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One approach for medicinal plants cultivation expansion is to sow them in rainfed areas. In recent years, the study of valuable types of medicinal plants, development of cultivation and meeting the needs of the pharmaceutical industry has been one of the goals of scientific and research centers. Savory is a valuable medicinal species in the world. The aerial parts and volatile constituents of Satureja species are commonly used as a medicinal herb and flavoring agents. They can be used as antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmolidic and as a condiment in food industry. Two of the most important species of savory grow wildly in Iran are S. sahendica and S. spicigera. Both of them are native species to semi-arid zones of Iran, and considered as aromatic and medicinal plant. Wheat straw and cow manure are the two most common soil amendments which have been using for improving soil structure and soil fertility. Limited studies have been performed on rainfed cultivation of medicinal species, especially savory. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting bed on vegetative characteristics and yield of two savory species in rainfed conditions.

Experiment was carried out for three years (2018-2020) as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Fereidoonshar (32°56’N, 50°06’E and an altitude of 2491 m). Planting bed as main plot consisted of cow manure (30 ton.ha-1), wheat straw (10 ton.ha-1) and control (without manure and straw); species as subplot consisted of S. sahendica and S. spicigera. Morphological traits including plant height, crown diameter, canopy area per plant, canopy area per square meter, and number of stems per plant; and yield traits including total dry weight, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight were thetraits which were measured over the study. The recorded data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) on 0.05 probability level for comparison of means using SAS (ver. 8.2) software.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of planting bed, year and their interactions on the measured traits were significant in many cases. Results showed that the highest values of plant height (46 cm), crown diameter (35 cm), canopy area (3980 cm2) and number of stems per plant (23) were seen in S. spicigera. Also, the highest rates of total dry weight and leaf dry weight were seen in S. spicigera, 695 and 470 kg.ha-1, respectively. Wheat straw treatment reduced aerial parts dry weight in two species in the first year, but in the second year it caused an increase. Cow manure made a slight increase in two species growth only in the first year. The highest values of all measured traits in two species were achieved in the last year of measurements, as the values of leaf dry weight for S. spicigera and S. sahendica were 1018 and 855 kg.ha-1, respectively. The highest values of leaf area index and harvest index were observed in the first year of the experiment including 4.59 and 72, respectively.

Cow manure was able to significantly increase the yield of the two species in the first and second years, especially for S. spicigera. Although the use of wheat straw reduced the rates of morphological and yield treatments of the two species of savory in the first year, but increased them in the second year, so It is recommended to cultivate savory after decomposition of wheat straw. The role of increasing vegetative growth and plant yield under the influence of increasing plant age was quite obvious. On the whole, in order to produce savory under dryland conditions similar to this research, cultivation of S. spicigera withouth usng manure or straw could be recommended, although incorporation of these amendments into the lower depth of the soil could be more effective on this species growth and yield.

The average stigma yield of traditional saffron cultivating systems is 3.2 kg ha-1 in Iran. Based on ideal cultivating systems, the stigma yield equivalent 41 kg ha-1 in Ferdows region, 38 kg ha-1 in Bakhazr region, 30 and 25 kg ha-1 in Torbat Heydarieh regionis recorded. The aim of the study was investigation of involved managing factors in gap yield of traditional and ideal saffron cultivating systems in Razavi and south Khorasan Provinces.. Managing factors for ideal system were recorded with respect to comments provided in the questionnaires by experts viewpoints. Traditional managing factors were recorded from 239 saffron farms in various regions of Razavi and south Khorasan Provinces. In addition, soil samples were selected from all studied farms. The results showed that saffron yield average in Razavi and south Khorasan Provinces was varied between 1.23 to 6.67 kg ha-1 in 2011 to 2017. A positive and significant correlation between precipitations with yield (b=0.002*) was observed. But, by increasing mean temperature in the studied areas, saffron yield decreased (b=-0.223**). The relationship between the amount of organic matter (b=2.42*), nitrogen (b=9.40*), phosphorus (b=0.093*) and soil sand content (b=0.007*) was positive with yield, but it decreased by increasing clay content (b=-0.015*). The results confirmed that there is an average stigma yield gap of more than 20 kg ha-1 between traditional and ideal cultivation conditions. Using small corm instead of the corm weighing more than 8 g for planting, mass planting instead of row planting, low density planting of corm, low manure application, inappropriate first irrigation time in autumn, inappropriate corm sowing date, weed control at inappropriate time and no-foliar application in the second half of the winter were the most important involved parameters in gap yield of traditional and ideal systems.

In a field experiment, effects of amount different manure and nitrogen were investigated on quantitative and qualitative Spinach (Spinacea Oleracea) characteristics in Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Tehran Province, Iran. Statistical experiment design was conducted with split plot design under randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications during two years (2009-2010). Manure (main plot) was considered in four levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1 and nitrogen (sub plot) was considered in four levels of 0, 150, 200, and 250 kg Nha-1 as urea source. Stems and leaves fresh weight of spinach and there nitrate was measured after harvest. Combined two years results showed that the main effects of manure factor and nitrogen factor were significant on yield, relative yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic efficiency and nitrate. The interaction effects of manure and nitrogen were significant different only on relative yield, water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency. Fertilizer recommendation was 30 ton manure ha-1 with 150 kg N ha-1 for obtaining optimal yield with regard to legal limit of nitrate in spinach plant.

To determine the effect of organic fertilizers together with chemical fertilizers as basic on crops yield and soil organic carbon، an experiment was carried out from 1997 to 2002 at Safi-Abad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful،Iran، in a wheat- potato - wheat - canola - corn rotation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split - plot arrangement of treatments with nine treatments and in three replications. Also، in each replication an additional treatment as control plot (no application of organic fertilizer and only use of chemical fertilizers) was included. Organic fertilizer sources were as main plots consisting (farm yard manure، sugar cane bagas compost and wheat straw)، and organic fertilizer rates were as sub plots at 5، 10 and 15 t / ha. The results showed that effect of organic fertilizer amounts on canola grain yield and effect of organic fertilizer sources on potato yield were significant. As compared with control plot yield increases due to application of organic fertilizer in potato، corn، wheat and canola were about 1600، 1400، 750 and 500 kg/ha،respectively. Also، soil organic carbon increased significantly with organic fertilizer application. Therefore، application of FYM or sugar cane bagas compost at 5 t/ha in combination with optimum use of chemical fertilizers are recommended especially for potato and canola.

In order to study the responds of some crops to sulfosulfuron residues in soil of wheat field, a split-plot factorial experiment was conducted at the research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in three replications. Main plots were the application of animal manure at 40 t ha-1 and no application, and subplots included sulfosulfuron application dose (recommended and 30% overdose). The bioassay test using sunflower, canola, soybean, bean, pea, lens, sorghum, barley, corn and sugar beet was set at 98 days after the herbicide application in greenhouse conditions. Results showed 24 days after seeding in the pots the most sensitive crop based on dry weight per plant was canola which had lower weight in the un-amended soil or higher application rate. Soybean and lens were the next sensitive crops respectively. The damage symptoms of the herbicide included roots stunt, chlorosis and epinasty in the shoots were more obvious in bean, soybean, sugar beet and canola.