جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گیلاس" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Evaluation of the Dickson quality index (DQI) is an efficient but destructive and time-consuming method for prediction of the quality of different seedlings. Fast and low-cost prediction of the quality and vigor of fruit tree seedlings at harvest time using DQI which has shown to be highly correlated with morphological characteristics, is necessary. In this study, grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry bare-root seedlings of 17 commercial cultivars with three replications from 10 nurseries in four provinces in Iran were harvested during the transplanting seasons of 2020 and 2021. The seedlings were selected from two types of certified and non-certified grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry on the seedling and clonal rootstocks, respectively. Seedling height, diameter above grafting line (DAGL), root length, number of roots and branches, fresh and dry weight, height to diameter ratio, and DQI were assessed, and simple correlation coefficients between them were calculated. Path analysis method employed to estimate direct and indirect effects of variables. The results showed that the average DQI for non-certified seedlings was 15.6. The higher values of DQI were observed in areas with more than 3400 accumulated growing degree-days. For certified seedlings, DQI decreased to 12 which is likely to be the effect of using SL64 semi-dwarf rootstock. Based on the results of the path analysis for DQI, the highest direct effect was related to DAGL. DAGL was determined as the most efficient morphological characteristic for characterization of quality categories of grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry seedlings due mainly to its highest correlation with the DQI and most of the other morphological characteristics.

Release of early ripening and high-quality cultivars is always one of the most important goals of cherry breeding programs. In 2019, Shandiz was released through selection of native cherry genotypes of Khorasan Razavi province after performing five research projects during 20 years. The results of more than a decade of research showed that Shandiz cultivar has an extensive growth habit and moderate branching power. According to the phenological studies Shandiz flowering starts in the first week of April and it is ready to be harvested in the Third week of May. This cultivar is self-incompatible and Zard-90 and Sorati Lavasan are recommended as suitable and compatible pollinator cultivars. Fruit weight of Shandiz (7.23 gr) is higher than Adli (4.9 gr), and Delamarka (3.8 gr) cultivars. Shandiz has a higher total solid soluble (TSS) (%18.16) compared to Adli (%16.9) and Delamarka (%16.2) cultivars. The yield of Shandiz was 23 kg/tree compared to Adli (14.5 kg/tree). Although early ripening cultivars usually have smaller fruit size due to the short growing season, but the high fruit weight and percentage of TSS in Shandiz are considered as some important advantages to increase its economic value as well as its marketability.

Winter cold is a significant damaging factor in fruit trees specially stone fruits. Relative resistance of 20 local and introduced sweet cherries (Prunus avium) to winter cold in artificial cold condition and its association with electrical conductivity and a number of morphological traits including trunk diameter, shoot diameter, anthocyanine and lenticels frequencies was studied in year 2011. In February, dormant shoots and buds were collected and treated in a freezer with temperatures decreasing from 4 OC to -24 OC and increasing from -24 OC to 4 OC. Then, cold damage was determined based on percentage of discoloration from green to brown. Results showed variability of shoot and bud cold tolerance among different genotypes/cultivars. Cold damage to buds was higher than shoots and they showed significantly positive correlation. In both organs, Albaloogilas Daneshkadeh was rated as the most resistant and Meshkinshahr as the most susceptible genotypes. According to the observed responses to the low temperature treatment, the germplasm was divided in three relative susceptibility groups including highly susceptible (10%), relatively susceptible (15%) and relatively resistant (75%) and no genotype was completely resistant. Accordingly, it is concluded that most genotypes/cultivars studied were relatively tolerant to winter cold. A correlation existed between cold damage and shoot diameter, indicating that this species is more cold-susceptible at the seedling stage. Considering low correlation between cold damage and lenticel numbers/anthocyanin pigment intensity, these traits are not appropriate criteria for winter cold tolerance selection in cherry.

Sweet cherry is one the important fruits in temperate region. Short duration of fruit production necessitates development and release of new early maturity sweet cherry cultivars. Selection in germplasm for new cultivars is practiced in fruit trees breeding programs. This research was carried out to evaluate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of five cherry cultivars: Adli, Belmarca, Pish Ras, Siah Mashhad, Siah Qazvin and Mashhad-84 promissing genotype, in Golmakan agricultural research station, Mashhad, Iran, in 2017-2018. The results of pollination showed that Mashhad- 84 promissing genotype is self- incpmpatible and cv. Dovomras, Stella and Haji Yousefi were identified as suitable pollinizers for it. Flowering in Mashhad-84 promissing genotype began on April 8 and full bloom completed in April 12. The duration of fruit ripening varied greatly aomong genotypes. Average fruit weight of Mashhad-84 promising genotype was 6.06 grams which was greater than average fruit weight of Adli (4.06 g), Pish Ras (4.04 g), and Belmarca (3.05 g). Early maturity cultivars usually have smaller fruit size, therefore, higher average fruit weight of Mashhad- 84 promising genotype is one of its advantage which will enhance its economic value and marketability.

Sweet cherry is one of the most important crops of Iran which was ranked 3rd in the world based on FAO report. Fruit set is affected by different environmental, biological, physical and chemical factors. Under abnormal conditions for one of these factors, pollination, fertilization and fruit set and eventually orchard yield will be decreased. Pollen germination and tube growth are the main factors of fruit set of sweet cherry. In polluted cities, this phenomenon is affected by stresses of heavy metals.
In this study, the effects of some heavy metals i.e. copper and lead (with concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg.L-1) on pollen germination and tube growth of ten sweet cherries cultivars of Tehran province were studied in vitro.
The results showed that both traits were affected significantly by different levels of copper, lead, cultivars and their interaction. Pollen germination and tube growth of all cultivars were decreased along with the increase of concentrations of copper and lead. In the concentration, 250 ppm pollen germination and tube growth reached 0 in the most cultivars. Copper showed the highest toxicity on pollen germination and tube growth.
Colt cultivar showed highest sensitivity among the cultivars. However, it is recommended not to plant this cultivar near polluted cities because it may show problems caused by heavy metal pollution.

Seven sweet cherry cultivars Stella, Sunburst, Germes dorfi clon3, Summit, Sabima and Siahmashad (Iranian cultivar) and Silegedelamarka (early ripen cultivar) were evaluated for some important fruit qualitative and quantitative traits and vegetative and reproductive characteristics, in RCBD design with three replications for three years (2007 - 2013). The cultivars were evaluated in two vegetative and reproductive phases in Meshinshahr Horticultural Research Station. High diversity was observed for flowering time, qualitative and quantitative traits. Based on the results, significant differences was observed for cultivars and fruit set percentage in open and artificial pollinations stages. The most spurs on two years old branches were belonged to Stella and Summit, as late flowering and leafing cultivars. The fruit set amount varied from 21% to 16% for Stella and Sunburst cultivars respectively, in self-fertility position. Silegedelamarka and summit cultivars had the least (5.5 g) and the highest (10.3g) fruit weight respectively. The highest vegetative growth were related to Siahmashhad, Sunburst, Germesdorfi3 and Sabima cultivars respectively. No significant differences were observed for titrable acidity, percent of TSS, the length of fruit tails and stone weight. The results showed that Stella, Sunburst and Summit cultivars can be recommended for Meshkinshahr region.

Self and cross-incompatibility is one of the limiting factors in sweet cherry production. Scince some self-compatible exotic sweet cherry cultivars have been recently introduced to Iran، this study was conducted to investigate adabtibility of six introduced cultivars Summit، Red Dorfi clone 3، Sunburst، Samba، Blamarka and a local cultivar Siah Mashhad in Khorasan Razavi، Mashhad، Iran during 2010-2013. In most cultivars، flower buds were formed and developed on spurs، however flower formation in annual shoots was also observed. There were significant differences among cultivars for vegetative characters (height، width، crown volume and current season vegetative growth). Cultivars Summit and Sunburst had the highest and the lowest vegetative growth، respectively. There was 10 days variation in start of flowering time. Blamarka and Summit were early (27 March) and late (6 April) blooming cultivars، respectively. The results showed that fruit weight of cultivars was significantly different and Blamarka (3. 14 g) and Sunburst (9. 83 g) had the lowest and the highest fruit weight، respectively. Summit، Samba، Blamarka، and Siah-Mashhad were self-incompatible and cultivars Stella، Red Dorfi clone 3 clone and Sunburst were self-compatible under Khorasan Razavi province conditions.

This study was conducted with the main prupose of investigation the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation rate, rooting and the acclimatization of Gisela 6 rootstock at Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center during 2011-2012. In this experiment, the proliferation and rooting were performed in six kinds of culture medium (DKW, WPM and MS in two solid and liquid media) that supplemented with plant growth regulators included TDZ and BAP in 0, 1, 2 mg/l plus 0.01 mg/l IBA in all treatments of the proliferation and IBA with 0, 1, 2, 3 mg/l in rooting step. The results showed that the most number and length of shoot were 6.48 shoot and 3.14 cm, respectively in solid WPM medium and 2 mg/l BAP concentration and liquid MS medium with 1 mg/l concentration of TDZ. The liquid MS medium in 2 mg/l of IBA caused the highest percentage of rooting and root length, 93.90% in 11.76 cm, respectively. Although applying of the liquid media was resulted in better acclimatization of plantlets, but the highest percent of plantlets survival was obtained in WPM liquid medium with 2 mg/l concentration of IBA at about 91.80%.

In order to evaluation new sweet cherry includes seven cultivars: Stella، Sunburst، Germesdorfi clon3، Summit and Sabima and Iranian national cultivar”Siahmashad” and Silege delamarka as a early ripen cultivar cultured in RCBD design with 3 replication and 4 trees in each block. Evaluations that was achieved for 3 years (from 2007) include: vegetative traits (annual growth، stem diameter، canopy extension، tree height، flowering and leafing date and Number of spurs on 2 years old branches)، bearing and some qualitative and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance on vegetative traits achieved in three years and compared of means. Results showed that Flowering date، qualitative and quantitative traits of cultivars are various. Cultivars had significant differences between percent of fruit set at 2 open and artificial status of pollination. Stella and Summit cultivars was late flowering، late leafing and showed abundant spurs on 2 years old branches. Stella and Sunburst have 21 and 16 percent self-feretility respectively. Silege delamarka and summit have lowest (5. 5gr) and highest (10. 3gr) fruit weight respectively. Siahmashhad، Sunburst، Germesdorfi3 and Sabima had the highest vegetative growth. These cultivars hadn’t any significant differences on stem diameter in 3 years that analyzed of variance.

This experiment was carried out to study effects of mechanical and chemical treatments for developing lateral shoot and increasing quality of sweet cherry، apple and pear trees in 2010-2011 in three independent experiments. In the first experiment، effect of the heading treatments in four levels (‍control، 40، 60 and 80 cm)، in the second experiment، BA treatments in four levels (0، 200، 400، 600 mgL-1) and spraying times in three levels (1، 2 and 3 times) and in the third experiment، Arbolin treatments in four level (0، 5، 15، 25 mlL-1) and spraying times in two level (1 and 2 times) were investigated. Results showed that mechanical and chemical treatments improved the branching of trees but the lateral shoot number with chemical treatments had significant increase in comparison with heading treatments. Therefore، the most lateral shoot number was induced with BA in concentration of 600mgL-1 in three times. The mechanical and chemical treatments in sweet cherry induced lateral shoots more than apple and pear trees. ‘Siah Mashhad’، ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Spadona’ induced more lateral shoot numbers in comparision with other cultivars.

In this research, relative resistance of leaf and shoot of sixteen local genotypes and seven commercial sweet cherry and sour cherry cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae was studied in glasshouse condition. Shoot evaluation was performed by inoculating winter shoots and leaf evaluation by direct inoculation, inoculation in water-agar medium and using vacuum pump. A pathogenic strain of P. syringae was isolated from an infected sweet cherry tree in Karaj, identified by phenotypic and molecular methods and used as inoculum. Based on the results, high variation was observed in leaf and shoot reactions to the bacterium. Grouping based on shoot resistance levels indicated that 43.5% of genotypes were relatively resistant, 43.5% intermediate and 13% susceptible. Hamedan and KB8 were rated as the most susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively. The most efficient method for leaf inoculation was through using vacuum pump. The results of this method indicated that 6% of genotypes were relatively resistant, 35% intermediate and 59% susceptible. Blamarka and Dirres-e-Daneshkade were rated as the most susceptible and RD Jobileum as the most resistant genotypes. As no correlation was observed between leaf and shoot susceptibilities, leaf susceptibility level could not be indicative of resistance of shoots to bacterial canker.

Fruit softening, shrinkage, decay and fruit stem browning are the most important problems in sweet cherry post-harvest storage. This research was conducted to study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on storage life and some quality attributes of sweet cherry cv. Siah Mashhad. Gibberellic acid was sprayed on fruits and leaves at four concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/l, at fruit coloring stage. The treated fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at 0oC. The results showed that GA increased fruit but size and weight significantly delayed the ripening. GA reduced the rate of fruit softening and weight loss during storage in comparison to the control. Furthermore, its application at all three concentrations decreased ethylene production. However, the treated fruits had higher titratable acidity and lower pH values compared to controls. Fruits treated with GA3 at the concentration of 10 mg/l, showed significantly higher firmness and lower fungal decay compared to the others. In addition, GA maintained more fruit stems color and fruit freshness. Our results indicated that GA is an effective substance on maintaining sweet cherry quality during post-harvest storage period.

To study effects of different times of collection, IBA and NAA concentrations on rooting and related characteristics of hard wood and semi-hard wood cuttings in Gisela6 root stocks two experiments were conducted in green house-using factorial arrangements in completely randomized design with three replications. First experiment included: Two times of cutting collection (January and February), two types of cuttings (basal and terminal) and four concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 1000 and 2000 and 3000 ppm). The second experiment included: two times of cutting collection (June and July), two types of cuttings (basal and terminal) and three concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 1000, 1500 ppm). Results showed that times of cutting and hormones significantly (p<0.01) affected rooting (%) in hard wood and semi-hard wood cuttings in Gisela6 cherry rootstock. In semi-hard wood cuttings, the highest rooting (70%) was obtained in terminal type of cutting collected in July and treated by 1000 ppm IBA. However, in hard wood cuttings, the highest rooting (46.6%) was observed in basal type of cuttings collected in January and treated by 3000 ppm IBA. As auxin concentration increased, the number of primary and secondary roots as well as the length of rooting section increased. However, the average length of primary and secondary roots decreased.

Embryo culture of hybrid seeds that are not able to germinate for any specific reason as well as sweet cherry hybrid seeds with germination problem is one of the methods used in fruit trees breeding programs. Embryo cultures are widely applied in stone fruits breeding programs especially in inter specific hybridization and crosses with early ripening parents. Some sweet cherry hybrid seeds have less than 1% germination, so this research was carried out in order to explore the possibility of embryo culture and rescue of two sweet cherry cultivars. Sweet cherry cultivars used were late ripening `Zard-Daneshkade’ and early ripening `Silej-Delamarka’. Embryos obtained from seeds of `Zard-Daneshkade’ from controlled hybridization (`Zard-Daneshkade’ × `Siah Mashhad’) and from open pollinated `Silej Delamarka’. The embryos were sterilized and then cultured on MS medium. The germination of embryos started from those embryos sampled 3 and 6 weeks after full bloom in `Silej Delamarka’ and `Zard-Daneshkade’ respectively. The growth of embryos was suitable when embryos were treated with 40 days and 60 days cold treatment on the immature and mature embryos respectively. Results showed that while germination of mature seeds in `Silej-Delamarka’ cultivar was 0% by conventional seed culture methods, the embryo culture successfully increased germination up to 30 and 60 percent on the embryos sampled 21 and 28 days after full bloom respectively. In addition, embryo culture of `Zard-Daneshkade’ cultivar, increased germination up to 60% in embryos sampled 42 days after full bloom and the maximum germination of 95% was obtained from embryos sampled 56 days after full bloom. Note that the germination of mature seeds via conventional method was 26.6%.

Several sweet cherry genotypes are growing in different parts of Iran. In this study, a comparison was performed between clusterings based on 26 morphological characteristics of fruits and leaves, and molecular marker data derived from 23 RAPD primers in 23 Iranian sweet cherry cultivars along with a foreign cultivar as a control. In some cases, there was good agreement between both clusterings. However, in many cases, they did not approve each other, as the correlation between distance matrix of morphological characteristics and similarity matrix of RAPD marker data was not significant (r=0.22). The reason for disagreement between these matrixes can be related to lack of sufficient morphological data. The clustering based on RAPD marker data was in good agreement with previously reported results in incompatibility studies on some of used sweet cherry cultivars. In this study, the value of calculated polymorphism was 81.7 percent for 23 primers. Furthermore, the paired similarity coefficient varied from 0.43 to 0.81. Results showed a high variability among studied Iranian sweet cherry cultivars and RAPD was an effective maker for studying sweet cherry genetic diversity.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the most important temperate fruits in the world. Most sweet cherry cultivars are self-incompatible and have usually problem with fertilization and fruit set, so they need suitable pollinizer for good fruit setting and commercial yield. The present study was carried out on sweet cherry cultivar Ghermez Rezaeieh as seed parent tree and Zarde daneshkadeh, Protiva, Sorati Lavasan, Haj-Yosefi and Meshkinshahr cultivars as pollen parent trees. Treatments (Pollens) were applied in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates. All laboratory and microscopic examinations of the collected samples were carried out in the Department of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran and Controlled hybridization and pollination performed in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), collection orchard at Kamalabad, Karaj during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. In order to determine the compatibility or incompatibility of various pollens on Ghermez Rezaeieh two methods were used: controlled pollination and examination of pollen tube growth with fluorescence microscopy. The results based on controlled pollination showed that MeshkinShahr and Protiva cultivars are compatible and Zarde daneshkadeh, Sorati Lavasan and Haj-Yosefi are incompatible cultivars with Ghermez Rezaeieh. The mean of fruit set in Ghermez Rezaehe cultivar with use of pollen grains of Zarde daneshkadeh, Protiva, Sorati Lavasan, Haj-Yosefi and Meshkinshahr were 0.54, 40.49, 0.24, ,0.80 and 61.36 percent respectively .The results also showed that sweet cherry cv. Ghermez Rezaeieh is a self-incompatible cultivar (fruit set=0) and it needs compatible and suitable pollinizer for fruit set. The results based on microscopic examinations showed that pollen tube of Meshkinshahr cultivar reached into the Ghermez Rezaeieh ovary flowers in 96 hours after pollination. These microscopic examinations and observations confirmed the obtained results from controlled hybridization in garden. In conclusion, Protiva and Meshkinshahr were selected as the best pollinizers for Ghermez Rezaeieh cultivar

Prunus mahaleb L. and Prunus avium L. are the principal rootstocks used in Iran and many other countries for sweet and sour cherries. This study was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan with the main purpose of investigation of genetic diversity and identification of mahaleb dwarf genotypes for cherry rootstock breeding. Morphological characters of 17mahaleb populations were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance was performed for determination of genetic diversity of different regions which indicated significant differences for most traits. Factor analysis revealed that in the first factor, crown height, size index, crown width, trunk circumference and crown volume had highest factor loading, bark to wood ratio, internode and chlorophyll content were the second most important and third factor was leaf area. These factors contained 57.9 percent of total variance. There were significant correlations between tree vigor, crown width, and crown volume and size index. Results also showed that mahaleb seedlings had vigor variation. Therefore, mahaleb seedlings were classified into four groups, very dwarf, dwarf, semi dwarf and standard at the basis of size index.