جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گیاهان روغنی" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

The production of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) as one of the vital industrial plants is affected by the environment, genotype, and their interaction. Therefore, the environment × genotype interaction on peanut yield should be evaluated before the introduction of cultivars. Evaluation of the genotype × environment interaction provides valuable information regarding the performance of plant cultivars in different environments. It plays a crucial role in evaluating the stability of the performance of breeding materials. This experiment evaluated the stability and yield of superior peanut genotypes in three regions of Guilan province, Iran, in the 2018 and 2019 crop years.

In this study, the top 10 peanut genotypes (130, 140, 113, 115, 128, 176, 178, 192, 201, and 208 from ICRISAT) along with the NC2 variety as a control were assessed in a complete randomized block design trial with three replications across three regions Rasht, Masal, and Talash. Each plot comprised six lines, each with 5 m long, 50 cm row spacing, and 20 cm plant spacing. Upon reaching physiological ripeness, a 5-m2 area was harvested from the middle four rows of each plot after removing 0.5 m from both ends to eliminate marginal effects. The plant height (cm), average number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod were randomly recorded and counted from 10 plants. After drying, biomass, pod, and seed yields were calculated in kg/ha. Following seed separation from the shell, five random samples of 100 seeds were taken from each plot to measure the 100 seed weight (HSW). Additionally, the length and width of peanut pods and seeds were recorded (in mm) using a digital caliper. To determine seed oil percentage, 150 g of peanut seeds were randomly selected from each plot, and their oil percentage was measured using the Soxhlet method after grinding the samples. Composite variance analysis was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of experimental error, and the mean traits were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method. The stability of peanut genotypes was assessed using the GGE bi-plot analysis.

The variance analysis revealed that the interaction of location × genotype significantly affected the peanut plant's height, sub-branches, and pod diameter at a one percent probability level. Additionally, the year × location × genotype interaction significantly affected other traits such as pods per plant, seeds per pod, HSW, pod yield, seed yield, seed oil percentage, oil yield, shell yield, pod length, and peanut seed length and width at the 1% probability level. Notably, genotype 208 in the Rasht region exhibited the tallest average plant height (103.5 cm), which was not significantly different from line 201. Furthermore, the highest number of peanut pods (31.72 pieces) was observed for genotype 128 in the Rasht region in the first crop year, showing no significant difference with line 128 in the first and second crop years. Significant differences were also noted in the number of seeds per pod across different genotypes and regions. For instance, the second crop year in the Rasht region and genotype 113 yielded the highest peanut HSW (71.45 g), which was not significantly different from some lines in the two crop years in the Masal and Rasht regions. Furthermore, the pod yield of genotype 192 in the first crop year was superior in Rasht (5583 kg/ha), Masal (5233 kg/ha), and Talash (4166 kg/ha) regions compared to the other genotypes. Genotype 192 exhibited the highest seed yield (3777 kg/ha) in the first crop year in Rasht, representing a 133% increase compared to the control (NC2). These results underscore the significant influence of climatic conditions on peanut seed yield and the genetic potential variations among different genotypes in diverse regions. Additionally, genotype 192 in the first cropping year and Rasht region attained the highest peanut oil yield (1841 kg/ha), aligning with findings from other researchers regarding varying oil yields among different peanut lines.

Based on the findings of this study, all traits measured in peanuts were impacted by the interaction of genotype and environment. Line 192 displayed significantly superior quantitative and qualitative performance of peanut seeds to the NC2 variety, known as the Goli native variety, and the other studied lines. The increase in the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, and the peanut HSW were important agronomic indicators in improving the performance of line 192 in the Guilan region. The results indicated that the interaction effect of genotype and environment led to changes in the yield components, resulting in changes in the yield of peanut seeds and pods per unit area, with the oil yield increasing in parallel with the grain yield. Using the GGE bi-plot method to evaluate performance stability, peanut line 192 was identified as a high-yielding line with high performance and stability in all environments. Therefore, groundnut genotype 192 is recommended for achieving the highest seed yield in the region's climatic conditions.

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] oilseed is a low-input crop that grows and yields well in semiarid regions with low-fertility or saline soils in comparison with other crops. Camelina seeds contain 30–40 percent oil. Camelina is an annual plant from the Brassicaceae family that has short and fast growth. Camelina is well adapted to cool temperate and semi-arid climates, it is more tolerant of drought and spring freezing than rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Also, Resistance to some diseases and pests of other members of Brassicaceae plants is another important features of this plant. Research-based information is lacking to provide basic agronomic recommendations for Camelina. In general, yield and yield components of Camelina seeds depends on nitrogen fertilization, planting time and climatic conditions. Camelina responds differently to fertilizer management and planting date in different climatic and soil conditions. Selection of crop managements such as planting date and fertilization can increase the quantitative and the qualitative yield of this plant.

In order to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on agronomic characteristics in Camelina under different planting dates, a study was conducted in split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research field of Agricultural College, the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, located in the southwest of Ahvaz and the western bank of the Karun River with 31°19׳ʹ N; 48° 41׳ʹ an altitude of 22 meters above sea level during 2018-19 growth season. Experimental factors included planting date in three times (November 6, December 6 and January 5) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg.ha-1) as the subplots. The plant material (seed) of this research was Camelina sativa cultivar Soheil which was prepared from the Biston Shafa Knowledge Foundation Company. Half of the nitrogen fertilizer was spread with phosphorus and potassium in the surface of each experimental unit and mixed with soil before planting. The other half of nitrogen fertilizer used in three sections during three stages of plant phenology included True four leaves, beginning of stem elongation and beginning of silicle emergence.

Analysis of variance of traits showed a significant difference between nitrogen levels at each level of planting date in terms of all traits studied, including grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, plant height, percentage and oil yield, etc. Generally, based on the results of the analysis of variance, in all three planting dates. The highest grain yield (2653.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained from the first planting date and 46 kgN.ha-1 treatment and the highest harvest index in second planting date and 46 kg nitrogen treatment was measured. The highest oil yield (737.9 kg.ha-1) belonged to the first planting date and the level of 23 kgN.ha-1. However, the highest protein percentages (28.53) was obtained in the second planting date and 69 kg nitrogen treatment. Regarding to the other traits, it was observed that the optimal use of nitrogen fertilizer led to the improvement of the studied traits such as the number of sub-branches, silicle per plant, seed per silicle and 1000-grain weight, but delay in planting date caused the mean of these traits decreased significantly.

In general, the results of this study showed a significant response of Camelina to the amount of nitrogen used and planting date, so that in early planting (November 6) was obtained the highest grain yield, yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage. But in late planting, especially the third planting date, all the studied traits were reduced due to the collision of the plant reproductive stage with the high temperature at the end of Khuzestan growth season and the reduction of the plant growth cycle. Under three planting dates, nitrogen fertilizer application up to 46 kgN.ha-1 increased grain yield, oil yield and some yield components. Based on the results of this experiment, in order to obtain maximum grain and oil yield of Camelina, it is important to consider planting date and optimum nitrogen use.

Drought is a restriction in crop production in arid and semiarid regions. It is forecast that climate change may cause droughts shortly. After oxygen, silicon (Si) is the second most common element in the soil. In reducing both biotic stress (e.g., plant diseases and pest damage) and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, aluminum toxicity, heavy metal toxicity, nutrient imbalance, lodging, radiation, high temperature, wounding, and freezing.

In order to study the effects of terminal drought stress and foliar application of potassium silicate on yield and canola spring genotypes components, a factorial split-plot test was conducted in Karaj, Iran in a full randomized block configuration with three replications for two years of cultivation (2016-2018). The irrigation was performed at two levels in this study, including routine irrigation (control) and interruption of irrigation from the pod formation stage. Potassium silicate foliar application at two levels comprised of 0 and 4 g liter-1 in factorial status in main plots and five Brassica napus L. genotypes including OG × AL, RGS × SLM, DALGAN, RGS003 and RGS × Okapi in subplots. SAS Ver 9.1 statistical analysis was used for variance analysis.

Combined variance analysis showed that the impact of the year on some characteristics seed number in silique, silique length and seed yield was significant. Also, the effect of irrigation was significant on seed yield. The effect of genotype on plant height was significant indicating that the genotypes had different reactions. The interaction effect of irrigation × genotype on Harvest index was significant. The interaction effect of Irrigation × Potassium Silicate × Genotype on branch number, silique number, silique length, seed number in silique, seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil content and oil yield was significant. The mean comparison of irrigation and Potassium silicate interaction demonstrated that the most grain yield was observed in normal irrigation and the least value related to cut off irrigation at pod formation stage. The results indicated that, irrigation, foliar application of Potassium silicate and their interaction had significant effect on growth and agronomic traits and increased them.

Finally, our study showed the beneficial effects of Potassium Silicate in improving the drought tolerance of canola plants, especially at the end of the season. This can provide a basis for attempting new strategies to reduce the damage from drought and create a functional link between the role of silicon, physiological response and tolerance to drought stress in canola plants. According to the results, in the case of application of Potassium Silicate and normal irrigation, the promising genotype of OG×AL, with the highest seed and oil yield, is recommended as standard. Also, in the case of application of Potassium Silicate and late-season drought stress (restricted irrigation from the pod formation stages), RGS × SLM and DALGAN with the highest seed yield, is recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on seed germination of Sesame (Sesamum indica L.), under salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as an factorial completely randomized design with three replications at Seed technology laboratory of Collage of Agriculture, Shahed University in 2016. The factors were pre-treatment of cytokinin (PBA) (0.2 and 0.5 mg/L) and auxin (IAA) (0.2 and 0.5 mg/L and salinity stress (zero, -3, -6, -9 and 12 ds.m-1). Analysis of variance showed that effect of priming on germination percentage, seedling dry weight and SV II index at the 1% level was significant. Also, salinity stress on all traits, were significant. The results showed that highest seed germination percentage (100%) related to the per- treatments control there was no different with in regards to different level cytokinin and auxin and the intraction effects of pre-treatments under salinity stress was not significant and lowest germination percentage (75.5%) related to salinity stress -12 ds.m-1. Highest and lowest the SV II index related to the per- treatments auxin 0.5 mg/L and salinity stress 0 ds.m-1 (11.90) and auxin 0.5 mg/L and salinity stress 12 ds.m-1 (1.190), respectively. Generally, can be used as an auxin and percentage of seed germination sesame in condition improved.

Application of chemical fertilizers besides contaminating the water and soil resources, and reducing the quality of agricultural and medicinal products has created serious environmental issues. Plant nutrients management is an important factor for increasing growth and yield of plants. In sustainable agriculture, biological and organic fertilizers are an alternative to chemical fertilizers that they can improve the quality and quantity of plants. Based on this, due to the importance of castor and its extensive use in various industries, an integrated nutrition system assessment was carried out on Ricinus communis L. for simultaneous use of biofertilizer, vermicompost fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer.

The experiment was included nitrogen fertilization at three levels 0 (N0), 75 (N1), 150 (N2), kg ha-1, vermicompost at three levels of application 0 (V0), 5 (V1) and 10 (V2) t ha-1 and biofertilizer in two levels of non-inoculation (P1) and inoculation with biofertilizer (P2). The experiment was performed in a factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at experimental farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in 2017. Parameters such as plant fresh and dry weight, height, number of leaves, leaf area, pigments content, inflorescence length and diameter, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsules, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yield and oil content were measured.

The results showed that combination of non-inoculation+ vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 150, kg ha-1 was the most effective treatment for increasing the plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, weight and dry weight of the plant. Also, the highest seed and oil yield were obtained in non-inoculation+ vermicompost 0 t ha-1+nitrogen 150, kg ha-1 and inoculation+ vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 150, kg ha-1 treatments with 2824 and 1185.1 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest and lowest oil content were 43.31% and 36%, in the non-inoculation + vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 150, kg ha-1 and control (non-application of fertilizer) treatments, respectively. The Oil yield per plant was positively correlated with number of seeds per plant (r = 0.74). The maximum coefficient of determination for stepwise regression was obtained for the number of seeds per plant (0.68).

The number of seeds per plant can be the suitable trait to achieve a higher oil yield per plant. The treatment combination of inoculation+ vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 150, kg ha-1 through increasing the number of seeds per plant and the treatment combination of inoculation+ vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 0 kg ha-1 through increasing the 1000 seed weight showed higher oil yield per hectare compared to other treatment combination. Therefore, the treatment combination inoculation+ vermicompost 10 t ha-1+nitrogen 0, kg ha-1 can be a good choice for achieving the highest oil yield per hectare in sustainable agriculture and reducing the consumption of nitrogen from chemical sources.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes with wide adaptability to environmental conditions could play a major role in Iran’s oilseed crop production. Selection of high performing genotypes is very important for developing canola cultivation. Water stress can reduce crop yield by affecting both source and sink for assimilation. Canola yield depends on genotype and environmental conditions and response of genotypes to environmental factors. Canola genotypes response to stress depends on the developmental stage and the events occurring prior to and during flowering stage. Resistance to water stress is divided to avoidance and tolerance. Some species are tolerable against water stress. In a while, other species respond ending life cycle, falling leaves and other reactions into water stress. Therefore, investigation of canola genotypes response to water stress in phenological growth stages can be valuable in order to determine resistant or tolerant genotypes.
In order to study the effect of drought stress on canola genotypes yield and its components, an experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of East-Azarbaijan, Tabriz-Iran. Three levels of drought stress were considered as main plot (No-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages) and 18 canola genotypes including HW113, RS12, Karaj1, KR18, L73, L72, HW101, L146, L210, L183, SW101, L5, L201, HW118, KR4, Karaj2, Karaj3 and KS7 as subplots. Flood irrigation was scheduled at 50% field capacity, 30 and 30% field capacity for no-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages, respectively; i.e. soil moisture capacity was maintained at 30% by irrigating to 100% field capacity when available moisture reached 30% in drought stress treatments. An ANOVA was conducted using the PROC-GLM procedure in SAS ver. 9.2 and Minitab ver. 17 to test for normality. Means were separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) set at a 0.05 significance level.
As expected, canola genotypes showed different responses to availability of water at flowering and pod setting growth stages. Results indicated that drought stress at flowering and pod setting growth stages had severe influence on canola genotypes yield and its components. L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj 2 genotypes tend to produce higher yields compared to other genotypes in no-stress conditions. Hence, these genotypes are suitable for planting in irrigated lands or place that enough precipitation downfall especially in their phenological growth stages. In contrast, these genotypes are not suitable for planting in arid or semi-arid regions like Iran, because the yields reduced severely in drought stress conditions. However, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 genotypes could not produce as same yield as L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj2 genotypes in no-stress condition, they had minimum yield loss in susceptible phenological growth stages especially flowering growth stage compared to other genotypes. L183 genotype could produce yield similar to tolerant genotypes, but its yield loss was high in comparison with no stress condition.
Based on our findings in this study, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 can be considered the best among other 18 genotypes in the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought stress occurring in flowering and pod setting stages. However, this study must be repeated in other climates and different drought stress conditions to acknowledge what we achieved in this research. After that, decision can be made about planting these genotypes tolerant in arid and semi-arid regions. In this regard, we can also do more comprehensive works can be done on breeding of these genotypes, because water crisis will be the future challenge in Iran.

In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress and spraying of salysilic acid and chitosan on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes of safflower an experiement was conducted as split plot randomized complete block design at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran during 2012. Treatments were drought stress at three levels; irrigation when the soil moisture level dropped to 25, 50 and 75 percent of available water as the main treatments, and four combinations of sprayings including non-spraying, salicylic acid (0.424 g.l-1), chitosan (5 g.l-1) and combination of salicylic acid and chitosan as sub-treatments that were applied with three replications. The results indicated that drought stress significantly decreased chlrophyl a, b, total and chlrophyl flueorecense. Also drought stress increased anti-oxidant enzymes, but this increasing effect was significant in case of peroxidase enzyme. In addition, drought stress did not influence carotenoid, protein yield, and ascorbate, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase. Spraying treatments increased all traits compared to the control. Combination of salicylic acid and chitosan was more effective than sole application. Interaction of drought stress by spraying was significant on chlorophyll a and protein yield, therefore spraying of salyclic acid and chitosan could be recommend for increase the stability of cell membranes in plants and reduce the damage caused by H2O2 of limited irrigation in safflower.

Management of organic fertilizers in terms of environmental impact and crop yield is important، especially in arid and semiarid regions. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on some morphological and yield components of safflower. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randumaized complet block design with three drought stresses: irrigation at 35، 55 and 75% of ready available water (RAW) depletion comprising the main-plot، and four fertilization systems: non-application (control)، application of 40 tons of compost ha-1، humic acid spraying (1. 5 g per litr) and combining compost and humic acid as sub-plot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol، south Iran. Drought stress reduced oil yield، chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane stability. Delays in irrigation by 75% RAW depletion reduced oil yield by 68. 6% compared with the control. Organic fertilizer application increased oil content and oil yield، membrane stability، carbohydrates، peroxidase، catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activiteis. Integrated application of compost and humic acid increased oil yield by 99. 7% over the control. Application of humic acid and compost can be combined to develop safflower cultivation in Sistan، especially in mild stress conditions.