جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کشت مستقیم" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Considering the importance of fodder beet in supplying fodder and its high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the age and number of leaves of fodder beet transplant in the Greenhouse and Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University. The treatments included direct seed cultivation, 30-day transplant without leaf removal, 30-day transplant with half of the leaves removed, 30-day transplant with all leaves removed, 45-day transplant without leaf removal, 45-day transplant with half of the leaves removed, 45-day transplant with the removal of all leaves, 60-day transplant without removal of leaves, 60-day transplant with the removal of half of the leaves and 60-day transplant with the removal of all leaves. The experimental treatments were all planted on the same date in the field. The mean data comparision showed that the highest dry weight of leaves and aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of roots, and root yield were related to the treatment of two-month transplant with all three levels of no leaf removal, half leaf removal and whole leaf removal. The 45-day transplant with removing all leaves was superior to other treatments regarding SPAD and stomatal conductance. In total, a 60-day transplant is recommended to increase the root yield of fodder beet.

This study was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with 16 treatment combinations and in 4 replications for three crop years 2018-2020 in the Gachsaran agricultural research center. The experimental factors included tillage method (A) with two levels A1= conventional (moldboard plow + disk harrow) and A2= conservation (No-Till) which were placed in the main plots, and rotation (B) with eight levels consisting of 1) wheat - wheat (control), 2) barley-barley (control), 3) forage (Tolo variety) - wheat, 4) forage - barley, 5) canola - wheat, 6) canola - barley, 7) chickpea - wheat and, 8) chickpea-barley were placed in sub-plots. Also, Karim wheat, Khoram barley, Tolo cluster flower vetch, Adel chickpea, and Hayola 401 canola were used. These products were included in a periodic rotation of three years. The results showed that the increase in yield in wheat rotation was 19.3, 18.2, and 20.7%, respectively, and in barley rotation was 18.2, 18.6, and 10.2%, respectively, compared to continuous wheat and barley cultivation. The highest amount of plant biomass in wheat treatments was obtained by 9352 kg ha-1 from the forage rotation option and the highest wheat grain harvest index with of 36.6% was obtained from the canola-wheat rotation option. In barley treatments, the highest values of plant biomass and harvest index were obtained from forage and canola -barley rotation options, respectively. The conservation cultivation method in the canola rotation option increased the amount of moisture in the soil and reduced the specific gravity of the soil. There was the lowest amount of phosphorus and the highest amount of potassium and soil organic carbon percentage in this periodic option. Due to the higher productivity, it is recommended to farmers to alternate wheat and barley crops with canola in conservation tillage conditions, and at the same time, chickpea and forage crops should be used in the middle of their rotation period. Therefore, the acceptance of this system by farmers requires the implementation of this study in dryland conditions, and in this way, it is possible to preserve agricultural land.

Decreasing of water consumption, chemical inputs, production cost and risk are among the most important advantages of transplanting method. The aim of this study was to compare the transplanting and direct seeding methods in sugar beet. For this purpose, root transplanting along with direct seeding were performed in the farmer’s field in Hamedan in 2018. Sugar beet transplants were prepared in planting stock in April and transplanted to the main field in June. Direct seeding of sugar beet was performed in the main field in mid of May. During the growing season, necessary notes were taken and at the end of the season, root sampling was performed. After harvest, two planting systems were evaluated in terms of quantitative, qualitative and economic characteristics. Root transplanting system caused an increase in root yield and sugar yield by 15 and 47%, respectively compared with direct seeding system. Water consumption under root transplanting was 10080 m3 ha-1 which was about 18% less than direct seeding. In terms of water use efficiency, root transplanting method with an efficiency of 9.66 kg root m-3 was about 40% more than direct seeding method (6.90 kg root m-3). The economic evaluation of two planting methods also showed that the increase in net income by changing planting pattern from conventional to root transplanting system was higher. In general, results showed that root transplanting system had higher quantitative and qualitative yield and economical income compared with direct seeding method.

In recent years, researchers have considered increasing the water productivity of crops, including cotton, by changing the timing and planting density. On the other hand, studies have shown that transplanting cotton compared to no-till has a significant effect on reducing water use and thus increasing water use efficiency in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting date and method (no-till or transplanting) on quantitative and qualitative yield of cotton in Fars province.

This factorial trial was conducted in a randomized block experiment with three replications in 2020 at a research farm in Darab city, Fars province. The experimental factors included cropping systems at three levels of planting 35 and 45 days old transplants and no-till cotton as main factors and date of planting and no-till at three levels of May 4 and 19 and June 4 as sub-factors. In this study, seedling establishment percentage, plant height, leaf area index, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, lint yield and early maturity percentage and finally water use efficiency were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using Duncan's test at 5% probability level.

The results of this study showed that most of the evaluated indices of cotton were higher in 45-day planting than 35-day planting and no-till. Thus, the highest establishment percentage (87.18%), leaf area index (2.24), plant height (96.78 cm), number of bolls (27.61) and single boll weight (4.56 g), lint yield (2862.4 kg/ha) and early maturity percentage (68.3) were obtained in 45-day transplants. In general, transplanting increased the average leaf area index, plant height, percentage of establishment and number and weight of bolls compared to direct planting. In most cases, the highest number of traits measured was on May 19. The highest establishment percentage (81.14%), leaf area index (2.16), plant height (97.44 cm), number of bolls per plant and weight of individual boll and yield (2694.6 kg/ha) were measured at this planting date. The results of this study showed that transplanting significantly increased water use efficiency compared to no-till. The highest water use efficiency (0.66 kg/m3) was obtained in 45-day-old transplanting, which was significantly different from other planting systems. Overall, transplanting improved the water use efficiency of cotton by about 25% compared to no-till (0.50 kg/m3).

transplanting increases the quantity and quality of cotton compared to no-till, as seedlings are not exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as frost at the beginning of the season and flowering time is prolonged. In irrigated farming, transplanting is one of the most acceptable methods to achieve high yield. The results of this study show that transplanting cotton seedlings on May 19 leads to a significant increase in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cotton. On the other hand, the highest water use efficiency of cotton was obtained under these conditions, so transplanting cotton seedlings at the end of May is recommended in Darab region of Fars province.

To study the effects of tillage system, planting method and of nitrogen fertilizer rate on the agronomic characteristics and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Dalgan oilseed rape cultivar, as the second crop after rice, a split factorial experiment in complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out in two cropping seasons (2016-2018) at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Iran. In this experiment, three tillage systems (conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage) were considered as main plots and two planting methods (direct and transplanting) and four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as factorial arrangement in sub plots. The results showed that conventional and minimum tillages in the transplanting method had the maximum seed yield (with the averages of 3458 and 3360 kg.ha-1, respectively). Transplanting method with 300 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen level had higher number of auxiliary branches per plant, number of siliques per plant, seed yield, and oil yield. Minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen with an average seed yield of 4144 kg.ha-1 had the highest seed yield. Based on the results of this experiment, minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen in both planting methods, direct seeding and transplanting, would be more suitable for oilseed rape production in Guilan region.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important crop in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, which is transplanted in puddled soil. This method of planting requires a lot of labor and its production cost is very high. Researches has been shown that rice direct seeding can be a low-cost alternative to transplanting method. Therefore, in this study, the effect of direct seeding on the yield and yield components of different native and improved rice cultivars has been investigated.

This experiment was carried out during 2019 and 2020 in the research farms of the Rice Research Institute of Iran-Rasht. The experiment was a split block based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included cultivation method in two levels (transplanting and direct seeding) and the sub-plots included rice cultivars in five levels (Hashemi, Anam, Gilaneh, Shiroodi and Taher). Rice density in transplanting method was 25 hills per square meter (each hill contains three seedlings) and seed rate in direct seeding was considered for all cultivars 100 kg / ha.

The results showed that the cultivation method had no significant effect on paddy yield, while the effect of cultivar and interaction of cultivar in cultivation method in the first year of the experiment was significant in this regard. In 2019, the range of paddy yield varied from 4152 kg / ha for Hashemi cultivar in transplanting to 7531 kg / ha for Shiroodi cultivar in direct seeding. In 2020, the lowest (4473 kg / ha) and highest (7842 kg / ha) paddy yield belonged to Hashemi and Shiroodi cultivars in direct seeding, respectively. The effect of cultivation method (in the first year), cultivar and the interaction effect of cultivation method and cultivar on the number of panicle per unit area were significant. In both years (except Anam cultivar in 2020), the number of cultivars panicle in direct seeding was more than transplanting. In 2019, Anam cultivar had the highest (444 panicles) number of panicles in transplanting method, while the number of panicles of this cultivar in direct seeding was 517. In this year, the highest panicle number (626 panicles) in direct seeding method belonged to Shiroodi cultivar, while this cultivar had 332 panicles/m2. In 2020, Hashemi and Taher cultivars had the highest number of panicles per unit area (456 and 397 panicles, respectively), while the number of panicles of these two cultivars in direct seeding was 606 and 536 panicles, respectively. The effect of cultivation method on the number of filled grains per panicle was not significant. However, in both experimental years, the number of filled grains in transplanting method was 26% and 22% higher than direct seeding method, respectively. This was while the effect of cultivar and the interaction effect of cultivation method and cultivar on the number of filled grains per panicle were significant. The results showed that, biological yield, harvest index and number of filled and empty grains in both years of the study had the highest positive correlation with paddy yield.

The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between direct seeding and transplanting methods in terms of paddy yield. In direct seeding, increasing the number of panicle per unit area led to a decrease in the number of filled grains per panicle, while in transplanting, reducing the number of panicle per unit area led to an increase in the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grains weight. In fact, significant changes in these yield components in the two cultivation methods led to similar paddy yield in them.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three tillage systems and no till in three crop rotations on soil physical properties, weed population and wheat yield in Tajarak Research Station (Kaboudarahang Township), Hamedan, as split plot experiment on the basis of RCBD with three replications in growing seasons 2012 to 2014. Tillage methods including (T1) conventional tillage (moldboard plow + cyclotiller equipped with roller), (T2) combination tiller (chisel plow equipped with roller), (T3) combination tiller (sweep plow equipped with roller) and (T4) direct drilling and crop rotations including: (R1) fallow–wheat, (R2) wheat–wheat (R3) chickpea-wheat were arranged in sub and main plots, respectively. Some of soil physical properties including: bulk density and cone index and also weed density, yield and yield components of wheat were determined. The results showed that crop rotations and soil tillage methods had not significantly effect on cone index and bulk density. The effect of crop rotation on weed populations was not significant, but the effect of soil tillage methods on this trait was significant. Conventional tillage (227.1 kg/ha) and direct cropping (626.8 kg/ha) had the lowest and highest weeds quantity, respectively. In dry year (2012-13), wheat grain yield under direct drilling was greater than conventional tillage.

This experiment was done to evaluate the effects of soil tillage methods on chemical and biological properties of the soil along with quantitative traits of silage corn after chickpea as a preceding or companion crop. The experiment was conducted for two cropping years of 2013-15 at farm of Tehran University. The experiment was set up as a split plot in RCBD in four replications. The main factor considered three soil tillage methods (conventional, minimum and no-tillage) and the sub-factor included three varieties of maize (SC704, Zp677, Maxima). The experimental units covered by chickpea residue by at least 30 percent of the surface area. Results showed that the no-tillage and minimum tillage treatments had higher amount of soil organic carbon, pH and number and body mass of earthworm than the conventional tillage treatment. Tillage treatments had no significant effect on measured soil total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and sodium. Also, the highest maize wet and dry stem weight (691.5 and 1866.5 gm-2), Ear dry weight (664.4 gm-2) and total plants wet weight (4896.9 gm-2) observed in Zp677 maize cultivar. Conventional and minimum tillage methods had significant effects on leaf and ear wet and dry weights and total plant dry weight traits. Thus, in the 2nd year of this experiment, no-tillage was more effective than other tillage methods. But, there was no significant effect between no-tillage and conventional tillage treatments in the second year. According to the results, both conservation tillage methods is recommended as replacement methods for conventional tillage in maize/chickpea rotation.

The effect of seed rate on grain yield and yield components of rice (cv. Hashemi) in direct seeding methods was evaluated in a split plot lay out based on randomized complete block design with three replication and three seeding methods as main plots and three seeding rates (60, 80 and 100 kgha-1) as sub plots at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht in 2010 and 2011. Seeding methods consisted of drum direct seeding, hill wet seeding, broadcasting and pre-geminated seeding in puddle field. Results indicated that, the maximum plant height (131.0 cm), number of productive panicles (235 panicles m-2), grain yield (2753 kgha-1), Sink strength index (132.2 cm), yield formation rate (29.7 kg day-1), milling recovery (68.0%) and head rice (59.0%) were obtained in hill wet seeding method. The maximum number of productive panicles (243 panicles m-2), grain yield (2486 kgha-1), and yield formation rate (26.5 kg day-1) were obtained in in 100 kgha-1. As the results indicate, it seems that, it is possible to obtain an acceptable grain yield in Hashemi rice cultivar using direct seeding with hill wet direct seeding method in puddle field and seeding rate 100 kgha-1 in climatic continental of the experimental region.

To evaluate the effect of combined use of mechanical methods (different soil disturbance methods) and chemical weed control on cotton yield, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the city of Boshruyeh in 2012. Experiment factors were soil disturbance method as Main-plots with three levels, including conventional tillage, no-till system and conservation tillage; and different methods of weed control at 5 levels (the herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium at 10, 15 and 20 g ha-1, as well as no weeding and hand hoeing) as sub-plots with four replications. The results showed that there were significant differences between the various methods of soil disturbance, so that the cotton yield, monopodial branch length, number of monopodial and sympodial branches, plant height and number of bolls in conservation and no-tillage systems were greater than conventional system. Application of 20 g ha-1 of trifloxysulfuron sodium led to the greatest value in all measured traits. The interaction effect of soil disturbance and weed control method was significant on the number and length of monopodial branches. The greatest number of monopodial branches were obtained from the conservation tillage (2.59) and hand weeding (2.31). The longest monopodial branches were observed in conservation tillage (15.79 cm) and hand weeding (15.23 cm) treatments.

In tomato، parasite plants such as dodder that is a stem parasite has a major effect on yield. To control and keep the host from their harmful effects it is needed to use selective herbicides. Therefore other control methods are needed. In order to evaluate the effects of transplanting and direct planting methods of tomato cultivars on dodder (Cuscuta sp) parasitizing، a greenhouse experiment was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Shiraz، in 2012. The experiment was based on a randomized complete design (RCD) with factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was tomato cultivars (Falat CH، Petoldoli and Fk) and the second factor was different methods of planting (direct and transplant). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among cultivars for plant height، fruit yield and root fresh weight. The highest and lowest fruit yields were obtained from Falat Ch (40. 82 g) and Petoldoli (24. 41 g)، respectively. In relation to the effect of planting methods، the results showed that plant height، fruit yield and diameter and fresh and dry weights of tomato were higher in direct planting method than transplanting while dry weight of dodder was higher in transplanting method. The results also showed that reduction in tomato Falat CH yield was higher than Petoldoli and Fk and this cultivar was more resistant to be parasitized by dodder.

Transplanting was assessed in order to prolong growth season and also to reduce water consumption in forage maize production. Two and three weeks seedlings produced in a greenhouse before transplanting in the field alongside seed sowing in three different dates (6 and 21 June and 6 July) in summer 2012 in the Farm of Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran. growth analyses (LAI، CGR، RGR، and NAR) fresh and dry forage yield determined. Three weeks seedlings in the first date of sowing had the highest LAI = 5. 4 and CGR = 37. 2 g m-2 day-1، Fresh and dry forage of 66. 536 and 21. 640 to/ha respectively.

To compare the yield and yield components of direct seeded rice cultivars along with fish culture, a field experiments was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments in Astara during 2012 growing season. Analysis of variance of the data collected showed that there were significant differences among the traits of rice cultivars at %5 probability for panicle length and at %1 probability level for plant height, seed diameter, panicle weight, 1000 kernel weight, No. of kernel per panicle, straw weight and paddy yield. Mean comparisons showed that Gohar among the cultivars under study due to its high yield potential with average 6378 kg/ha was the most suitable cultivar under direct seeded rice along with fish culture. Producing 1100.82 kg/ha of fish in rice fields not only increases farmers income it also reduces production costs. These results, consequently, justify the possible extension of rice-fish production as a sustainable agricultural system in rice growing regions of Astara and similar areas of Iranian Caspian coasts.

In order to evaluate the seed density and Molinit rates in direct-seeded rice on barnyard grass control as well as grain yield of rice، LD183 cultivar، a field experiment was conducted in 2005 at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University Mollasani، Ahwaz. The design was split plot in a completed randomized block basis with 4 replications. Main plots were 3 levels of Molinit (3، 5 and 7 lit/ha) with control check and weedy check، and sub plots of 3 seed densities (100، 120 and 140 kg/ha). The increase of herbicide rate to 7 lit/ha، lead to decreasing of dry matter and grain yield، harvest index (HI)، total number of rice tillers and spikes، and the number of grain per spike، plant height and HI of barnyard grass. However، it increased the number of grain per ear، percentage of fertility of rice، dry matter and grain yield of barnyard grass. The increase of seed density (140 kg/ha) lead to decreasing dry matter، grain yield، number of grain per ear and percentage of fertility of rice، compared with 100 and 120 kg seed/ha. However، the number of total tillers of rice، and dry matter and grain yield، number of spike in unit area increased with increasing seed density. The interaction effect of seed density and herbicide rate on dry matter and grain yield، number of total tillers، number of fertile ear in unit area، number of grain per ear and percentage of fertility، and dry matter and grain yield، and number spike in unit area was significantly different. Highest grain yield of rice (6. 71 t/ha) was obtained with 5 lit/ha Molinit herbicide and 120 kg/ha seed density. Highest grain yield of barnyard grass (1. 01 t/ha) was obtained with 3 lit/ha Molinit and 140 kg/ha seed density.