جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "b" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

The application of zinc and silicon elements improves the growth, yield and nutritional value of seeds. The use of organic fertilizer can help to improve the yield and nutritional value of seeds by improving the availability of nutrients. This study was conducted with the aim of improving the quantity and quality of wheat grain in the Faculty of Agriculture of Qaemshahr Islamic Azad University (Mazandaran-Northern Iran) during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments included animal manure with 2 levels (cow manure and no-consumption) as the main factor and the application of zinc and silicon elements (nano and normal fertilizers) with 9 levels as secondary factors. The results showed that the effect of year was not significant on any of the traits studied. The grain yield in the treatment without the use of cow manure was 16% higher compared to the use of cow manure, which was due to the increase in the numbers of spikelets and seeds in the spike. The highest grain yield was obtained for the treatment without using cow manure and with the use of zinc sulfate and the simultaneous use of potassium silicate and zinc nano oxide (4394 and 4423 kg/ha, respectively). The highest concentration of zinc in seeds was obtained by foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, potassium silicate + zinc nano oxide, and silicon and zinc nanoparticles. The maximum seed protein was obtained in the treatment of cow manure application along with foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, silicon and zinc nanoparticles, and soil application of zinc sulfate. The use of zinc sulfate alone or the combined use of potassium silicate + zinc nanooxide is suggested to improve grain yield. The use of cow manure combined with each of the treatments of zinc sulfate, zinc nanooxide, and silicon + zinc nanoparticles is recommended to increase seed protein.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the plants of the mint family, it has many uses as fresh food and medicinal uses. Water is one of the most important factors in the production of plants, and its limitation in Iran, especially in recent years, is the main factor that reduces the yield of plants. In order to investigate the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity, proline content and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil yield under leaf foliar application of salicylic acid in drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in 3 replications in a private farm located in Mahdasht area of Karaj city in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 crop years. Irrigation regimes in 4 levels: I1: 100%, I2: 80%, I3: 60% and: I4: 40%. The volume of water required in the main plots and salicylic acid in 5 levels: SA1: No application (spraying solution with water net as control), SA2: foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 μM, SA3: 100 μM, SA4: μM and SA5: 200 μM were placed in the subplots. The results showed that the amount of amino acid proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutar and ascorbate peroxidase increased with increasing drought stress. Also, salicylic acid foliar application, by increasing proline as an osmolyte and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, moderated the drought stress and maintained yield to a large extent. The highest yield of essential oil from the treatment of 100% water requirement with the use of 200 µM salicylic acid is 11.982 kg/ha) and in humidity conditions of 40%, 60% and 80% of the water requirement of the plant with the use of 200 µM salicylic acid, respectively, at the rate of 11.730, 11.287 and 10.329 kg/ha were obtained. A significant increase in the performance of essential oil was observed in this study by increasing the consumption of salicylic acid from zero to 200 μM. Finally, due to the adverse effect of drought stress on the growth and production of basil plant, it is recommended to use a concentration of 200 μM salicylic acid to moderate drought stress and improve yield.

The growth degree day (GDD) plant index is one of the most important plant models in determining plant growth periods; Therefore, extensive research is done in this field. This parameter is a climatic-plant characteristic. The relationship between plant growth and temperature is very important for calculating GDD. In this study, according to the creation of the local phenology database plants, it was loaded into the water requirement system. Using climatic data and the latest methods for determining GDD, which were presented in 2008, GDD values for wheat were calculated and its sub-system was completed and loaded into the system after verification. The results showed that the data of GDD and native growth periods have a good compatibility with each other and the values are completely different and unique for each region. Also, very good relationships were obtained between the plant coefficient and the water requirement of different plants with the GDD index, some of which were mentioned in this report. For example, the GDD index with the Kc coefficient in the evaluation showed that this model has performed very well for wheat, fodder corn and sugar beet with the model efficiency index of 78, 78 and 95% respectively and with an error of about 8, 9 and 6% respectively. It has an acceptable performance; Therefore, by using this index in stations without sufficient data, this index can be used to estimate the transpiration evaporation coefficient of plants. Also, the results of the water requirement investigation showed that the model for wheat, fodder corn and sugar beet plants has an efficiency of 98, 98 and 99%, respectively, and the cumulative water requirement can be calculated with an error of 2, 5 and 4%.

Wheat is considered the most important crop in terms of production and cultivated surface area, and increasing wheat yield per unit surface area is one of the most important research and priorities of Iran. To investigate the effect of optimal management of soil fertility and plant nutrition on the quantitative and qualitative production of wheat and mitigating the effect of chilling stress, this study was conducted in Karaj city in the 2023-2022 crop year on irrigated wheat (Rakhshan variety). The studied treatments were included: 1- farmer's custom, 2- use of chemical fertilizers based on soil tests, and 3- integrated management of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Based on the results, application of nutritional compounds to combat chilling stress in combination with the use of chemical fertilizers based on soil test results had the greatest effect on the improving of the yield. Thus, in this treatment, the highest grain yield increased by about 20.2 percent compared to the farmer's usual practice, which was significantly different from the farmer's usual treatment. Furthermore, the increase in the yield achieved in this treatment was also economically viable compared to other treatments. Therefore, the use of optimal management of soil fertility and plant nutrition and the use of plant growth stimulants in conditions of chilling stress not only increases plant tolerance to chilling stress, but also leads to improved yield.

Wheat is considered the most important crop in terms of production and cultivated surface area, and increasing wheat yield per unit surface area is one of the most important research and priorities of Iran. To investigate the effect of optimal management of soil fertility and plant nutrition on the quantitative and qualitative production of wheat and mitigating the effect of chilling stress, this study was conducted in Karaj city in the 2023-2022 crop year on irrigated wheat (Rakhshan variety). The studied treatments were included: 1- farmer's custom, 2- use of chemical fertilizers based on soil tests, and 3- integrated management of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Based on the results, application of nutritional compounds to combat chilling stress in combination with the use of chemical fertilizers based on soil test results had the greatest effect on the improving of the yield. Thus, in this treatment, the highest grain yield increased by about 20.2 percent compared to the farmer's usual practice, which was significantly different from the farmer's usual treatment. Furthermore, the increase in the yield achieved in this treatment was also economically viable compared to other treatments. Therefore, the use of optimal management of soil fertility and plant nutrition and the use of plant growth stimulants in conditions of chilling stress not only increases plant tolerance to chilling stress, but also leads to improved yield.

In order to investigate the effect of plant density and harvesting time on grain yield, protein and the rate of seed loss of different types of fodder vetch under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted in two different climatic locations in the rainfed lands of Dehgolan and Sanandaj cities in Kurdistan province in 2023-2024. The experiment was carried out in the form of split- split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The main factor included three harvest times of 5 days apart and the secondary factor included two density levels of 70 and 80 kg/ha. Also, the sub-sub-factor including three vetch species vicia pannonica, vicia villosa and vicia sativa was considered. The results showed that the plant height increased with the increase of plant density. Also, among the compared species, villosa had the maximum plant height. The interaction effect of plant and species density also showed that the maximum plant height was observed in the density of 80 kg/ha and villosa species. In this experiment, grain yield increased with increasing plant density. Also, among the compared species, pannonica had the highest seed yield, and the seed yield in Sanandaj region had a significant increase compared to Dehgolan region. The interaction effect of place in species also showed that the highest seed yield was observed in pannonica species in Sanandaj region and the interaction effect of species in density showed that pannonica species produced more seed yield at a density of 80 kg/ha. In this experiment, with a delay in harvesting, the rate of seed loss increased. Although statistically no significant difference was observed between vetch species, pannonica species had the lowest percentage of seed loss. The maximum amount of seed protein was also observed in villosa species, which had a significant difference with other species.

Despite the previous reports on increased resistance of some crops to field dodder due to the application of silicon, this issue has not been studied on sugar beet. The current research was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with five replicates in the late spring of 2023 in the Research Greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, on sugar beet cultivar Shokofa. The first factor included silicon concentration at five levels: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM in sodium silicate. The second factor included the method of silicon application in three levels: seed pre-treatment, irrigation, and foliar application at 1, 3, and 5-leaf stages. Results revealed an interaction between the factors on the root and shoot dry weight of sugar beet and the dry weight and haustoria of field dodder. Each field dodder plant reduced each sugar beet plant's root and shoot weight by 48.6 and 40.1%, respectively. The traits measured in sugar beet and field dodder were not affected by seed pre-treatment with silicon. A negative relationship was observed between sugar beet dry weight and field dodder dry weight. Applying 1 mM silicon via all three application methods did not affect the traits measured in sugar beet and field dodder. By increasing the concentration of silicon irrigated and sprayed, the root and shoot dry weight of sugar beet increased, but the dry weight and haustoria of field dodder decreased. The lowest haustorium was observed by irrigating and spraying 5 mM silicon, resulting in a 50% reduction in the haustoria of field dodder. The irrigation application method had a relative superiority to the foliar application method. Therefore, by conducting additional experiments and confirming the results of this study under field conditions, the application of silica, especially through irrigation, can be a useful method to reduce the damage of dodder in the field.

International trade plays a vital role in the global economy, and the import of goods is one of its main pillars. Through the import of goods and services, countries can gain access to goods and services that are not produced domestically or that have high production cost. Sugar is considered as one of the country's strategic goods, and due to its high demand and consumption in recent years, the country has witnessed the import of this product. Dependence on the import of sugar and the inadequacy of its domestic production will cause any policy change in the import of this product to affect the welfare of many producers and consumers. Considering the close relationship between sugar import and food security of households, knowing the factors affecting the demand for sugar import becomes especially important for proper policy making in this sector. In this research, the factors affecting the demand for sugar import including the amount of sugar beet production, the amount of annual rainfall in the country, the world price of sugar and the gross domestic product, have been evaluated in the form of vector error correction model (VECM) in the period of 2011-2014. According to the obtained results, the amount of sugar beet production, the amount of annual rainfall in the country, and the global price of sugar have a significant and negative effect on the amount of sugar import demand. Sugar beet production is 1.89 units and has a negative and significant relationship with sugar import demand, which makes it important to increase productivity and support domestic production. The amount of annual rainfall of 3.24 units has a negative effect on the demand for sugar imports, which is the production theory in the economy. In other words, with the increase in the amount of inputs used in the production, the amount of production increase. Also, the world price of sugar is 0.91 units inversely related to the amount of sugar import demand, which is obvious and can be justified based on the law of demand. Finally, the GDP variable has a positive effect of 0.82 units on the amount of sugar imports, which indicates that during the period of economic growth and prosperity, the desire to import increases in the country and the per capita consumption of goods increases

Identifying the potential of the lands of each region is the basis for the implementation of cultivation pattern and the optimal use of environmental conditions. The main goal of this study was to identify the potential of agricultural lands in Lorestan province for spring sugar beet cultivation. In this research, the combination of network analysis process (ANP), fuzzy logic and geographic information system (GIS) was used. In total, 15 factors including six climatic factors, three topographical factors and six soil factors, were used to identify suitable potential sites for sugar beet cultivation. Thus, after transferring the criteria information to the GIS environment, their raster layer was prepared and then they were fuzzy based on the ecological needs of sugar beet with the help of fuzzy logic. In order to determine the weight value of each criterion, the ANP approach was used. Subsequently, the final layers were produced by combining weighted layers and were divided into four classes: very suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and unsuitable. It was identified that 17.04% of the total studied area for sugar beet cultivation was located in very suitable area and 76.75% in moderately suitable area, and marginally suitable and unsuitable areas occupied 4.18% and 0.03% of the areas, respectively. From climatic factors: maximum temperature (27.02%) and effective rainfall (15.55%), topography: aspect (50.19%) and slope (18.55%) and soil: total nitrogen (99.99%), material Organic (100%) and available phosphorus (29.39%) created the greatest limitation (marginally suitable and unsuitable zone) for spring sugar beet cultivation in the studied lands

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects of sugar beet production systems in Razavi Khorasan province at different levels of nitrogen consumption (<200, 260-290, and >290 kg of urea per ha) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during 2017 to 2022. To determine the number of growers, Cochran formula was used and consumption inputs were collected using using a questionnaire (50 fields). Life Cycle Assessment was calculated and determined in four steps: definition of goals and field of action, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact and integration, conclusion and interpretation of results. The impact groups included acidification, eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and global warming. The functional unit was considered equal to one ton of root. In the final step, the ecological index (EcoX) was calculated. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. A second-degree polynomial function was used to evaluate yield response to urea levels. Results showed that with the increase of nitrogen consumption from less than 200 to 260-290 kg of urea per ha,  the root yield increased by 34% , so that the highest root yield with 92.59 t per ha was observed at 290-260kg urea level. The highest global warming potential for fertilizer level less than 200 kg of urea per ha was calculated as equal to 46.199 kg of CO2 equivalent to one ton of root. The highest amount of acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, aquatic eutrophication, and global warming groups for consumption of less than 200 kg of urea per ha was found to be equal to 59.0 kg SO2 per ton of root, 99.0 kg N2O equivalent per ton of root, 34.0 kg PO4 equivalent per ton of root, and 46.199 kg CO2 equivalent per ton of root, respectively. The main reason for N2O and NH3 emission was attributed to direct nitrogen fertilizer consumption. The highest normalization and eco-toxicity index belonged to the aquatic eutrophication impact category, calculated as 0.089 and 0.097 EcoX per ton of root, respectively

In this study, changes in biochemical traits and yield of different autumn-sown sugar beet cultivars treated with gamma ray irradiation under salinity stress condition were evaluated in Jafariyeh region located in Qom province in two crop seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot includes irrigation at two levels (normal water and saline water with electrical conductivity of 7000 to 10000 µmos cm-1) and sub-plots were combination of sugar beet cultivars (Sharif, Antek, and Eudoro) and gamma radiation (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 Gy). Results showed that the activity of rubisco enzyme decreased in all three cultivars under salinity stress, however the highest level of rubisco activity under both normal and salinity stress conditions observed in Eudoro cultivar at 50 and 100 Gy levels. The concentration of malondialdehyde in Eudoro and Antek cultivars decreased by gamma radiation while increased in Sharif cultivar. In all three cultivars, the highest amount of chlorophyll content at 100 and 200 Gy gamma ray radiation levels was associated with an increase of 15-16% compared with control. Under salinity condition at 100 and 200 Gy levels, the highest average root yield was observed. Salinity stress caused a decrease in sugar yield in Eudoro, Antek and Sharif by 26.7%, 17.5% and 31.5%, respectively. Antek cultivar had a lower sugar yield than the other two cultivars. In general, Antek cultivar showed a higher yield and tolerance to salinity compared with other cultivars, and gamma ray irradiation had a positive effect on this tolerance

Preservation of the characteristics of the parent lines forming the hybrid variety through tissue culture leads to the stability and uniformity of the hybrid variety. In this research, in the first year, flowering stem parts were cultivated in in vitro conditions and produced shoots or clones. Then the propagated clones were transferred to larger pots in the greenhouse and also in the steckling field and vernalized in winter in Karaj. In the spring of the second year, the vernalized clones were transferred to the isolated field in Ardabil and planted in separate lines along with the pollinator parent roots of the hybrid that had already been prepared and vernalized and the hybrid seeds were harvested from the plants of tissue culture clones and cleaned. In autumn of the second year, the hybrid seeds obtained from two types of maternal parent clones along with the control cultivars were planted in the fields of three regions of Dezful, Darab and Gachsaran in an experimental design and required care and recordings were done. In June of the third year, the roots were harvested and quantitative and qualitative analysis was done at SBSI and the data were analyzed by variance. In the autumn of the third year, again the hybrid seeds obtained from two types of maternal parent clones along with the control cultivars were planted in the fields of two regions of Dezful and Gachsaran in an experimental design and required care and recordings were done. In June of the fourth year, the roots were harvested and quantitative and qualitative analysis was done at SBSI and the data were analyzed by variance. The statistical results during the two years of the yield trials showed that the tissue culture clone hybrid No. SBSI-51-1 with an average root yield of 99.10 tons per hectare, white sugar yield of 12.82 tons per hectare, and 1.44 % bolting compared to other experimental varieties has a significant advantage. In this research, for the first time, the seed of a commercial hybrid was developed from the cross between its pollinator parent and maternal male sterile parent (tissue culture clone), which had good yield and uniformity in the field.

Root rot is a serious threat for sugar beet production and consequently sugar industry. The most important way to deal with it is to use resistant cultivars. In order to identify and grouping new O-type lines resistant the fungus that causes rhizoctonia and crown rot root in sugar beet, 83 O-type lines along with three resistant control (Novodro and line SB-709) and a susceptible (bulk 191) lines were evaluated in microplot in Hamedan in 2023. Artificial inoculation was performed by propagating the Rh133 isolate with AG2-2 anastomosing group on corn seeds and placing next to two months sugar beet seedlings. At the end of the growing season, roots were harvested and evaluated using 1-9 scale, and the disease and harvest indices were calculated accordingly. In the present study, the average number of roots, disease index, and harvest index for the evaluated genetic mass were 17.16, 4.05 and 17.18, respectively. O-types 5 (OT 010245), 32 (OT 010277) and 80 (OT HSF-010041) obtained the highest number of roots and harvest index and lower disease index compared with other genotypes. Based on the SIIG index, it was found that O-types 36 (OT 010282), 32 (OT 010277), 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), 28 (OT 010273), and 1 (OT 010240) were adjacent to the ideal O-types in terms of the number of roots, disease index, and harvest index. Results of the cluster analysis classified the evaluated O-types into four groups. O-types 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), 32 (OT 010277) and 36 (OT 010282) were placed in a cluster that had significantly lower disease index and higher harvest index as well as SIIG index closer to 1 compared with other three groups. Also, the biplot analysis based on the first two components showed that O-types 80 (OT HSF-010041), 1 (OT 010240), 28 (OT 010273), 5 (OT 010245), 32 (OT 010277) and 36 (OT 010282) were placed in a suitable position of the biplot in terms of resistance indicators. Finally, O-types 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), and 32 (OT 010277) were identified as resistant maternal lines for future breeding programs.

Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often increases the tolerance of host plants against various stresses. Among abiotic stresses, salinity causes considerable loss in crop productivity. Comprehensive study of plant genotypes response to symbiosis with AM fungi and potential role of this relationship in improving the adverse effects of salinity and increasing plant tolerance would be effective in increasing crop yield. The present study aimed to investigate response of commercial barley varieties to mycorrhizal colonization under salinity stress.

In this experiment, six commercial barley varieties including Khatam, Golshan, Afzal, Aras, Makoui and Dasht were evaluated at two salinity levels of NaCl (0 and 150 mM) and two symbiosis levels including inoculated and non-inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae. A factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. Five weeks after cultivation, barley plants were harvested and the traits related to fungal structures including total colonization rate, and the frequency of hyphae, arbuscule and vesicle were measured. Also, some physiological traits including shoot fresh weight, leaf relative water content (RWC), shoot Na+ concentration, shoot K+ concentration, and Na+/K+ ratio were measured.

The results of this experiment showed that there was a significant variation between barley varieties in terms of colonization rate and hyphae, arbuscule and vesicle frequencies of AM fungus. Also, salinity stress reduced the colonization rate, and hyphae and arbuscule frequencies of the fungus, but increased the vesicle frequency, which this reduction was more considerable in salt-tolerant varieties, Khatam and Afzal, especially in Afzal. The increase in vesicle frequency was also significant only in Makoui, Aras and Dasht varieties. The results showed that salinity stress reduced shoot fresh weight and leaf relative water content, and increased Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in all barley varieties, but these changes in Makoui, Aras and Dasht varieties especially in Aras were more than other varieties. On the other hand, colonized plants exhibit lower shoot fresh weight and leaf RWC compared to non-colonized ones. However, symbiosis enhanced leaf RWC in Khatam and Golshan varieties under non-stress conditions.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between barley commercial varieties in terms of response to symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungus and response to salinity stress. Although the reduction of colonization rate may help barley plants to prevent the consumption of carbohydrate resources, the expected results of symbiosis in terms of improving barley plant growth or reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress on the plant was not observed in the present study. This indicates the complexity of the symbiotic relationship between plant and fungus, and environmental conditions especially stress conditions can increase this complexity.