جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "b" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Sugar beet cultivation faces significant challenges from diseases such as rhizomania and cyst nematode, both in Iran and globally. The most effective and straightforward approach to mitigate the damage caused by these diseases is the use of resistant varieties. The Hosna cultivar was developed after extensive preliminary and advanced research. This variety was produced by crossing a pollinator inbred line from the SB27 population, which carried resistance genes for both rhizomania and cyst nematode, with a monogerm single cross maternal line. A value-for-cultivation and use (VCU) test was conducted in Hamadan, Mashhad, Shiraz, and Miandoab under rhizomania-infected conditions and in Karaj under non-infected conditions to evaluate this variety's performance. Simultaneously, the resistance of the hybrids to cyst nematode was evaluated in another experiment under controlled conditions (greenhouse). The results showed the superior performance of Hosna cultivar, which produced an average white sugar yield of 11.52 tha-1, outperforming the foreign control variety Azare (11.36 tha-1) and the domestic control varieties Shokoufa and Arta (10.19 and 10.12 tha-1, respectively). However, no significant difference was found between Hosna and the foreign control Rosier (12.02 tha-1). Hosna is a diploid monogerm cultivar, resistant to both rhizomania and cyst nematode, and suitable for spring cultivation across various regions of the country. In addition to its disease resistance, this cultivar has a high potential for sugar yield.

Safflower is the only native oilseed crop that is well adapted to different climate conditions of Iran. Omid safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) variety with breeding code of line13 received attention during screening of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute safflower collection due to having 38.8 percent oil content in 2011. Studies during three years confirm high oil content in this line. Sixteen selected genotypes were evaluated for adaptation in three agricultural research stations including Sararood, Maragheh and Ghamloo under rainfed condition during two years, 2014 and 2015. Results showed that line13 with 35.7 percent had the highest oil content compared to Faraman check variety with 29.9 percent. Study on oil content and seed yield stability of genotypes through some parametric (Wricke’s ecovalence, superiority measure, geometric mean) and non-parametric measures (Huehn measures, rank mean, rank Si(1)+R ) showed that line13 had the highest oil content stability and in case of seed yield after line LRV51/5 had the highest yield average and yield stability. GGE Biplot showed that line13 was the closest genotype to ideal genotype with the highest oil content and had high distance with other genotypes. On - farm trials conducted in three regions of Kermanshah province under rainfed condition revealed that line13 had the highest oil content and oil yield over three locations. Line13 reaction against safflower rust and fusarium wilt diseases was moderate resistant. Overall, line13 with superiority to other genotypes released as Omid varity for fall planting in semi-cold and early spring planting in the cold drylands of Iran.

The new barley cultivar Negin was derived from cross between Violeta/Mja and Manal/Alanda-01 lines as female and male parents, respectively. Initial cross between parents of this cultivar and selection in segregating populations was performed till pure line stage, in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Observational evaluation and preliminary and advanced yield trial were performed at Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol and Gonbad Agricultural Researches Stations and target line was selected because of its high yield and desirable agronomic characteristics. Grain yield stability experiment included line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) and 17 pure lines and Nimrooz/Sahra and Oxin as checks were conducted in Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad and Moghan Agricultural Researches Stations in 2016-2018 cropping seasons. Results of grain yield mean comparisons, rank mean, rank standard deviation and kang’s rank sum were used for selecting of genotypes with high and stable yield. Grain mean yield of line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) was 4480 kgha-1 that was 13.7% more than Oxin with 3939 kgha-1 grain yield. In the research-extension experiments, the grain yield mean of this variety was 4554 kgha-1 that was between 2 to 27% more than controls used in each location. According to the results it was determined that WB-95-9 line in addition to desirable performance and desirable agronomic characteristics, was generally adapted to the warm regions of the country and therefore was released as Negin cultivar. Negin variety is six rows, exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. The growth type of this cultivar is spring and its protein content is 10.9%. Negin variety has high tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Its reaction to powdery mildew is semi-resistant to semi-sensitive and to yellow rust and barley stripe is resistant to semi-resistant.

Mahtab barley variety (line CB-84-10) was initially selected from International Winter Barley Crossing Block Nursery received from ICARD in 2001-2002 cropping season. During observational evaluation, preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial during 2002-2005 cropping seasons based on its considerable grain yield compared to the other studied genotypes, this line was selected for final evaluation in the elite barley lines yield trial which was conducted in Karaj, Mashhad, Jolge rokh, Miandoab, Tabriz, Ardabil, Hamadan and Arak research stations during 2005-2007 cropping seasons. The average grain yield of Mahtab cultivar in this experiment was 7167 kgha-1, that was 591 kgha-1 (9%) higher than the grain yields of check variety Bahman. Mahtab has facultative growth habit, plant height of 88 cm, thousand kernel weight of 44 grams and exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis as well as wide adaptability across cold regions of the country. In addition, this variety has moderately-resistant (MR) to moderately-susceptible (MS) infection responses to yellow rust and powdery mildew and MR infection response to barley stripe and barley net blotch. The protein content of this variety is 11.5% that indicates its appropriate quality for animal feeding. Based on high biomass of Mahtab variety in the soft dough stage, this cultivar can be also used as green forage for animal feeding. Agricultural lands located in the cold regions of Alborz, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Hamadan, Zanjan, Ghazvin, Markazi, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan and Kerman provinces are appropriate areas for cultivation of the new cultivar.

The Amin wheat cultivar, with the pedigree "KAUZ/LUCO-M//PVN/STAR/3/ Yaco/2*Parus/4/Pishtaz", was developed through a national irrigated bread wheat breeding program for the temperate climate of Iran. Initial and advanced crosses were conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran, while the evaluation and selection of segregating generations (F2-F6) carried out at the Zarghan Research Station in Fars Province. Selected lines, including M-94-14, advanced to both preliminary and advanced yield trials. Under optimal irrigation conditions in temperate climate adaptation trials, the M-94-14 line (Amin cultivar) achieved an average grain yield of 6950 kgha-1, representing a 3.9% and 5.7% yield advantage over the control cultivars Parsi and Baharan, which yielded 6688 and 6574 kgha-1, respectively. This line exhibited desirable baking quality traits, including favorable grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, bread loaf volume, grain hardness index, and SDS sedimentation height. Additionally, it demonstrated acceptable resistance to yellow and leaf rusts. On-farm trials across various regions showed that the Amin cultivar achieved a grain yield of 6820 kgha-1 under optimal irrigation conditions, outperforming the average grain yield of control cultivars, which was 6609 kgha-1. Given the superior performance of this line compared to existing cultivars in temperate climate of Iran, the M-94-14 line was officially released as the Amin cultivar in 2019.

Atousa cultivar is results of a cross-pollination of Caesar cultivar (as female parent) and promising colone 397009 from the International Potato Center (CIP) (as male parent) and various quantitative and qualitative evaluations during 12 years. To release Atousa variety, single plant selection, visual assessment, preliminary and advanced yield trials, adaptability test, study on resistance to fungi, bacteria and viruses was carried out in different places such as Karaj, Ardabil, Hamadan, Esfahan and Mashhad (Jolgehrokh). Although, Atousa cultivar had superiority to the Agria in terms of yield, but scatter Bi-plot analysis with respect to average yield and relative coefficient of excellence showed that its relative coefficient of excellence was almost the same as that of the Agria. The yield of Atousa cultivar under on-farm studies in Ardabil and Hamadan regions was 25.86% and 2.3% higher than that of Agria (control cultivar), respectively. Atousa cultivar is highly resistant to PVY that is very important and harmful virus around the world. The reaction of Atousa to Alternaria alternata was semi-resistant and it was semi tolerant to Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. The tuber dry matter of Atousa is 1.4% more than Agria and is excellent for frying and processing purposes. Atousa as a new potato cultivar is suitable for spring cultivation in the cold and moderately cold temperate regions of Iran.

In sustainable agriculture, one of the effective strategies to improve potato yield as the fourth most valuable plant in human nutrition is the use of cover crops in crop rotation. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of three cover crop species (clover, vetch and barley) planted as pure and mixed as green manure on growth and yield of potato in the Agricultural Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that in all stages of measurement including vegetative growth (before flowering), tuber formation, tuber filling and maturity potato showed higher plant height, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, the number of main stems and leaf relative water content under green manure treatments compared to control (without cover crops). Moreover, the use of cover crops led to the highest number of potato tubers produced. Cover crops had also a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers at the maturity stage, as the highest large tubers (211 per m-2) were observed in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. Also, under this treatment, potato tuber yield increased by 8 ton ha-1 compared to the control treatment. In general, the results revealed that the use of cover crops as green manures can be a suitable method to improve growth characteristics and yield of potato especially when a mixture of legume and non-legume species are used.

In order to investigate the effects of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on Thymus vulgaris L., a factorial layout has been conducted, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field of the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 years. Experimental factors included three species of mycorrhiza fungi (control, G. mosseae, G.etunicatum and G.intradices) and humic acid fertilizer levels included (control, 150 and 300 mg.lit-1). The results showed that the effect of mycorrhiza and humic .on chlorophyll a and b was significant. The highest .carotenoid was obtained from the application of 300 mg/liter of humic acid and G. mosseae, which showed a 256% increase compared to the control. The results showed that the highest amount of phenolic compounds was obtained from the application of 300 mg/liter of humic acid without inoculation but humic acid treatments did not show any significant difference with G. mosseae mycorrhiza treatment. Also, the interaction effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid on essential oil yield limonene and linalol essential oil compounds was significant at the level of 1%. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from the treatment of 150 mg of humic acid and the application of mycorrhiza G. mosseae, which showed a 254% increase compared to the control. The highest amount of limonene and linalol was obtained from the application of 300 mg/liter of humic acid and G. mosseae mycorrhiza, which showed an increase of 250 and 280%, respectively, compared to the control.

In order to investigate the effectiveness of grid methods in estimating the spatial distribution of weed populations in corn fields under drip, furrow and sprinkler irrigation systems, a research was conducted in 2020 year in three corn fields. The fields were gridded with two methods of 5 m × 5 m and 5 m × 10 m. At the intersection of the lines, using square (100×100 cm) and rectangular (80×125 cm) squares perpendicular to the planting lines, data on the density and diversity of weed seedlings were recorded by species. In general, the spatial distribution maps confirmed the distribution of weed patches and the effect of the irrigation system on the appearance of patches, which was affected by the biological characteristics and wetting pattern of the field soil. The variogram of the studied species showed that in the furrow irrigation system, the range of influence of the species increased compared to other irrigation systems, The distribution range of the studied species was smaller in the drip irrigation system. The output maps showed a higher number of dense patches of weed species in the sprinkler irrigation system, possibly due to the uniform wetting pattern of the field. Sampling methods of the studied species showed differences in the estimation of spatial distribution maps. The rectangular grid sampling method of 5 m × 10 m mainly showed the size of the weed patches to be slightly larger than the square grid method of 5 m × 5 m,

Cowpea is a multiple-purpose drought-tolerant leguminous pulse crop grown in several dry tropical areas. However, detailed genetic information is lacking in many Asian countries, limiting the success of breeding programs. In this research, in order to evaluate the drought tolerance of 30 cowpea genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with three replications in two conditions without stress (60 ml evaporation from the evaporation pan) and drought stress (120 ml liter of evaporation from the evaporation pan) was done in field conditions. The genotypes were significantly different from each other in terms of agro-morphological traits. The cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into four clusters. In general, based on bi-plot analysis, cluster analysis and correlation, genotypes 4, 6, 14, 28 and 29 in normal conditions and in drought stress conditions genotypes 5, 6, 14, 28 and 29 have the highest yield. They had the seed. Due to the fact that genotypes 28, 29 and 14 have a lower yield under drought stress than normal, they were identified as tolerant genotypes, which had higher yields than the control cultivars. Which might represent promising cowpea genetic resources for improved drought tolerance breeding.

In this study, the anatomical evaluation of two sunflower lines DM-2 and H158A/H543R was done based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the 8-leaf stage under normal and drought stress of 30% of the pot capacity. For this purpose, the thickness of the collenchyma, epidermis, brain parenchyma and skin parenchyma tissues of the stem was measured after staining using a reticulated lens and optical microscope in each one of normal and drought stress conditions and the number of cells in collenchyma tissue layer was counted. The anatomical comparison of two tolerant and sensitive lines of sunflower was also done after recovery. The results of analysis of variance showed the influence of stem anatomy from stress conditions. Epidermal and brain parenchyma tissues showed the highest thickness in the tolerant line under normal conditions. The highest thickness of skin parenchyma tissue was observed in the tolerant line under drought stress conditions as well as in the sensitive line under normal conditions. In the recovery conditions, a significant difference was observed in the thickness of epidermis, brain parenchyma and skin parenchyma tissues of studied lines. The results showed that the tolerant line has the highest thickness of skin parenchyma tissue, so the increase of skin parenchyma tissue is confirmed as part of the important mechanisms of irreversible resistance.

To investigate the effects of planting date and organic fertilizers on various physiological, agronomical, and qualitative characteristics of soybean (cv. Kowsar), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, in 2021. This research considered three levels of planting date (April 04, May 05, and June 05) and three levels of organic fertilizers (vermicompost at 10 tons per hectare, manure at 30 tons per hectare, and a combined treatment of 5 tons of vermicompost and 15 tons of manure). According to the results, the 1000-grain weight, seed yield, and biological yield increased by 20.46%, 21.56%, and 17.22%, respectively, in the combined treatment of manure and vermicompost. The highest amounts of oil (25.26%) and seed protein (43.67%) were obtained from the manure treatment on the first and third planting dates. In the combined treatment of manure and vermicompost under the second planting date conditions, the rate of photosynthesis was 8.13% higher, and the photosystem II quantum efficiency was 5.7% higher compared to the control. Overall, the best results were observed in the combined treatments of manure and vermicompost and the second planting date.

In order to investigate the herbicides sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl-sodium in pure form and together with salicylic acid in the control of weeds, yield and yield components of wheat, a study was carried out in 2021 in the research farm of Lorestan University. The experiment was carried out factorially based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. The first factor included the application of the recommended dose and 50% of each of sulfosulfuron (Apirus, 75% WG) and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl-sodium (Atlantis, 1.2% OD) herbicides. The second factor was foliar spraying of salicylic acid in combination with herbicide treatments. The results showed that the lowest density (0.2) and dry weight (0.4242) was related to Asperugo procumbens L. Also, the reduction of dry weight of weeds and the highest number of seeds per spike, height, number of spikes per square meter, seed yield and chlorophyll (a and b) were obtained from the application of (Apirus + Atlantis with salicylic acid). Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use salicylic acid along with herbicides to increase wheat yield and reduce weeds.

This research investigates the effects of brassinosteroid and melatonin foliar applications on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) subjected to drought stress. As a highly nutritious new plant, quinoa is increasingly valued for its tolerance in arid conditions like our country. However, drought stress or irrigation deficit significantly impairs its growth and biochemical composition. Brassinosteroids and melatonin as plant growth regulators are known to enhance plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including drought, by modulating physiological and biochemical pathways. This research aims to elucidate how these compounds influence key growth indices, such as plant height, leaf area, biomass, harvest index and as well as biochemical characteristics like soluble carbohydrate, and proline accumulation in quinoa growing under drought stress. By understanding these effects, the study seeks to provide insights into potential agronomic practices to improve quinoa productivity and stress resilience under water-limited conditions.

The experiment, conducted at Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman during 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, used a split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three irrigation levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of field capacity), and sub-plots included five foliar application treatments (control, 0.25 and 0.5 micromolar brassinosteroid, and 0.5 and 1 micromolar melatonin). Soil sampling and nutrient adjustments were made before planting. Trifluralin herbicide was used for weed control, and planting occurred on August 1st with 40 cm row spacing and 3-meter row lengths, followed by immediate irrigation. Foliar applications were conducted at the start of flowering and a week later, early in the morning before sunrise. Water stress treatments began after the first foliar application. Leaf area index (LAI) and Crop Growth Rate (CGR) were measured at the beginning of flowering and one week later, using Gardner's equations. Chlorophyll fluorescence was assessed via the saturation pulse method to determine the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II. Proline and soluble sugars measurements were taken from young leaves post-stress treatment. For morphological trait assessment, including plant height, leaf area, dry weight of aerial parts, and yield components, five plants were randomly sampled from each plot. Biological yield, harvest index, and grain yield were calculated by harvesting plants from the middle four rows, each 2 meters long. Data analysis was performed using SAS v. 9.1, with mean comparisons conducted using Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGR) increased plant height across all irrigation levels. The greatest height, 150.5 cm, was observed with 0.5 micromolar melatonin and 100% field capacity irrigation. Additionally, 0.5 micromolar brassinosteroid with irrigation with 75% of field capacity increased plant height by 11.1% compared to the control at the same irrigation level, with a similar trend under severe drought stress. Increased drought stress reduced the leaf area index (LAI) by 8.37% and 31.6% compared to normal irrigation. The highest concentration of brassinosteroids increased the crop growth rate (CGR) at all irrigation levels (4.8, 4.4 and %16.8 in normal, mild and severe drought stress conditions respectively, but thousand grain weight decreased to %93.3 and %62 of control with rising drought stress. Brassinosteroids were more effective than melatonin in enhancing thousand grain weight. Both brassinosteroid and melatonin applications reduced chlorophyll fluorescence under mild and severe drought stress compared to controls. Soluble carbohydrates content increased by 50.4% at 50% field capacity irrigation compared to normal irrigation. Under mild stress, only brassinosteroid significantly increased proline content, with the highest level (3.19 µmol g-1) at the highest concentration. The highest dry weight, harvest index, and grain yield were achieved with 0.5 micromolar brassinosteroid under mild and severe stress. Brassinosteroids, as new phytohormones, are promising for enhancing crop productivity under stress and non-stress conditions.

Reduction in irrigation from 100% field capacity or increased drought stress led to decreased plant height, growth rate, leaf area index, thousand grain weight, and harvest index, while chlorophyll fluorescence, proline content, and soluble carbohydrates increased. Despite the increases in these two latter mentioned traits, plant dry weight and grain yield decreased under drought stress. The application of brassinosteroids and melatonin improved plant traits, with 0.5 micromolar brassinosteroid being particularly more effective, especially under mild and severe stress. This treatment mitigated drought's negative effects, suggesting its potential to enhance agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions.

Weeds are the main factor limiting cumin production. Hand weeding is used as the most important and common method of weed management in cumin fields, which, in addition to spending a lot of time, takes a large part of the production cost. Cumin is weak in competition with weeds because it has a low and weak initial growth and establishment speed, and its biomass and height of its aerial organs are low, in addition, its root expansion is not very notable. The amount of weed damage in cumin cultivation is reported from 40 to 90 percentage depends on the type of weed species and density, the length of the competition period, cultivation conditions, control time and management of nutrients and in different conditions. Trifluralin (Treflan) is used by some farmers at planting time of cumin as a foliar spray in the soil or with irrigation water. Interviews conducted with farmers confirm that the use of this herbicide at the time of planting cumin affects the seeds of the plant to some extent and reduces the germination percentage of this plant, although some farmers also believe that there is no side effect in this case. Another challenge to successful cumin production, particularly in rainy years, is plant diseases. Wilt, leaf burn, and surface powdery mildew, caused by *Fusarium oxysporum*, *Alternaria burnsii*, and *Erysiphe polygoni*, respectively, are among the most significant diseases affecting cumin worldwide. Therefore, this study was carried out with the following objectives 1) Investigating the effect of trifluralin herbicide abuse at different intervals until planting, on the percentage of cumin seedling emergence.2) The effect of using trifluralin herbicide at different intervals until planting, on the population and growth of weeds.3) The effect of irrigation method on cumin yield4) Investigating the effect of irrigation method on the percentage and yield of cumin essential oil5) The effect of irrigation method on the contamination of cumin plants with Fusarium fungus6) Studying the water use efficiency in different irrigation and weed management

Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of the weed management method and the type of irrigation on the control of weeds, an experiment was conducted as split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the research farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2022-2023. The experimental treatments include the type of irrigation in two levels (flooded and sprinkler) and weed management in seven levels (hand weeding, time of planting the cumin seeds after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days trifluralin herbicide application and no weed control).

The type of irrigation showed a significant effect on weeds density and dry weight, the percentage of plant wilt, the number of umbrellas per plant, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and water use efficiency at the level of 1% and the harvest index at the level of 5%. The method of weed management showed a significant effect on the density and dry weight of weeds, the number of emerged plants, plant height, the number of umbrellas per plant, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil yield and water use efficiency at the level of 1% and harvest index at the level 5%. The interaction effect of irrigation and weed management methods showed a significant effect on the density and dry weight of weeds, the of essential oil percentage and yield at the level of 1%, and the biological yield and yield of seeds at the level of 5%. The results of this experiment showed that sprinkler irrigation had better conditions in terms of weed and disease control as well as seed and essential oil yields compared to flood irrigation. Among the herbicide treatments, the application of trifluralin 3 days before planting had better weed control results. By increasing the distance of cumin planting from the time of herbicide application, despite the increase in weed dry weight and density, cumin seed yield improved. In both irrigation methods, treatments of hand weeding and cumin planting after 21 days of herbicide application had the highest yield of seed and essential oil.

In general, cumin planting 21 days after trifluralin application and using sprinkler irrigation were able to reduce the weed density and biomass to an acceptable level and on the other hand, they produced a good seed and essential oil yield which is recommended.

In many countries of the world, sugar production is one of the essential aspects of their agricultural economy, and in the meantime, the sugar beet plant, which is cultivated exclusively as a source of sucrose, plays an important role. In recent years, many studies have been conducted in Iran on various aspects of crop, breed, quality and other agricultural characteristics of autumn sugar beet. The results of this research confirm that sugar beet can be introduced as an important and effective autumn crop in the susceptible periodic system. One of the important factors in sugar beet root production is the sowing date, which affects the duration of the vegetative and reproductive growth period and the balance between them, and ultimately affects its quantitative and qualitative yield, so one of the general policies of the agricultural sector is to increase the production of this product. Several factors affect the formation of sugar beet yield. One of them is the bolting phenomenon. Flower formation is a phenomenon that in the sugar beet plant, it is known as bolting. In bolting root yield and root quality of flowering plants are reduced. The cultivars differ in bolting response. The genotype is important factor in Occurrence of the bolting phenomenon. Also, bolting rate between sowing dates is different.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the quality and strength changes in the sugar beet in order to assess effect of different sowing dates and cultivars on sugar and root yield. To investigate the effect of planting date on yield, a field trial was conducted during 2021-2022 in Gonbad Kavous. The experiment followed a split-plot arrangement with three cultivars and three replications- Iran. The experimental treatments were sowing dates and cultivars. Sowing date was the main factor and varied as follows: 4 October (D1), 18 October (D2), 3 November (D3), 19 November (D4), and 1 December (D5) and cultivars: Monatunno (C1), Rosagold (C2), 061 (C3) as sub-plot was considered. The origin of cultivars Monatunno, Rosagold and SBSI 061 is Kuhn & Co, Hilleshog and SBSI, respectively, also all cultivars are monogerm and bolting resistance with high yield potential. In analysis of traits first, the data were tested for normal distribution and variance homogeneity. A variance uniformity test was performed using the Bartlett's test (Arsham and Lovric, 2011). Statistical analysis was carried out with Statistical Analysis Software (SAS Institute Inc., Version 9.4). The means were compared with least significant difference test at the 5% level. Correlation test and Biplot analysis performed with XLSTAT. Ver. 2016.

The results of the research showed that the yield was affected by the planting date and variety. Monatono and Rosagold cultivars had the highest sugar yield on the first and second planting dates, because timely cultivation by absorbing maximum solar radiation leads to an increase in yield.

Comparison of the experimental treatment averages revealed that all cultivars achieved the highest sugar yield on the first and second planting dates. Timely planting optimizes the vegetative and reproductive growth periods, allowing maximum sunlight absorption, which in turn enhances root and sugar yield. Based on the findings and the analysis of quality trait changes, it is recommended that beet growers in Golestan Province cultivate the Rosagold and Monatuno cultivars during the first two planting dates to achieve maximum sugar yield per unit area.

Many millions of hectares of wheat-cultivated lands are located in semi-arid areas, and cereal crops such as wheat grown under such conditions frequently face drought events during their life cycle. A considerable amount of rainfall in the semi-arid areas of Iran occurs in winter; thus, the critical growth period (grain filling) receives little to no rainfall. Studies have shown that micronutrients, plant growth regulators, and plant growth-promoting bacteria are able to improve plant performance under drought conditions. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of foliar application of Zn, exogenous application of 6-benzylaminopurine, and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum on wheat performance under rain-fed conditions.

The present study consisted of two field experiments, carried out in a semi-arid area. Experiment 1 was conducted during the 2020/21 and the second one during 2022-203 wheat growing season. The effect of four different levels of Zn application (0, 2, 3, and 4 kg Zn ha-1) via foliar application was investigated on wheat yield, yield components, and seed Zn content under exogenous application of two levels of 6-benzylaminopurine (0 and 10 mg L-1) under rain-fed conditions. The experimental design was a 4×2 factorial combination of Zn application and 6-benzylaminopurine exogenous application arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental plot size was 1 m × 2 m, and the wheat cultivar Sardari was used in the experiments. Foliar application was applied at the flowering stage (Zadok’s growth stage 65). Based on the results obtained from the first experiment, a subsequent field study (second experiment) was performed to elucidate the efficacy of the foliar application of Zn (3 kg Zn ha-1) and 6-benzylaminopurine (10 mg L-1) in the presence and absence of foliar inoculation with Azospirillum. The second experiment was conducted in the 2022-2023 wheat growing season. Wheat response to foliar application of 0.3% (w v-1) ZnSO4, 10 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine, and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 was investigated under rain-fed conditions. The plant canopy was inoculated with 10% of 108 colony-forming units of Azospirillum strain Sp7. All foliar applications were applied at anthesis (Zadok’s growth stage 65). The experimental design for this experiment was a factorial scheme based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The wheat variety used for the experiments was Sardari.

The application of zinc (Zn) significantly affected the seed number, whereas the application of 6-BAP and its interaction with Zn did not have a significant impact. The highest seed number per head was observed with Zn application at 3 kg ha⁻¹, followed by 2 kg ha⁻¹. The highest Zn application had a negative effect on seed number per head. The effect of foliar application level and 6-BAP and their interaction on grain weight and grain yield was significant. Application of 3% (w v-1) (3 kg Zn ha-1) yielded the highest grain weight and grain yield, and higher application of Zn had a negative effect on grain weight and yield. Foliar-applied 6-benzylaminopurine (10 mg L-1) significantly improved grain weight and grain yield. Improved grain weight and grain number per spike affected total grain yield. The highest grain yield was achieved with 3 kg Zn ha-1 (0.3% (w v-1) Zn plus 10 mg L-1 6-BAP). Applied Zn significantly increased Zn content in grains. The highest grain Zn content was obtained in plants that were sprayed with 4 kg Zn ha-1 and 10 mg L-1 6-BAP. Results of the second experiment revealed the efficacy of Azospirillum in the improvement of grain weight and grain yield. In the second year of the study, the effect of exogenous application of 6-BAP on yield and yield components was not significant, which might be attributed to the precipitation rate. However, foliar inoculation with Azospirillum and foliar application of Zn significantly affected grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from plants foliar-applied with Zn plus Azospirillum.

Micronutrients, plant growth regulators, and biofertilizers have the ability to improve plant performance, especially under environmental constraints. The present study, carried out under rain-fed conditions, investigated the effect of Azospirillum brasilense, Zn nutrition, and 6-benzylaminopurine applied foliarly on the wheat cultivar Sardari. Overall, the application of Zn at a rate of 3 kg per ha combined with foliar inoculation with *Azospirillum* produced the best results for wheat performance. Additionally, Zn also improved Zn content in the grain. As a result, farmers can improve the productivity of winter wheat yield by utilizing a small amount of zinc fertilizer (3% (w v-1) (3 kg Zn ha-1) and the plant-growth promoting bacteria Azospirillum at the flowering stage.

Fodder supply in Iran is considered as one of the most important limiting factors in the field of livestock breeding and production. Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) plant from the Brassicaceae family is able to grow in different weather and soil conditions and needs less water, fertilizer, and pesticides than other oilseeds. This medicinal-oil product is a rich source of oil (28 to 40 percent) and omega-3 fatty acids, which can also be consumed in human diets. On the other hand, about 90 percent of the fatty acids in camelina oil are unsaturated, and due to its high alpha-tocopherols and vitamin E content, it does not require any additives to increase the shelf life of the oil, which is why it can be considered a high-quality edible oil. This research was conducted to introduce camelina and to evaluate the effects of planting date and spacing on oil yield and the quality of camelina fodder in Mazandaran Province.

This experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete block design in three replications at Bayekola Agricultural Research Station (Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center). Five planting dates (November 5, November 21, December 5, December 21, and January 4) and five planting distances (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 cm) were selected as the study factors. Each treatment was planted in a plot consisting of six lines, and the distance between the plots was determined as one unplanted line. At the 50% flowering stage, biomass yield was determined by harvesting four square meters from the middle rows of each plot. Additionally, forage quality traits were assessed, including oil percentage, neutral detergent fiber percentage (NDF%), acid detergent fiber percentage (ADF%), crude protein percentage (CP%), nitrogen percentage (N%), and ash percentage.

The results of analysis variance of the studied traits showed that the interaction between planting distance and planting date had a significant effect on most of the traits of camelina. The results indicated that the planting date of December 5 produced the highest oil percentages at planting distances of 25 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm (6.1%, 6.0%, and 6.0%, respectively). Oil content increased from the November 5 planting date to the December 5 planting date, but declined with the January 4 planting date. The lowest values for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed in the 30 cm planting distance treatment with the December 5 planting date (60.7%) and the November 21 planting date (39.8%), respectively. Planting distance of 25 cm and planting date of December 5 showed the highest percent of crude protein (15.8), while, the treatment of planting distance of 25 cm and planting date of November 5 showed the highest plant ash percent (10.0), which had no significant difference with the treatment of 30 cm planting distance and planting date of December 5 (9.3). The highest biomass yield of camelina was obtained in the treatment with a planting date of November 21 and a planting distance of 25 cm (1778 g m-2). In all planting distances, the biomass yield reached its maximum on the planting date of November 21, and with a delay in planting, a downward trend in the trait was observed, when the lowest value was obtained in the treatment of planting date of January 4 and a planting distance of 35 cm (972 g m-2).

In general, according to the obtained results, planting distance of 25 to 30 cm and planting date of November 21 to December 5 with high oil and protein content and low NDF and ADF and can be a suitable candidate for the production of high quality and quantity camellia fodder.

Plant endophytes are microorganisms that live in healthy plant organs but do not cause disease symptoms, and the endophyte lifestyle plays an important role in plant growth, fitness, and diversity. Dark septate endophytic are a group of endophytic fungi that have special hyphae that form dark colonies in agar culture. In this stuy, the effect of these fungi on germination indicators, growth characteristics and increasing the amount of phosphorus in barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants was investigated, in order to investigate the possibility of using these fungi as biofertilizers in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

In this study, seven endogenous fungal isolates were obtained from plants belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family including Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium sp., Curvularia spicifera, Alternaria alternaria, Fusarium solani, Fusarium brachigibbosum and Acremonium consortialis, which were identified in previous researches, were investigated. Piriformospora indica was used as a known fungal species. Yousef cultivar barley seeds were obtained from Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research Center. The experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design with four replications in two sections: germination in the laboratory and planting in pots at the greenhouse of the faculty of agriculture of Ferdowsi university. To check the germination indicators, the seeds were stored on moist paper towels inside a sterile petri dish for one week at 28°C in an incubator. Sterile distilled water was used as control. After one week, germination speed, germination percentage, germination value, and vigor index were assessed. For the greenhouse study, the soil mixture (three parts sand and one part soil) was sterilized at 105°C for 48 hours. Pots measuring 20 x 20 cm were used. Seed inoculation was performed in a manner consistent with the germination test. Twelve seeds were sown in each pot, and at the two-leaf stage, the seedlings were thinned to eight plants per pot. After 28 days, the plants were evaluated for leaf area index, chlorophyll content, shoot phosphorus levels, dry weight, and fungal colonization percentage in the roots.

The percentage of colonization in all fungi except A. alternaria (%19.60) was above %30. The germination rate in the treatment with A. terreus (2.95 seed day-1) was significantly higher than the control and other fungi. Also, the germinationn rate in the treatment with A. alternaria, C. spicifera, A. consortialis, F. brachibosum and Penicilium sp. was more than control. Germination percentage in A. terreus (%95), Penicillium sp. (%90), C. spicifera (%85) and A. alternaria (%80) were higher than the control (α=%5). Considering that the viability of the selected seeds was low (control germination percentage %50) and the mentioned fungi were able to increase the germination percentage in these seeds, these fungi are a suitable option for sowing seeds with low germination percentage. The value of germination in the treatment with A. terreus (3.735) was higher than the control and other treatments. Treatment with Penicillium sp., A. alternaria and C. spicifera fungi was more than the control. The vigour index of treatment with A. terreus (13.65), C. spicifera (13.23) and A. alternaria (11.53) in one group and at a significant level of %5 were higher than treatment with other fungi. A. terreus treatment improved all germination indices and this increase was higher than the control species (P. indica). The amount of leaf phosphorus in the treatment with A. terreus (%0.516) and P. indica (%0.499) was higher than other fungal and control treatments. The leaf surface area in the treatment with A. terreus (9.97 cm2) was higher than the treatment with other fungi and the control fungus (9.84 cm2). In addition to A. terreus, the treatment with A. consortialis (10.06 cm2), C. spicifera (9.91 cm2) and P. indica (9.84cm2) was significantly higher than the control . Chlorophyll a and b were the highest in the treatment with A. terreus and P.indica. In addition, the treatment with C. spicifera and A. alternaria had more chlorophyll a and b at a significant level of 5% than the control treatment . The dry weight of shoot with the treatment of A. terreus (6.40 mg g-1) and P. indica (6.10 mg g-1) increased the most compared to the treatment with other fungi.

Considering the ability of A. terreus in improving the germination characteristics, the plant growth conditions observed in this study. It is suggested to the next works should pay attention to the effect of this fungi on the environment and the ecosystem of other organisms and plants so that it can be used as a biological fertilizer.

In order to evaluate and determine the value of cultivation and use (VCU) of the six new foreign upland cotton cultivars: 1- Stella, 2- Tesla, 3- AGN126, 4- AGN112, 5- AGN117 and 6- Lodus in comparisons of three common cultivated commercial control cultivars Latif, Golestan and Shayan the research was conducted as a complete randomized blocks design with 4 repetitions during 2020 and 2021 years Golestan (Gonbad Kavoos) province The evaluated traits were: 1-Seed cotton yield, 2-Boll number, 3-Boll weight, 4-Earliness, 5-Gin turn out, 6-length, 7-Fitness, 8-Elongation, 9- Strength, 10- Uniformity, 11- Brightness and 12- Yellowness of fibers and 13- Cultivars tolerance to Verticillium wilt disease. The results revealed each of new foreign cultivars AGN112 and AGN117 with having three superior traits: 1- gin turn out, 2- strength and 3- elongation of fibers and 1- seed cotton yield, 2- boll weight and 3- fiber elongation respectively were superior than control and other studied foreign cultivars but because of AGN112 new foreign cultivar susceptibility to Verticillium wilt disease and Golestan province soils contamination to the disease caused fungus, only AGN117 as a new foreign cultivar cultivation in Golestan province recommendable.