جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « bitter apple » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the medicinal plant that grows in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. There is a few research on cardinal temperatures of Bitter apple in the literature. In order to determine Germination characteristics and cardinal temperatures for Bitter apple, a laboratory experiment was down in petri dish based on completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental treatments were nine different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 °c). The measured traits were germination percentage, germination rate and mean germination time. Cardinal temperature was calculated using dental, dual, and beta functions. The results showed that with increasing temperature up to 30 ° C, percentage and germination speed increased. The highest germination percentage (70%) and germination rate (2.8 seeds / day) were observed at 30 ° C. The lowest germination time (4.48 days) was observed at 30°C. The base, favorite and maximum temperatures (cardinal temperatures) for this plant were12, 30 and 45 °c, respectively.

There are a lot of medicinal plants which theyre found as wild in plains and hillsides habitat. The plants have high importance, Since theyre used to feed and cure the diseases in the world. So, the researchers of the field have focused on doing research on native species of the country. Bitter apple The scientific name Citrullus Colocynthis L. is from the family of cucurbitaceae, Herbaceaous, lying or rising stem and fiber-covered. The plant grows greatly in south of Iran especially in province of Sistan and Balouchestan.
The research was performed in the form of a nested plan completely random with four replication. The fruit of the plant was collected from its 8 growing areas in 4 cities (Iranshahr, Nikshahr, Sarbaz and Zabol) at the stage of investigation. It was recorded the most important habitat conditions of the areas (such as: height, latitude and longitude). It was measured the physiological features of the seed from the collected samples (oil percent, ash percent, Ca, Fe, N, P, K, Mg, Zn elements, protein and carbohydrates). It was provided the Ethanol and Butanol extract of the fruit and they were analyzed chemically by Gc and Gc/MS machines. The obtained data were compared by Duncan comparative test at five percent level.
the results represented that the habitat conditions lead to significant difference in amount of the seed ash percent, Ca, N, K, Zn elements and seed soluble carbohydrate at one percent. As there was the most amount of seed ash and carbohydrate in the city of Zabol , the most amount of Zn, C, K elements in the city of Iran-shahar. The results represented that there wasnt significant difference between cities and the areas inside the cities in the amount of seed phosphor, protein and oil percent. Also, the results represented that Fe element available in the seed of the plant had significant difference at five percent level and the areas at one percent level. It was observed the most amount in Iran-shahar and Zabol cities. Also, Mg element of the seed had significant difference in cities and it wasnt observed significant difference in the areas of the city. The results of Ethanol extract of the fruit represented that there were cucurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, L, and two compositions of colocynthis and colocyntheis in the fruit with various amounts which the habitat conditions led to significant difference at one percent. Cucurbitacin E is considered the most important cucurbitacin of the plant which the city of Nik-shahr showed the highest amount. The results of Gc/MS of Butanol extract of the plant fruit identified compositions like alcohols, ketones, Epoxy compounds and hydrocarbons. Which theyre accounted part of active biological compounds, the compounds features are probably to help using traditional medicine.
Difference in seed physiological features and chemical compounds of the plant fruit between cities and areas inside the cities can be due to difference in ecologic features of the area like temperature, humidity, the sea surface height, sort of soil and also food elements affected on each other, actually there was a certain height surface in each studying cities and areas that it influences on seed physiological features and chemical compounds of the plant fruit, besides providing suitable growth conditions and it requires to study more on the province and other areas with various weather, Bitter apple is belong to important medicinal plants which grows in poor soil, dry and tropical conditions. So it is proper for this province.

Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis L.) is one of the most important plant in traditional medicine that grows at arid and semi-arid conditions, little information about agronomic requirement of bitter apple is avalable. Among different agricultural managements, sowing date and plant density are the main factors for achiving highest yield.This study was conducted for evaluating the effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of bitter apple.
A field study was conducted as a split plot design based on a Randomized Complete Block design (RCB) with three replications at farm in Sabzevar, Iran in 2013. The main plots consisted of sowing date (4 April, 5 May, 5 June) and the sub plots consisted of plant density (2, 4, 8 plant.m-2). At harvesting time, number of fruit per square meter, fruit dry matter, number of seed per fruit, 100 seeds weight, biological yield, fruit and seed yield, harvest index were measured as quantitative variables and colocynthin and cucurbitacin content were measured as qualitative variables.
The result of analysis of variance showed that plant density and sowing date had significant effect on all studied traits but interactions between most of the studied traits were not significant. Delaying in sowing date significantly decreased number of fruit per square meter, biological yield, fruit and seed yield, harvest index, colocynthin and cucurbitacin content whereas seed weight and number of seed per fruit did not affect by sowing date.There was no significant difference between sowing date on June 4 and May 5 for number and dry matter of fruit, seed yield, harvest index, colocynthin and cucurbitacin content. Sowing date of June 5 had the highest fruit dry matter that had no significant difference with April 4. Increasing plant density was increased number fruit, biological yield, fruit and seed yield, colocynthin and cucurbitacin content. Plant density did not significantly effect on fruit dry matter, the number of seed per fruit, 100 seed weight and harvest index. There were no significant difference between 4 and 8 plant.m-2 for fruit number per square meter, biological yield, fruit yield and seed yield, colocynthin and cucurbitacin content.
Overall, the result of this experiment showed that the highest seed yield and fruit yield were obtained on April 4 sowing date and 4 plant.m-2. In terms of quality of active components, the best sowing date and plant density were on May 5 and 8 plant.m-2 for cucurbitacin and 2 plant.m-2 for colocynthin.