جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « beans » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The evaluation of the genotype × environment interaction effect provides valuable information regarding the yield of plant cultivars in different environments and plays an important role in evaluating the stability of the yield of breeding cultivars. Genotype × environment interaction effect, especially in stressful environments, are important limiting factors in the introduction of new cultivars; therefore, it is very important to know the type and nature of the interaction effect and reach the verities that have the least role in creating interaction effects. Various methods have been introduced to evaluate the interaction effect, each of which examines the nature of the interaction effect from a specific point of view. The results of different methods may not be the same, but the best result is obtained when a genotype with different evaluation methods shows similar results in terms of stability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction effect in experiments conducted in different environments, to determine the relationships between genotypes and environments and to introduce the most stable red bean genotypes.

In this research, 14 red bean lines along with Yakut, Ofog and Dadfar control cultivars were cultivated in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Khomein, Borujerd, Shahrekord and Zanjan research stations for 2 crop years under the same conditions. After combined variance analysis, according to the significance of genotype × environment interaction, AMMI and GGE-Biplot analysis methods were used to determine the compatibility and stability of genotypes. After AMMI Analysis, the stability parameters of AMMI were calculated. In addition to the AMMI stability parameters, the simultaneous selection index was also calculated for each of the indices, which was the sum of the rank of the genotypes based on each of the AMMI stability indices and the average seed yield rank of the genotypes in all environments.

The significance of the double and triple interaction effects of genotype with year and place (environment) in this study showed that genotypes showed different responses in different environments, and in other words, the difference between genotypes is not the same from one environment to another, and in these conditions, the stability of grain yield can be evaluated. The contribution of about 2.5 times the interaction effect of genotype × environment from the total sum of squares, compared to the effect of genotype, indicated the possibility of the existence of mega-environmental groups in which some genotypes show their maximum performance potential in those environmental groups. Genotypes G12, G5 and G17 had the highest seed yield among the genotypes with yields of 3288, 3136 and 3111 kg per hectare, respectively. AMMI analysis showed that the first to seventh main components were significant at the 1% probability level, and despite the significance of all model components, the first and second main components had the largest contribution to the expression of genotype × environment interaction (66.5%). Based on AMMI1 biplot Genotypes G4, G5, G16, G17 and G12 had the highest values (positive and negative) of IPCA1. In contrast, genotypes G8, G3, G2, G7 and G11 had IPCA1 values close to zero. However, only the genotype G11 showed a performance higher than the average total yield and therefore it can be introduced as a stable genotype with high general compatibility. Based on AMMI2 biplot, genotypes G2, G7, G3 and to some extent G8 and G13 were introduced as stable genotypes, but only G13 genotype had a higher yield in all environments, so this genotype can be introduced as a stable genotype with good yield.; also, every two years, the same place under investigation had a high correlation with each other, so that Bro1 and Bro2 environments on the one hand and Kho1 and Kho2 environments and finally Zan1 and Zan2 showed a high positive correlation (the same effect) to create a mutual effect. In total of the simultaneous selection indices calculated based on AMMI analysis, genotypes G11, G17, G7, G13 and G12 were introduced as stable genotypes with high yield. GGE-Biplot analysis based on average yield and stability showed that genotypes G1, G2, G3, G8 and G7 had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes despite having the lowest yield. On the other hand, G12, G5 and G17 genotypes had the highest yield with less stability. No ideal environment was observed. But Kho1, Kho2 and Sha1 environments are closer to the ideal environment than other environments and they can be used to distinguish the studied genotypes to some extent. On the other hand, G12 genotype can be considered as a desirable genotype that has high average yield and high yield stability. In the same way, G17, G5 and G11 genotypes were in the next stage compared to the ideal genotype and to some extent they can also be considered as desirable genotypes.

According to all the results, G12 genotype can be considered as a desirable genotype that has a high average yield and also has yield stability, and G17, G5 and G11 genotypes were in the next stage.

Drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that has an adverse effect on crop production and their quality and leads to osmotic, ionic, and nutritional limitations as well as growth delay, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in plants. Iran has a dry and semi-arid climate and the occurrence of drought stress during the growth period of plants is inevitable. Presently, the production of legumes in the country is mostly under rainfed conditions and drought stress is one of the main factors reducing the yield of legumes. Mung bean is a small grain of valuable legume. Evaluation of the performance of different cultivars is considered a starting point in identifying drought-resistant cultivars. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retarders for tampering with growth and performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of cycocel on quantitative traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes under water deficit conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application with cycocel and water requirements on quantitative traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes, experiental desing of split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental factors included 3 levels of drought (non-stress, mild stress, and severe stress), 3 levels of cycocel foliar spraying (0, 400, and 800 mg/L), and 2 levels of mung bean cultivars (Hendi landrace and Zarbakhsh). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 and comparing the means was based on the LSD method at a 5% probability level. 

The experimental results showed that the effect of drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel as well as drought stress and genotype on the number of pods per plant were significant. The results showed that drought stress reduced the number of pods in the plant and cycocel increased it. The number of pods in the plant of the Hendi landrace genotype decreased more than that of the Zarbakhsh genotype due to drought stress. Also, drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel as well as drought stress and genotype on the number of seeds in the pod, were significant. The results showed that cycocel increased the number of seeds per pod, while drought stress decreased the number of pods per plant. It was also found that at all levels of drought stress, the Zarbakhsh genotype had more seeds in pods than the Hendi landrace genotype. Drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel as well as drought stress and genotype had a significant effect on the 1000-seed weight. The results showed that the 1000-seed weight increased due to the application of cycocel, while drought stress decreased this trait. In addition, it was observed that the 1000-seed weight of the Hendi landrace genotype decreased more than the Zarbakhsh genotype due to drought stress. Drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and interaction between drought stress and cycocel had a significant effect on grain yield. The results showed that the grain yield in the Zarbakhsh genotype was significantly higher than in the Hendi landrace genotype. It was also observed that drought stress decreased and the application of cycocel increased grain yield. Drought stress, cycocel, and genotype had a significant effect on biological performance. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in biological yield. The use of cycocel increased the biological performance and increasing the concentration of this substance increased the biological performance. The results of variance analysis of data showed that the effect of drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel, drought stress and genotype as well as cycocel and genotype on harvest index were significant. In addition, it was observed that the harvest index of the Hendi landrace genotype decreased more than the Zarbakhsh genotype due to drought stress.

According to the results of this study in the presence of drought stress, it showed a decrease in yield and its components. Among the studied mung bean cultivars, the Zarbakhsh cultivar showed superiority in tolerance to water shortage conditions compared to other cultivars. The use of cycocel reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the plant. It appeared that the use of cycocel under drought stress conditions improved the plant better plants performance.

In order to select a suitable planter for the direct planting of chickpeas in wheat rotation, eight planters belonging to different companies were compared in a completely randomized block design with five replications for one crop year. The planting operation was carried out in mid-November on land that was under wheat cultivation last year. In order to compare the efficiency of direct planters, traits such as soil displacement by furrower, maximum depth of furrower effect, uniformity of planting depth, uniformity of horizontal distance of seeds, quality of passage of crop residues through furrowers and soil shedding rate were studied. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS program and then the means were compared by LSD statistical method. The results showed that the treatment (type of planters) had a significant effect on the uniformity of horizontal seed distribution, tillage depth under seed, furrow displacement and yield with 95% confidence and on the characteristics of uniformity of planting depth and residual passage quality with 99% confidence. In terms of uniformity factor, the horizontal seed distribution coefficient is observed, PARS2211/13 with 92% and NT/GM225 with 90% were superior to other planters. In terms of planting depth uniformity, the best result was observed in SINA II planter with 93%. HOSAINI 15 and PARS2211/13 planters were superior to others in terms of the passage of plant debris through the furrowers. DIAMOND planter at 7.4 cm was the lowest amount of displacement among all planters. PARS2211/13 with 1009 kg/ha had the highest yield.

Abiotic stresses have major impacts on crop growth and yield. Investigation of biochemical properties and enzymatic activity of different plant genotypes under drought stress conditions can identify tolerant genotypes to abiotic stresses. In the present study, the effect of drought stress on the activity of antioxidant and biochemical enzymes at leaves of 10 bean genotypes at different water stress levels was investigated as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Tehran. Compared to normal moisture conditions, when drought stress increased, the total protein content decreased and Khomein genotype had the lowest total protein content among other genotypes at 25% of field capacity stress. The highest catalase activity was observed at COS-16 genotype (0.196 mg/min protein) at irrigation level of 75% of field capacity, ascorbate peroxidase (0.226 mg/min protein) at 50% of field capacity and guaiacol peroxidase at the irrigation level of 75% of the field capacity (0.293 mg/min protein). Increasing the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and proline content in severe stress compared to normal moisture conditions showed that increasing the content of these two enzymes can be a reason for increasing plant tolerance to drought stress. COS-16 genotype had the highest polyphenol oxidase activity (0.183 mg/min protein) at 25% of field capacity. Also, increasing trend of malondialdehyde content in leaves was observed under severe stress. Based on the results, among the studied genotypes, COS-16 was identified as tolerant genotype and Khomein genotype was drought sensitive.

Climate change (temperature, rainfall and flood patterns, etc.) has major and negative effects on agricultural production and water and land resources. Part of climate change is to reduce soil fertility (through erosion processes), increase the frequency of repeated pest attacks, reduce crop yields, and increase groundwater harvest periods by reducing water access. Zinc plays an essential role in the basic processes of plant life, namely cell division, stomata regulation and respiration. Apart from the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, high temperatures are also a major stressor that can lead to severe growth retardation and plant distribution. At higher concentrations, carbon dioxide increased photosynthetic carbon and increased organic matter, which in turn increased stem diameter of lentil plant (Shams, 2017) .

The composite experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Irrigation at three levels (60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) as the first factor, foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer at two levels (no foliar application and 0.5 gl-1) as the second factor and environmental conditions at four levels (380_24, 380_31, 700_24 and 700_31 C/PPm (carbon dioxide) were the third factor. The studied traits were number of root nodes, root dry weight, stem height and diameter, number of leaves and grain yield. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and the mean of the treatments was compared with LSD test at 5% probability level.

Co-application of carbon dioxide, complete irrigation and complete irrigation and zinc sulfate increased the number of nodes. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under severe drought stress increased root dry weight. Also, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under mild environmental stress caused plant height, diameter and grain yield. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in full irrigation conditions increased the number of leaves. Increasing carbon dioxide increases water use, photosynthesis and net primary productivity by reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, which ultimately increases biomass and yield.Application of zinc sulfate under full irrigation conditions increased the total grain yield by 17.1 g/plant. Positive role of zinc in chlorophyll synthesis, and performance of optical photosystems can increase growth indices. The use of zinc chelate due to the role of zinc in the activity of plant enzymes and metabolisms, including plant hormones (auxin) has increased chlorophyll activity and photosynthesis, which finally has increased grain yield in the plant. 

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide at lower temperatures and full irrigation and mild stress increased the majority of morphological traits. Also, application of zinc alone and with full irrigation increased some morphological traits and grain yield.

To evaluate the effects of plant density and reduced herbicide concentrations on the vertical distribution pattern of leaf area in red bean canopy profile in mixed bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a double-cropping plot design with 3 replications in the research farm of Tehran University in 2016. In this experiment, the reduced concentrations of herbicide at 5 levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended concentration with hand weeding treatment) were the main plots, bean plant density at three levels (40, 50 and 60 plants). M / s) were sub plots and pure cultivation system of standing cultivar and 50%-50% mixed cultivation in row of standing and creeping cultivars were sub-plot. The results showed that herbicide concentration increase resulted in the bean biomasses increase in different layers and the highest bean biomass (228 g/m2) was observed in the intercropping system and 60 plants/m2 density f in the hand weeding treatment in 30-40 cm layer and the lowest (123 g/m2) was obtained in pure planting system and 40 plants/m2 density at 0% of herbicide concentration in 50-40 cm layer. The interactions of herbicide application and cultivation system and also herbicide application and planting density were significant on bean yield and with increasing the herbicide concentration and plant density, bean seed yield increased. Based on the results of weed biomass analysis, imazapapir alone was able to reduce weed biomass up to 65%, and this was increased up to 75% under mixed cropping system and increase in density conditions. This suggests that increasing crop competitiveness by increasing plant density and using a mixed crop system instead of a single-crop system, can reduce weed biomass through faster and greater crop formation.

In recent years, the phenomenon of dusts caused by global warming and dehydration or drying of water resources, agricultural production as well as an environment has confronted a serious challenge. Dusts is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena and natural disasters, which is also considered as part of climate change and in recent years has gone out of its natural course and occurs in the western and southwestern regions of Iran. The destructive effects of dusts include reduced light reaching the plant, reduced yield of agricultural products, soil fertility reduction, disruption of mechanical systems and communications and the occurrence of respiratory problems.

In order to investigate the effects of dust on the physiological and morphological traits of crops, a pot experiment was conducted in the field research of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, located in Dehgolan. This factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included dust at 2 levels (with and without dust) and crop at 3 levels (cucumber, tomato and bean). After crossing of each dust system through the province, the dust was collected using reported methods. Dust spraying was done on the surface of crops (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) in the middle of the growing period and early flowering stage. Then, 10 days after application of dust, physiological traits including chlorophyll content, protein concentration, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of leaves as well as morphological traits including leaf and stem weight and plant height were measured.

The results of this study showed that the effect of dust on the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, proline, protein and water-soluble carbohydrate was significant, while the dust had no significant effect on the content of chlorophyll b and soluble carbohydrate in alcohol. The results also showed that dust had a significant effect on leaf and stem weight and height of cucumber, tomato and bean. Also, different plants had significant differences in leaf weight and height. According to the obtained results, in general, tomato plant had more affected by dust than beans and cucumber and most of the measured traits were reduced, which is probably due to having more hairs on the leaf surface. In fact, dust by reducing the content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in the leaves and increasing the content of proline leads to a significant reduction in leaf and stem dry weight in cucumbers, tomatoes and beans, as well as a significant reduction in height in cucumbers and beans. It has been suggested that these damages may be due to reduced photosynthesis in crops. Cluster analysis of different traits and treatments also showed that the physiological traits of soluble carbohydrates in water were more correlated with each other and were in the same cluster with plant height.

The decline in crop yields in recent years, which is sometimes reported by farmers, may be due to the presence of dust and also the inhibition of the absorption of micronutrients through foliar application. Therefore, it is recommended that when dust systems pass through the area, if possible, sprinkler irrigation would be used to prevent dust damage.

Bean is now considered as one of the most important products in the Middle East, Africa, China and parts of Europe and Australia in human and animal nutrition (Turpin et al., 2002). Bean is a suitable herb in rotation with cereals. Because it can break the cycle of many common diseases of grains and reduce the population of nematodes. The model is a tool that helps us interpret and understand the world in which we live (Boote et al., 2003). Precise prediction of the phenology of crops is one of the essential features of simulation models. From models, improved crop production management can be used to predict the probable dates of harvesting or predicting final yields, or more actively, to predict the timing of phenological events. The production and distribution of dry matter in crop simulation models is largely regulated by the timing of development stages. Understanding how the bean's phenological development response to day length and temperature, creates a model for predicting the time of occurrence of different stages of development of this crop. The aim of this study was to obtain a model for predicting phenological stages, maximum leaf area index, economic and biological yield, as well as harvest index of bean plant under Gonbad conditions.

For the main data, the values obtained from field experiments were carried out at the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gonbad-e-Kavou’s University under favorable rainfed conditions and free of pests, weeds and bean diseases. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in two years. Planting density was at four levels (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants/m2) and sowing date was in three levels (13 November, 1391, 13 December, 1391, 13 December 2012 and 7 December 2011, December 4, 2011 and December 17, 2011). The model used in this study was similar to that of Soltani et al, (1999) for chickpea. Meteorological and climatic data was from 1994 to 2014 of Gonbad. 24 different scenarios including different combinations of density and planting dates were defined for two years in the model. In order to compare simulated data with field experiment data, evaluation indices, explanation factor (R2), root mean square error, normalized root mean square error and line 1: 1 were used. The higher the R2 value from the linear regression of functions and the 1: 1 line closer to one, indicates a high correlation between simulated and observed values and is a sign of a better description of the model in simulating the desired attribute.

The coefficient of explanation between the predicted values and obtained from field experiments on day to flowering was 0.89. The root mean square error and its normalized value were 2.99 and 1.29 days, respectively. Also, comparison of the number of days to harvest obtained from field experiments with values obtained from the model showed that all of these values are in the range of 15% up and down the 1:1 line. The results showed that the model also well predicted day to pod setting. So that the explanation coefficient, root mean square error and normalized root mean square error, between the data obtained from field experiments and the predicted data of the model were equal to 0.81, 2.99, and 12.0, respectively. Regarding the day to the physiological maturity, the coefficient of explanation, root mean square error and normalized root mean square error were 0.9, 5.84, and 12.0, respectively, which all represent a good prediction of the model. The explanation coefficient (R2) was obtained by analyzing the linear regression of the functions between day to harvest and the predicted values equal to 0.91.

The results showed that the model could well predict the phenological stages of the faba bean, with the exception of the day to the emergence. This prediction was at the highest level in the stages leading to bean harvest, so that the highest coefficient of explanation with a value of 0.91 was found for the number of days to bean harvest. Our study showed that the above model cannot predict well the maximum leaf area index, yield, biological yield and harvest index in dune weather conditions and under our farm experiments.

Human as the greatest utilization of land resources without posterity note with the aim being to further develop the standard of living, and ultimately increase the health of the population is taken. So that in 2025 the world population will reach over 8.3 billion people. Since the 1950s, the process was accelerated population growth, Agriculture provides food and supplies to people. The use of chemical fertilizers also as an agent to increase the amount of spread. Accordingly, applying the methods of sustainable agriculture and ecological agriculture to lead the world is required (Kochaki et al., 2005). Many studies suggest that the issue of excessive use of chemical fertilizers, crop yield has been faced with a significant drop (Khaje Hosseini & Koocheki, 2008). The reason for this decline is attributable to the lack of balance acidity of the soil; reduce soil biological activity, physico-chemical properties of soil loss (Kaushik & Garg, 2003; Adediran et al., 2004). Loss of biodiversity and groundwater and surface water (Brar et al., 2008) pollution and climate change cited. The use of biofertilizers in addition to economic benefits reduces environmental pollution, reduce production costs and improve product quality implications (Aseri et al., 2008). In addition legume plants are an important source of plant protein, which is important for low-income community. The positive effects of bio-fertilizers, especially in the root zone is the maintenance of water and food. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on root and shoot characteristics pinto bean cultivars is COS16 and 21676. In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on root characteristics of two varieties of beans, an experiment was conducted on factorial arrangement base on completely randomized design with three replications as in research greenhouses College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. In this test we used pots was filled 1:1:1 relatively ratio with leaf compost, soil and sand. The first factor was two varities pinto bean (COS16 and 21676) and the second factor was six treatments of bio-fertilizers include 1) Nitroxin® (containing bacteria Azotobacter sp. And Azospirillum sp), 2) Bio - Phosphorus ® (PSB) (containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus sp., And Pseudomonas sp.), 3) bacteria coexist beans (Rhizobium), total organic fertilizers symbiotic beans), 4) compound fertilizers Nitroxin and Bio-Phosphorus, 5) 60 kg urea per hectare, and 6) control. Seeds was obtained from the National Research Center Beans Khomeini. Inoculating seeds with biofertilizers base on standard method (Kennedy et al., 2004) away from direct light and follow the manufacturer's recommendations, along with the planting was done. By watering each pot was half a liter bottles. At the end was measure all morphological roots and shoot traits. Resulted of analysis variation showed that the highest and lowest root dry weight was achieved in nitroxin and symbiotic bacteria treatement respectively. The 21676 vareity root dry weight was more than the COS16 vareity. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer had the greatest impact on root length and COS16 variety was longer than the 20676 variety. COS16 variety inoculated with bio-phosphorus fertilizer had the highest total dry weight. The COS16 variety was the lowest dry weight in control. The highest and lowest pods number recorderd in Nitroxin treatemnt and control, respectively. The highest umber of seeds per pod was in the treatment nitroxin and COS16, and the lowest in control and the 21676. It seems that bacteria Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. which is the main contents are included nitroxin bio-fertilizer, high in nitrogen fixation ability and the availability of nutrients needed by plants such as phosphorus, potassium, iron-siderophore production and Mhlvlsazy, the synthesis of phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin the synthesis of enzymes that affect plant growth and development, especially in the 21676 positive effects on the traits of their own.

Weeds are a major constraint limiting crop yield in agricultural systems and in organic systems in particular. Although herbicides are efficient for weed control, continuous use has caused the development of resistance in weeds against several herbicides. Furthermore, herbicides also pollute the soil, water and aerial environments and herbicide residues in food have deteriorated food quality and enhanced the risk of diseases. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be allelopathic against crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on weeds control and cowpea yield.
An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field (36° 25’E, 54° 58’N, 1349 m a.s.l.) of Agricultural Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. Treatments were included; weeding all season, no weeding, trifluralin according to the recommended dose (2 ton ha-1), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 100%), the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 2 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 4 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 8 ton ha-1, foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 100%). Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with LSD test at the 5% level of probability.
The results showed that the effect of treatments was significant (P 0.01) on weed density and dry weight. Soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 4 and 8 ton ha-1 significantly decreased weed density than non-weeding treatment. Seed number per pod, biological and grain yield of cowpea significantly increased in the soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 compared to control. Our results showed that weeding and soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 increased cowpea yield by 78.23 and 80.79% compared to no weeding treatment, respectively. Wheat is a potent source of bioactive phytotoxic compounds representing three main classes as phenolic (hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, pcoumaric, syringic and ferulic acids being most frequently reported and transferulic and trans-pcoumaric acids being the dominant acids), cyclic hydroxamic acids (a class of alkaloids) and short chain fatty acids. It is reported that wheat extract compounds can interfere with basic processes of receiver plants as photosynthesis, cell division, respiration and protein synthesis and indirectly provoke other forms of stresses. Thus, these compounds can reduce weed germination and growth. Another important effect of these allelochemicals is the activation of cellular antioxidant system in response to uncontrolled production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The reason for increase in grain yield was the control of weeds and probably the allelopathic effects of crop water extracts promoted the wheat growth which ultimately increases grain yield.
Conclusions : The present study concluded that wheat phytotoxins in straw inhibited germination and seedling growth of weeds, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. Also wheat straw added to soil increased yield and some traits of cowpea. In general, the results showed that wheat straw can reduce weed suppression and can improve characteristics of plant, moreover, decreased environment risks of chemical inputs and ensure sustainability of production in long time.

Calcium plays an important role in plant growth and development and response to environmental tensions. However, its effect on the plant response to heavy metal tension has not been widely investigated. Therefore, in order to investigate the role of calcium on lead tension tolerance in soybean a pot experiment was conducted in Vavan region at the south of Tehran. The present research was carried out as factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of lead (zero, 100 and 200 milligram of lead nitrate per kilogram of soil) and three calcium levels (zero, 200 and 400 milligram calcium chloride per kilogram soil). Results showed that lead tension increased lead concentration in the root, lipids peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Lead toxicity also reduced the traits of vegetation index, relative water content, leaf area, biomass and soybean grain yield. On the other hand, calcium application especially 400 milligram of chloride calcium per kilogram soil declined lead uptake and lipids peroxidation and further increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes activities under lead tension conditions. Calcium application improves the growth-related traits, including vegetation index, relative water content, leaf area, biomass and grain yield of soybean. These results revealed that calcium via reducing lead uptake, increasing antioxidant enzymes activity, improving plant water status and chlorophyll content can be used as a profitable tool in tolerance to lead tension in soybean.

IntroductionLegumes are very important source of protein after cereals. These plants are capable of biological nitrogen fixation and increasing soil fertility as cover crop or including in crop rotation and reducing soil erosion which improve sustainable agriculture. Increasing use of chemical fertilizer which has negative effect on soil structure which cause unbalance on physical and chemical propertied of soil which ultimately reduce nutrient element absorption. Nowadays due to environmental problems use of biological fertilizers are good substitutions. On the other hand biological fertilizer use improve soil fertility. Protein quantity and quality are basic nutritional problem. According to use of more than 85000 tones chemical fertilizers in legume cultivation in Iran. It is necessary to conduct correct and efficient inoculation for each legume crop in the country including bean, which is one of the important crop for human consumption. In most cases biological fertilizers are complementary of chemical fertilizers in a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of interaction effect of mycorrhiza vesicular, Psodomonas bacteria and humic acid on yield and yield components of bean.
Material & MethodsMycorrhiza inoculation was prepared in soil science Lab in Tabriz University in sterile sandy loam. Bacterial inoculation Pseudomonas putida prepared in soil biology of Tabriz University. Humic acid extraction was done with method of Kay et al., (2004). For Seed bean Phaseolus vulgaris variety Cos-16 from agronomy and plant breeding department of Tabriz University which is resistant to drought. Soils for this experiment were collected from Khalat Poshan research station from 0 to 25 cm depth and passed through 4mm sieve after sun sterile method. Soil physical and chemical properties were estimated with standard methods. Each pot was filled with three kilogram sterile soil. Seventy gram of mycorrhiza inoculation was spread in 5 cm of top soil and then bacteria inoculation was added to soil just below the seeds. Humic acid extracted from vermicompost and applied to soil in the powder form in three levels, control (H0), 200 mg kg-1(H1), and 400 mg kg-1 (H2). Pots were place in green house at 25C. After treatment application 5 seeds were sown in each pots and pot moisture kept at 0.9 FC. Pots were irrigated with distilled water whenever needed. After 4 months plant roots and shoot properties and plant yield and yield components were estimated. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial on the base of complete randomize block design in Tarbiat Moalem University of Tabriz. First and second factor were in two levels, control and applied for mycorrhiza (M0 and M1) and bacteria P. putida (S0 and S1) and humic acid in three levels control (H0), 200 mg kg-1 (H1) and 400 mg kg-1 (H2) in three replications. Data analysis was done with MSTATC and SPSS and mean comparison were done with LSD test for significance and figures drown with Excel 2007.
Results & DiscussionAnalysis of variance of data for plant height showed that interaction effects of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 1% level and mycorrhiza was significant at 5% level. Mean comparison of results showed that least plant height mean from interaction of humic acid and bacteria with S0H1 treatment with (28.58 cm) and the highest was (30.35cm) with S1H1 treatment. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria at 5% level on shoot wet weight of bean. Analysis of variance for main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level for shoot dry weight and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level for shoot dry weight of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid at 5% level on root dry weight. Analysis of variance of Mycorrhiza and bacteria main effect on ratio of root dry weight to shoot were significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and bacteria were significant at 5% level for seed numbers of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level on stem length. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 5% level for stem diameter. Analysis of variance showed the main effect of mycorrhiza was significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and humic acid and main effect of humic acid were significant at 5% level for the seed yield.
ConclusionAnalysis of variance of experiment treatments in this research showed that treatment applied had positive effect on agronomic properties of bean and humic acid could have direct and positive effect on plant root and shoot growth.

In order to investigate the effect of drought tension during the flowering stage on proline content, total soluble carbohydrate, fructose, glucose and sucrose in bean leaves, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main factor included four cultivars of bean (Taylor, COS16, Khomein and Akhtar), sub factor consisted of drought tension in three levels (30, 60 and 100 percent field capacity) and sub-sub factors was tension duration in two levels (three and nine days). The results showed drought tension decreased the relative water content and sucrose significantly and increased the amount of and electrolyte leakage, total soluble carbohydrates, fructose, glucose and proline. There was a significant negative correlation between relative water content and electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrates in water, fructose and glucose content. In conditions of water tension, accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline in Taylor and COS16 tolerant cultivars was more than sensitive Akhtar was Khomeini. Increasing time duration of tension from three and nine days caused a significant increase in proline, glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars amounts. The interaction effect of tension × cultivar and tension × time on all evaluated traits was significant, while the cultivar × time duration interaction had a significant effect on electrolyte leakage, proline and total soluble carbohydrates. The results of this investigation showed that proline and carbohydrates are involved in tension tolerance mechanisms and their metabolism is influenced by soil water tension.