جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیاه دانه » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

In order to investigate the physiological responses of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) under different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L AgNPs), a completely randomized design experiment is conducted with 5 replications in the greenhouse of Shahed University in 2018. In the present study, growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, proline content, glycine betaine, soluble and insoluble sugars, phenolic compounds and gas exchange, and fluorescence parameters of the photosynthetic apparatus are investigated. The results show that the AgNPs treatments significantly inhibit biomass production and the growth of root and shoot, decreasing the contents of chlorophyll a and b at high concentrations (20, 40 and 80 mg/L), while the AgNPs treatments increase the content of carotenoids, proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds, compared to the control. By increasing the concentration of AgNPs, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry decline. Measurement of fluorescence show strong evidence of inhibitory effects on energy transfer from light harvesting complexes to reaction centers, the deterioration of the PSII water splitting system and the inactivation of PSII reaction centers at high concentrations of AgNPs. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that AgNPs induce an inhibitory mechanism on photosynthetic processes and biomass of black seed plants.

Drought stress is considered as one of the most important constraints to the crop production, including medicinal plants in many arid and semi-arid regions. This study was carried out to determine the most effective indices for drought tolerance and identification of tolerance genotypes under drought conditions in N. sativa. For this purpose, 36 genotypes of N. sativa were tested as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Field of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran under two irrigation conditions (non- stress and drought stress) at 2017-2018. The results showed that there were significant differences among different genotypes in terms of all drought stress tolerance indices. A modest correlation was observed between grain yield under normal and stress conditions (R2 = 0.43). Grain yield showed a positive and significant correlation with all indices under normal conditions, except for yield stability index (YSI). The MP, GMP and STI had positive and significant correlations with grain yield under both normal and drought stress conditions. According to principal component analysis, the first component explained about 63% of the total variation, which was correlated positively with YP, MP, GMP, and STI indices. Therefore, MP, GMP and STI could be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes. Based on the high grain yield potential and high drought tolerance observed for Nige53, Nige59 and 38923 genotypes, these genotypes could be recommended for cultivation under drought stress conditions and further studies in breeding programs.

Water deficiency causes crop yield loss, especially in flowering and pollination stage. This investigation was conducted out as a field experiment in Agriculture Faculty of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018, to evaluate drought tolerance of ecotypes at flowering stage. All plots were arranged in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of experiment included two irrigation levels (full irrigation and irrigation until flowering stage) and sub-factor consisted of 10 different ecotypes of black cumin. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits except flowering date was significant. Drought stress significantly reduced the mean of all traits except flowering date and oil percentage. Comparison of mean data showed that the highest grain yield and oil content were observed in Semirom and Kazemain ecotypes, respectively. Also, the highest 1000-grain weight was obtained and in Ardestan and Khomeini Shahr ecotypes at full irrigation. Based on the results of cluster analysis under drought stress condition, the studied ecotypes were divided into three groups. Ecotypes of third group including Khomeini Shahr, Semirom, Isfahan, Ardestan and Shahreza had higher yield and yield components than ecotypes in other groups. Therefore, these ecotypes were identified as high yielding and drought tolerant. Also, three-dimensional plots based on stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability index (YSI), yield under full irrigation (Yp) and end-season drought stress (Ys) showed that the ecotypes of Khomeini Shahr, Semirom, Isfahan, Shahreza and Ardestan are considered as superior ecotypes in both conditions.

Nigella sativa is an herbaceous and annual plant in the family of Ranunculaceae, which cultivated in different parts of Europe and Asia, including in Iran (various regions, especially Arak and Isfahan). The plant has small leaves and white flowers with blue margin. Salinity stress is one of the major environmental stresses due to low osmotic potential of soil solution (osmotic stress), ionic toxicity (ionic stress) and nutritional disorder, or a combination of these factors in the plant as one of the most important factors limiting growth and development of plants. In order to study the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of Nigella sativa plant to salicylic acid under salinity stress conditions a split plot experiment with two factors carried out based on completey randomized design with 3 replicates in the greenhouse of the Medicinal plants research center of Shahed University in 1396. The salinity factor with 4 levels (0, 3, 6, 9 dS/m) in main plots and salicylic acid levels in 4 levels (0, 25, 5 0 and 0.75 mM) were investigated in sub plots. Salicylic acid levels were sprayed on plants one week before applying salinity stress (about 4 to 6 leaves) and three weeks after salinity stress conditions. After 21 days of treatment, the effect of salinity stress on growth traits (shoot length, number of branches, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root), physiological traits (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid, proline, malondialdehyde and catalase and superoxide dismutase were investigated. The results showed that different salinity concentrations had significant effects on morphological and physiological traits. By increasing salinity levels, the growth indices such as number of branches, number of leaves and chlorophyll b and the amount of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde decreased, while by increasing the salinity levels the content of proline and catalase in leaf increased. The results showed that applying salicylic acid under salinity stress reduced the growth indices and photosynthetic pigments. The highest number of branches, number of leaves and chlorophyll b was obtained at 3 dS/m salinity and 0.5 mM salicylic acid. Also, by increasing salicylic acid level, the activity of the proline content and leaf cattalase increased, but with increasing the salicylic acid levels, the amount of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase enzymes decreased. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the Nigella sativa is a semi-sensitive saline plant. The overall results showed that salicylic acid increased the plant tolerance to salinity stress. However, for a better conclusion on the effect of salicylic acid, the use of this compound is needed in a wider range. For example, in most of the studied physiological and biochemical traits, no significant difference was found between the effects of various salicylic acid concentrations. While positive effect of salicylic acid cannot be ignored in improving the damage caused by stress. In general, the use of salicylic acid resulted improving in biochemical parameters and increased plant tolerance to salinity stress. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying the salicylic acid can be a suitable procedure to reduce the harmful effects of salt stress in Nigella sativa.

Seed priming has been used to improve germination and to enhance seedling vigour of field crops especially under environmental stresses. The present research was designed in order to evaluate the advantage of seed priming with calcium and zinc on seed germination indices and seedling growth of black cumin under salt stress. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was carried out based on RCB design with four replicates. Experimental factors included five priming methods (non-priming control, priming with calcium nitrate, nano zinc oxide, calcium nitrate+nano zinc oxide and hydro-priming) and three salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). In this experiment, seed germination indices, sodium, potassium and calcium content of seedlings and peroxidase activity of seedlings were measured. The results of the present research indicated that despite the inhibitory effect of salinity on black cumin seed germination and seedling growth characteristics, seed priming substantially alleviated the deleterious impacts of salt due to enhancement of prescribed parameters. When NaCl concentration increased, K and Ca contents of seedling was reduced and Na amount and guaiacol peroxidase activity was increased, while seed priming caused increase of K and Ca and decrease of Na under salinity. Among the applied priming methods, seed priming with calcium nitrate+nano zinc oxide had the highest efficacy and the best performance in ameliorating inhibition of measured parameters of black cumin induced by salt.

Nowadays, the application of antioxidant and osmotic regulator substances is discussed in order to reduce the negative effects of various stresses. Ascorbate and methanol as the one of these substances cause resistant to stresses in plant. In order to examine this subject in plant medicinal (Nigella sativa L.), the split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications in University of Shahrood at 2011. The main factor was irrigation levels (8 and 16 day interval as no stress and severe stress) and sub factors were foliar application of methanol (0, 15 and 30 %V) and ascorbate (0, 10 and 20 mM). Foliar applications of treatments were applied 45 and 55 days after planting. The results indicated that, dry matter accumulation in leaf and stem, 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches in plant, relative water content and membrane stability index were decreased by water deficit stress significantly. Foliar application of ascorbate and methanol especially in the highest concentration increased all traits except 1000 seed weight in stress and no-stress conditions. The higher amount of relative water content and membrane stability index were obtained from highest concentrations of ascorbate and methanol together. Also, oil yield increased 27.8 percentages in this treatment. Therefore, in this experiment combination of 20 Mm ascorbate and 30 %V methanol is advisable.

Soil and water salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, is one of the most important stresses, can severely limit crop production. Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is annual important herbal plant in Rununculaceae Family that sense to salinity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the Priming on seed germination of Black Cumin under saline stress. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experimental factors were salinity stress including: (0, 62.2, 124.2, 186.2 and 248.8 mM) and three levels of priming, seed primed with Kno3 (0.2 %, for the period of 72 hours), GA (500 ppm, during 48 hours) and hydro priming (water distiller, during 24 hours). A saline stress level treated by applies of NaCl, and for priming of distiller water use hydropriming technique. At the first stage, Black Cumin seed was treat and dried at 25°C, then subjected to saline stress treatments for two week at room temperature. The results showed that priming technique had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on seedling parameters. Among pretreatment, The Kno3 had the most positive effect on germination coefficient (GC) and thus GA had the most positive effect on mean germination time (MGT). In order hand, these seeds at the minimum time had the most germination rate. Means comparing showed that the most and least rate of germination was obtained by KNO3 and Hydro priming respectively. So under different level of saline stress, pretreatments of KNO3 and hydro priming had useful effect on radical length, more lateral roots and higher proportion of root to plumule, and the most root and plumule fresh weight was obtain by hydro priming pretreatments. So pretreatment of 500 ppm GA reduced number of abnormal seedlings.The simple correlation coefficients showed that radical length with mean germination time (MGT) had significantly negative coefficient (R2=-0.726**), with abnormal seedlings number had no significant coefficient and with other measured attribes had positive significant correlation. So MGT with measured parameter (except for number of abnormal seedlings and proportion of root to plumule dry weight), had significantly, negative coefficient correlation. Overall, application of seed priming with KNO3 (0.2 %) for the period of 72 hours and GA (500 ppm) during 48 hours suggested for obtain uppermost germination characters.

In order to investigate the effect of micronutrients foliar application and irrigation regimes on black cumin, a field experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Bojnord, Iran, in 2009. The experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Irrigation regime included: 7, 14 and 21-day irrigation intervals as main factor and sub-plots included micronutrients foliar application in five treatments: No-foliar application (control), Zn foliar application with concentration of 3‰, B foliar application with concentration of 2‰, Fe foliar application with concentration of 4‰, and mixture of the three elements. Results showed that the effect of irrigation regime on 1000-seed weight, seed yield, and the percentage and yield of essential oils was significant. By increasing the irrigation interval, all of the above mentioned traits were decreased, except the essential oils percentage that was increased. Also, micronutrients foliar application affected seed yield, Fe, Zn and B concentration, and the percentage and yield of essential oils. Interaction between irrigation regime and micronutrients foliar application on percentage of essential oils showed significant effects. Maximum seed yield was obtained from 7-day irrigation regime and foliar application with a mixture of the three elements. Besides, maximum essential oils percentage was observed in interaction of 21-day irrigation regime and foliar application with a mixture of the three elements. Therefore, it appears that foliar application of micronutrients, along with proper irrigation interval, increases the seed yield and qualitative traits in black cumin.

In order to study the effects of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, nutrient status and chlorophyll content in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) a field experiment as split plot design with three replications was conducted at Ghaen city in 2009. Treatments included three levels of irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan as main plot and four levels of sulfur fertilizer including 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha from bentonite-sulfur source as sub-plot. Statistical analysis of the results showed that water stress has significant effect on grain yield and essential oil of black cumin. At the level of 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan, the grain yield decreased by 22.8% and essential oil by 27.6%. Application of 225 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer increased grain yield up to 7.2%. Water stress and sulfur fertilizer treatments had only significant effect on chlorophyll a content. However, water stress decreased chlorophyll a content, but sulfur fertilizer application up to 225 kg/ha increased the content of chlorophyll a. In this study, water stress decreased potassium content in black cumin leaves, but increased the sodium and calcium accumulation. Although application of sulfur fertilizer affected significantly the potassium and magnesium contents in shoots, but did not have significant effect on sodium and calcium contents.

In order to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen application methods on wheat canopy, leaf chlorophyll, and yield, a field experiment with a split plot arrangement in complete randomized block design with four replicates was conducted in 2006. Basal dressing in three levels (with no basal dressing, strip and distributing nitrogen fertilizer) as main plot and top dressing in six levels (distributing on tillering, two distributing on tillering and before spike appearance, water soluble fertilizing with herbicide application before spike appearance, two water soluble fertilizing on tillering and before spike appearance, two application: one distributing on tillering and one water soluble fertilizing before spike appearance and finally, three water soluble fertilizing on tillering, before spike appearance and milking period) as subplot were applied. The amount of fertilizer in strip application was 2/3 of distributing method. In the compartmented application, the amount of applied fertilizer was two third of distributing fertilizer method. Leaf area index for no basal nitrogen fertilizer application treatment was 21% lower than the mean of LAI for band and broadcasting application treatments. Band and broadcasting application of basal nitrogen fertilizer caused 454 and 61.6% increase in leaf area per plant in comparison with no basal nitrogen treatment respectively. Light transition from canopy for no basal nitrogen fertilizer treatment was 81.1% higher than the mean of light transition for band and broadcasting nitrogen application treatment. Although there was not significant differences between band and broadcasting application method, the lowest and the highest leaf chlorophyll was belong to no basal nitrogen and broadcasting treatment respectively. Based on leaf chlorophyll, split or integrated treatments of top dressing application of nitrogen fertilizer in spite of reducation of nitrogen application, because of optimization, did not have significant difference with conventional treatment (wholly distributing of top dressing nitrogen fertilizer on tillering).

Black cumin (Nigella sativa) belongs to Ranunculaceae family, is one of the most useful medicinal plants which grows wildly in some region of Iran inclucling; Kermanshah. Considering the importance of this medicinal plant, a study with main objective of determination of phonological development cycle of the plant, and to find the best row spacings, was carried out in 2000 in the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran. Effect of four row spacings (40, 50, 60 and 70 cm) were studied using randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured traits were as follows; plant height, the number of follicle per plant, the number of seeds per follicle, 1000 kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, oil, and essence percentage. Mean comparison for grain yield, using Duncan Multiple Range Test, revealed that when the seeds were planted in 40 centimeters row spacing, the grain yield was highest (660 Kg/ha), and was significantly different when compared with means of the other treatments. The average oil and essence percentages of seeds in this study were 28% and 0.148%, respectively.