جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قارچ میکوریزا » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

  Salinity is an important environmental tension limiting growth and productivity of plants worldwide. About 7% of the world’s total land area is affected by different degrees of salinity. Saline soil can be defined as soil having an electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (ECe) of 4 dSm−1 (4 dSm−1 ∼40mM NaCl) or more. The harmful effects of high salinity on plants can be observed in different levels such as the death of plants or necrosis of plant organs and/or decreases in productivity. Some tolerant plants develop mechanisms either to exclude salt from their cells or to tolerate its presence within cells. Major processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolism are affected in plants during the beginning and development of salinity stress.
Oenothera biennis L., an important medicinal plant, known as evening primrose. Organic fertilizers develop favorable physical, chemical and biological environment in the soil. They stimulate plant root growth, increase nutrient uptake and soil water-holding capacity, decreases evaporation from the soil and surface water runoff, facilitate drainage, regulate soil temperature and provide a rich substrate for soil microbes. This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil salinity and organic amendments on some growth characteristics, concentration of phosphorus, sodium and potassium and catalase enzyme activity in evening primrose plant (Oenothera biennis L.). Material and In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), six levels of organic amendments (control (without soil amendments), 1.5 and 3 g.L-1 mycorrhizal fungi, 16 and 32 mg l-1 humic acid and 25% v/v madder residue plant) and three levels of soil salinity (4, 7 and 12 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments were applied in Mahmoodabad research field of Esfahan municipality. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was considered as control. Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the growth characteristics and nutrients concentration. Salinity causes growth reduction due to the low osmotic potential of the medium and by a specific ion effect as a secondary cause in several vegetable crops. The results of present study showed that the organic media can improve plant height. This can be due to increased media moisture storage and enhanced nutrient absorption. In EC = 4 dS.m-1 the highest plant height, root length and P concentration obtained in plants treated with 3 g/kg mycorrhizal fungi. Where in 7 and 12 dS.m-1 salt, organic matter showed the best effect on relative water conductivity, reducing time to flowering, increasing the P and K concentration, fresh and dry weigh of root and shoot, also ratio of dry weight to fresh weight. Mycorrhizal treatment in 7 dS.m-1 showed the highest root length. In 12 the most dry weighet of root, ratio of dry weight to fresh weight, the number of active leaves and K concentration in 16 mg/l humic acid and the most number of active leaves, chlorophyll and the lowest concentration of Na obtained in madder residue plant. Also madder residue plant reduced Na concentration in 7 and 12 dS.m-1 levels. In 12 dS.m-1 plants didn’t show reproductive phase, but adding soil amendments caused flowering induction. Excess soluble salts in the root zone restrict plant roots from withdrawing water from surrounding soil, effectively and causes drought for the plant. The loss of photosynthesis in salt stress condition resulted in the loss of dry weight production at the leaf level of evening primrose. Generally, all treatments in all salt levels caused increasing growth and yield of plant. According to the results, it is cleared that in normal condition, evening primrose plant could tolerate salt stress until 7 dS.m-1 but by suitable media culture its threshold tolerate will be increased until 12 dS.m-1. Also it was revealed that all treatments could increase plant tolerate to salt stress and growth characteristics.

Plane tree is one of the important trees cultivated in urban landscapes of Iran and often suffers from different nutritional issues including deficiency and toxicity of mineral nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi have been introduced to increase growth and quality of plants in horticulture. To study the combined effect of two mycorrhizal fungi (G. mosseae and G. intraradices) on plane trees, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. Treatments included control (without fertilizer), livestock manure, complete fertilizer (20:5:10) and manure fertilizer mycorrhizal fungi. Some traits and indices including phosphorus, nitrogen, iron and zinc contents, leaf fresh weight, current year growth and total soluble carbohydrate and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The results showed the positive effects of manure, fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi on the plane tree, as these treatments significantly increased all examined parameters except for current year growth. Contents of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, iron, chlorophyll and total soluble sugar increased by 400%, 20%, 500%, 34%, 41% and 23%, in mycorrhizal-treated plants, respectively, as compared to the control trees. The results of this study showed a promising effect of the mycorrhizal fungi to be applied along with fertilizer and manure as an appropriate biological fertilizer for plane tree.

Fertilizer management is most important factor in success of plants crops cultivation. Application of biological fertilizers is important in production of these plants with the aim of elimination or significant reduction of chemical inputs and also increase of soil fertility and improvement of plant growth and quality. An experim was conducted to study the response of some qualitative characteristics of forage sorghum to biological, chemical, and manure, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three biofertilizers and their combination and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer as follow: 1- mycorhhiza arbuscular species Glomus moseae vermicompost, 2- mycorhhiza nitrocsin (included bacteries Azospirillum sp. and Azotobacter sp.), 3- mycorhhizaarbuscular Rhizobium (Rhizobium sp.), 4-mycorhhizaarbuscular Chemical fertilizer NPK, 5- mycorhhizaarbuscular (Glomus moseae) and 6-control. In this experiment, although the treatments have not significant effects on ash, NDF and ADF, however, crude protein, dry matter digestibility as well as organic matter digestibility were affected by experimental treatments. The results showed that the percent of crude protein (15/19 percent), dry matter digestibility (70/12 percent) and organic matter digestibility (72/16 percent) were higher in integrated mycorhhiza and nitrocsine treatment in comparison whit other treatments. The numerical highest percent of ash (9.8 percent) was observed in mycrhhoriza plus vermicampost. In conclusion, the integration of mycrhhoriza and biological nitrocsine had the higher positive impact on forage quality of sorghum. Therefore, it could be concluded that biological fertilizers may be considered as a suitable replacement for a lot of chemical fertilizers consumption in sustainable agricultural systems.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit from a symbiotic relationship with the plant، which is currently one of the strategies used to reduce stress. The experiment was factorial in a randomizing complete block with three replications. The first factor was three levels of drought stress including: D1 (%100)، D2 (%80)، D3 (%60) field capacity of soil moisture and the second factor included six level mycorrhizal: G1 (Glomus mosseae)، G2 (Glomus intraradices)، G3 (Glomus fasiculatum)، G4 (mixture of three fungal species G1، G2، G3) in sterile soil، C1 (Control 1 without fungus in sterile soil)، C2 (Contorl2، without fungus in non-sterile soil). The measured traits were fresh and dry weight of shoot، root colonization (%)، electrolyte leakage (%)، total chlorophyll content and proline accumulation. Results showed that the effect of drought stress on all traits was significant except for fresh weight and colonization of root lettuce (P<0. 01). The lowest and highest fresh and dry weights of shoot were observed in D1 and D3 treatments، respectively. Application of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum on all traits was significant except for root fresh weight (P<0. 01) and (P<0. 05). Using G. mosseae was the most important effect in most of the growth characteristics. Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress on contents of total chlorophyll and proline accumulation (P<0. 01) were significant. The highest and lowest total chlorophyll contents obtained were at 60% moisture، respectively، in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (G. mosseae) and control plants (control 1). To increase the resistance of plants to drought stress a G. mosseae is recommended to be used.

In order to study the effects of growth promoting bacteria (GPR) and mycorrhizal fungi on seedling emergence, establishment and growth of two ecotypes alfalfa under salinity stress condition, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse of college of agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran in summer 2011. The experiment was arranged as a factorial with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (S0)and 120 (S 2) µm), two levels of alfalfa cultivars (Bami and Yazdi) and eleven levels of Bio-treatments. The bio-treatments were four growth promoting rhizobacteria (Azetobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Sinorhizobium meliloti) along with mycorrhizain single form, four different double integrated forms of Sinorhizobium meliloti with other bio- treatments as well as a quintuplet form of all bio- treatments. The results indicated that applying salt stress significantly decreased seedling emergence, establishment and alfalfa biomass. The descending trend in control treatment was more than that of treated seeds. Appling bacterial priming especially pseudomonas priming and compiled treatments played an important role in moderating the negative effects of salinity on measured traits. With respect to the results of this study, it seems that plant growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza by an improvement in water and nutrient absorption, improve plant growth in salinity stress condition.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of irrigation intervals and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on chlorophyll index, yield and yield components of grain sorghum. A factorial experiment was done based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Agriculture Research Station faculty of Agriculture, Bu- Ali Sina University in growing season of 2011. Irrigation intervals (7, 14 and 21 days) with three levels of seed inoculation (control without inoculation, inoculation with Glomus mossea and inoculation with G. intraradices) were the experimental treatments. Results indicated that the effect of irrigation intervals and mycorrhizal fungi were significant for traits of chlorophyll index, percentage of root symbiosis (PRS), number of grain per panicle, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and harvest index (HI). Maximum value for each trait was observed at G. mossea treatment. G. mossea treatment in comparison with G. intraradices and control treatment can increase the grain yield of sorghum up to 6.80 and 23.10%, respectively. Also, with increasing irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days, PRS increased up to 27.9%. Maximum value for grain yield (755 g m-2) was achieved at irrigation every 14 days and application of G. mossea treatment. But, there was no significant difference between irrigation sorghum plants every 14 days and application of G. mossea and irrigation every 7 days and application of either G. mossea or G. intraradices. In general, irrigation of sorghum plants every 14 days and supplying of G. mossea can produce the highest grain yield, while decreasing water consumption for sorghum production.

Maze is widely cultivated in many countries due to capabilities such as adaptation to various climatic conditions, drought tolerance, high performance, ability to be in different frequencies, full adoption of mechanization and the multiple uses. In order to investigate the application effect of mycorrhiza fungus and various amounts of the phosphorus fertilizer levels on the quantitative and qualitative features of Zea mays Single Cross Karoon, an experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete blocks design with two levels of mycorrhiza fungus application and non-application and four amounts of phosphorus fertilize with three replications, in north of Khouzestan in 2013 cropping year. The obtained results of variance analysis showed that through adding mycorrhiza fungus the grain yield, biological yield, bush harvesting index, grain number in row and bush height, at one percent level and the traits like bush height, one thousand-grain weight and grain protein was significant at five percent level and row number in grain was not affected by mycorrhiza. Also, A2 treatment (the use of mycorrhizal inoculation) showed higher yield with the average protein percent 10/83 comparing to treatment A1 (lack of using mycorrhizal inoculation) with average 10/59. The effect of phosphate treatment on bush height, one thousand-grain weight, grain yield, grain number, biological yield, bush harvesting index and protein was significant at one percent level and was not significant at row number in maize.

To evaluate the response of agronomic characteristics of maize and cowpea to mycorrhiza and mesorrhizobial bacteria in intercropping, this study was carried out at the Research Field of Industrial Shahrood University in 2010 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were: Z: maize monocropping, B: bean monocropping, I: intercropping of maize and bean, ZM: maize monocropping mycorrhizae, BM: bean monocropping mycorrhizae, BB: bean monocropping mesorhizobuim bacteria, BMB: bean monocropping mycorrhizae mesorhizobium bacteria, IM: intercropping mycorrhizae, IB: intercropping 駫⢮ᢳꆸ bacteria and IMB: intercropping mycorrhizal 駫⢮ᢳꆸ bacteria. The results showed that treatment effects on seed yield per plant, leaf chlorophyll content, dry weight of cowpea pods, dry weight of maize ear, number of seeds per earrow, totalbiological yieldinintercropping and partialland equivalent ratioof both cowpea and maizewere significant (p

In order to investigate the effect of Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal fungi on growth in Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrum L.) plant under different levels of sewage sludge, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatments of the experiment were a combination of three Mycorrhizal fungi status (Mi= Glomus intraradices, Mm= Glomus mosseae and M0= non-inoculation) and four sewage sludge levels (S0=0, S1=25, S2=50 and S3=100 ton per ha). The results showed that adding sewage sludge significantly increased dry weight growth parameters of clover, root dry weight, root length and weight of nodes in clover plant, but the percentage of roots colonization was significantly reduced. Root inoculation of clover plant with two species of Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungi had positive and significant effect on most growth parameters of clover in comparison to non-inoculation.