at moisture contents of 35%, 45% and 50% at extruder shaft rotational speeds of 100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm. The materials were first processed using a mixer and kneading device then made into pellets using a single screw extruder. The durability of the pellets at different moisture contents were tested to determine the optimum moisture content and its effect on the properties of the pellets. The results showed that moisture content of the compost, rotational speed of extruder screw and the interaction of these parameters significantly affected the durability of the pellets. Durability increased from 35.86% to 78.29% as moisture content increased from 35% to 45% (w.b.). Durability was increased significantly at all rotational speeds as moisture content increased from 35% to 45% (w.b.). Increasing the moisture content produced no significant effect for the strength of the pellets at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. The strength was higher at 35% moisture content than for 45% moisture content.